problematize about a legal issue, as a requirement of the University, I found that the Organic Law on Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization establishes the functions of prefect and has the exclusive authority delegated to the Vice Prefect he considers; This situation has generated the Vice Prefect has not delegating powers and functions by the Prefect, no duties or powers that enable it to exercise its function more acute over the issue because the Vice Prefect in COOTAD has no duties or own specific feature your powers.
As such, I consider it appropriate to propose reforms to overcome this problem that affects the development of the Provincial Government Autonomous Decentralized.
The Organic Law on Territorial Organization Autonomy and Decentralization in Article 51 states that the prefect / a vice is the second provincial executive authority, but in practice this function is exercised only prefect / a, so that the second authority is under the same rules governing the duties, rights and obligations and duties of the Mayor, although it does not participate in major decisions or administrative rulings of the entity.
The Article 52 paragraph 3 provides COOTAD'' fulfill the functions, representations and responsibilities delegated by the prefect / a'' often or most of them prefects, do not delegate responsibilities, representations or functions to the viceprefectos, which are available to the Prefect, how or what to delegate,so most of the country's vice prefects have no prefects delegations as required by the statute cited above, in case of these delegations are not permanent and may be revoked when the Prefect deems appropriate.
The third section under the provincial prefect prefect or in Article 50 - Powers of Provincial Prefect prefect or in paragraph j) of that Article states: To designate their representatives to institutional entities, companies or organizations which have collegiate the provincial government involvement and delegate powers and duties to the vice prefect or vice prefect, member of the legislature and officials within the scope of its powers'' has the object of study of this paper I intend to make as a thesis, finding the word delegate authority as the starting point for my study of this subject.
As noted, this research demonstrate that it is necessary to be incorporated in the Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization, power to the Vice Prefect in order to allow the development of the province through new powers and responsibilities
This paper seeks to demonstrate that Titling Securitization process flows in the long term is an efficient mechanism for Municipal Government Autonomous Decentralized (GADs), in order to find alternative means of financing. In this proposal, the flow is to securitize the Urban Property Tax revenues, as the higher pressure on taxpayers and municipal entity to ensure safe collection prediction, and at the same time to be its guarantee to attract investors. For the purposes of this proposal, you must to know how the Stock Market and the Stock Exchange, but prosecuting its application to the public aspects of sector on which the academy has not been very thorough; so in this paper analyzes and discusses the its structure, competition and regulation. Finally, the new dimensionality of autonomy that the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador and the Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization grant to municipalities encouraged to seek new means of financing, since this problem (lack of funds) has led to these levels of government to be deficient in the execution of government plans, principally in the execution of works and utilities..
Establishment of the corporate governance structure in public university is an important institutional innovation. Fromintegration of the government and universitytoseparation of the government and universityis the overall trend of educational administration development,whose core is implement the public university autonomy. With the establishment of bureaucracy in the modern university,the university's internal governance concern is moving from thethe horizontal decentralization to vertical decentralization. The problem of the basic academic organization autonomous has become increasingly prominent. Regulation of the power operation of university is the main function of university The relationship between the university and the basic academic organization is adjusted by university charter in China. As thecharterin corporate governance,university charter has three characteristics:firstly,university charter is an administrative contract signed by the government and public universities. Secondly,the university charter is not only the license of universities,but also the running rules of the governing council and administration. Finally,university charter is the continuation of the law,which shall be binding on the government,public universities,directors,managers and other. The establishment of modern university system with Chinese characteristics must adhere to developing university charter by law, managing the university by university charter.
In a world where computers are involved in most aspects of our lives, it becomes more and more important to digitally identify entities. To achieve this goal, many existing systems use unique identifiers. This is a simple solution, but also makes it easy to trace the user’s actions. A privacy-friendly alternative is to use attributebased credentials as a basis for authentication and authorisation. Such credentials serve as a cryptographic container for attributes, that is, properties of the user, which are certified by an authority. With these attributes the user can be authenticated to access a resource or receive a service solely on the properties that are relevant for that specific resource or service. In this thesis we discuss three attribute-based credential technologies for which we have developed efficient smart card implementations. These technologies are: Self-blindable Credentials These credentials are based on elliptic curve cryptography with bilinear pairings. This technology shifts the computational burden to the terminal which makes a very compact smart card implementation possible. Unfortunately the support for elliptic curve cryptography on smart cards is limited to standard algorithms, which made it hard to develop other variants of this technology. This results in a minimal feature set compared to the other technologies. U-Prove The U-Prove issuance and verification protocols are, respectively, based on Schnorr’s blind signature scheme and zero-knowledge proofs. This technology offers the fastest implementation for attribute verification. With respect to privacy there is only one important drawback: U-Prove does not protect against linking multiple verification sessions to each other. This means that these credentials basically act as a pseudonym for the user. Identity Mixer This technology is based on the Camenisch-Lysyanskaya signature scheme which provides a blind signature protocol, which can be used for credential issuance, and zero-knowledge proofs for attribute verification. The performance of this implementation is not the best among these technologies, but this technology provides a broad feature set and offers proper unlinkability. This makes it possible to use a credential multiple times without becoming traceable. The goal of the research presented in this thesis has been to develop efficient smart card implementations of attribute-based credentials and compare various cryptographic systems for attribute-based credentials. This has resulted in a detailed
Ivan Damgård, Bernardo David, Irene Giacomelli, Jesper Buus Nielsen
We present a new compact verifiable secret sharing scheme, based on this we present the first construction of a homomorphic UC commitment scheme that requires only cheap symmetric cryptography, except for a small number of seed OTs. To commit to a k -bit string, the amortized communication cost is O ( k ) bits. Assuming a sufficiently efficient pseudorandom generator, the computational complexity is O ( k ) for the verifier and O ( k 1 + ε ) for the committer (where ε < 1 is a constant). In an alternative variant of the construction, all complexities are O ( k · polylog ( k )). Our commitment scheme extends to vectors over any finite field and is additively homomorphic. By sending one extra message, the prover can allow the verifier to also check multiplicative relations on committed strings, as well as verifying that committed vectors a , b satisfy a = φ ( b ) for a linear function φ . These properties allow us to non-interactively implement any one-sided functionality where only one party has input (this includes UC secure zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge). We also present a perfectly secure implementation of any multiparty functionality, based directly on our VSS. The communication required is proportional to a circuit implementing the functionality, up to a logarithmic factor. For a large natural class of circuits the overhead is even constant. We also improve earlier results by Ranellucci et al. on the amount of correlated randomness required for string commitments with individual opening of bits. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The most common type of additional taxation today is a thoroughly investigated part of the Swedish tax law, even the evidence related quandaries has been answered. Other kinds of additional taxation, such as through consequential changes, has however not been examined. This might be because of that these kinds of additional taxations up until recently only represented a small part of the court cases. That came to change after a sentence in 2010 by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Today there are hundreds of ongoing cases regarding consequential changes and large amounts of money at stake. However, from the courts’ verdicts and grounds for the decisions it is clear that there are different views on which of the parties that bears the burden of proof for a certain fact and what the evidence requirements are for that party. It also seems to be unclear to which extent the Tax Office must investigate these cases. This uncertainty might be due to the fact that these kinds of questions never have been debated, neither in the legislative histories, the small amount of court practice nor the legal doctrine.In this thesis one quantitative and four qualitative studies has been undertaken in an effort to investigate the legal position of the above explained uncertainties in cases of consequential changes as well as the related question of how far the Tax Offices obligation to investigate reaches in these kinds of cases. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the presentation and assessment of evidence in cases of consequential changes. Some other kinds of additional taxation, such as correction of miscalculations and misspellings, has many aspects in common with consequential changes, which is why this thesis also might give some guidance even for those kinds of cases.The studies that have been undertaken shows that despite that the Tax Offices obligation to investigate is laid down in law, the Tax Offices ability to investigate the cases is severely limited. The only kind of investigation that the Tax Office can carry out is on a principle level without assessments in the individual case. The Tax Office as well as the taxpayer often initiates court actions without evidence to support their claim. To the extent that evidence is referred to, it emanates from the investigation regarding the main decision. There are however great differences in the presentation of evidence in the recent cases of value added tax for printing offices compared to other cases of consequential changes.In cases of additional taxation through consequential changes the Tax Office bears the burden of proof for the fact that the decision is an immediate consequence of the main decision while as the tax payer bears the burden of proof for the fact that an additional taxation would be unreasonable. The evidence requirements for the Tax Office is of the grade ‘likely’, or in some situations even ‘probable’ which is the lowest evidence requirement in cases of taxation, while the evidence requirements for the tax payer is of the grade ‘obvious’ which is the highest evidence requirement in cases of taxation.Compared to the main kind of additional taxation the burden of proof and the evidence requirements are distributed in a highly uneven manner to the disadvantage of the tax payer. Since the underlying reasons for the institute of consequential changes were discussed there has been a great deal of changes made within the branch of taxation law as well as other branches of the law. These changes have led to the legal position of today no longer appearing as satisfactory from a legal rights point of view.One possible way to improve the taxpayer’s security before the law is by changing the wording of chapter 66 article 28 in the Tax Procedures Act so that the evidence requirements for when an additional taxation is to be considered unreasonable is reduced to the grade of ‘shown/substantiated’.
Indonesia underwent enormous political and institutional changes in the wake of the 1997–98 economic crisis and the collapse of Soeharto's authoritarian regime. Yet something curious happened under President Yudhoyono: a politics of economic growth has returned in post-crisis decentralized, democratic Indonesia. The politics of economic growth is politics that transforms political issues of redistribution into problems of output and attempts to neutralize social conflict in favor of a consensus on growth. Under Soeharto, this politics provided ideological legitimation to his authoritarian regime. The new politics of economic growth in post-Soeharto Indonesia works differently. Decentralized democracy created a new set of conditions for doing politics: social divisions along ethnic and religious lines are no longer suppressed but are contained locally. A new institutional framework was also created for the economic policy-making. The 1999 Central Bank Law guarantees the independence of the Bank Indonesia (BI) from the government. The Law on State Finance requires the government to keep the annual budget deficit below 3% of the GDP while also expanding the powers of the Ministry of Finance (MOF) at the expense of National Development Planning Agency. No longer insulated in a state of political demobilization as under Soeharto, Indonesian technocracy depends for its performance on who runs these institutions and the complex political processes that inform their decisions and operations.
Bitcoin is a new, popular currency which is based on mathematical and cryptographic principles. The system relies on a decentralized peer-to-peer network of participants in which a majority decides on the validity of transactions. In this paper, the communication protocol used by Bitcoin to communicate between participants is investigated. We formally describe the protocol by specifying it in mCRL2. Using scenario-based verication, we verify that the Bitcoin protocol satises a number of requirements under various scenarios.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The article focuses on the role of virtual currencies like Bitcoin in the evolution of finance. Topics discussed include a proposal by New York's financial services department to turn New York City into a Bitcoin hub, and the wait and see approach adopted by regulator, resulting in a lack of clarity that is stalling progress in the market.
The local governance in Ghana has been practised using different models over the years. These models were introduced by the colonial government which was highly centralised. The dynamics of local government in Ghana changed significantly in 1988, when decentralised system of local government was introduced. Several dimensions of Metropolitan governance in Ghana have been considered ineffective and among them is the fiscal administration which attracts several unpleasant comments from the citizenry. Notwithstanding the fact that the Local Government system in Ghana was instituted in 1852 and independent town councils were established in Sekondi- Takoradi and Kumasi in 1894 and 1935 respectively; none of them is free from this allegation. The purpose of the research was to analyse the financial systems of the metropolises. The Metropolises on average generate just about 45 per cent of its total income internally. This is a case of overdependence on transfers from the Central government and other external sponsors. Therefore, it is not strange that the Metropolitan governments are financially controlled by the Central government. The uninformed mind may prescribe more local fiscal empowerment for the Metropolises as the way forward. However, empowerment with poor fiscal administration could hardly turn the tide. As the study revealed, the system of fiscal administration is influenced by political, economic, social, technical administrative and attitudinal factors. The local tax structure has only one main item namely immovable property tax which is poorly administered in terms of tax base determination; low rate impost and poor mobilization. The large immovable property tax is left in arrears and eventually written off. The metropolitan financial performance also needs improvement from within. MMDAs, introduction of new revenue items and increase in rates as basis for increasing internal revenue, hence many of them have expanded revenue structure with several unproductive items. This does not make local revenue mobilisation cost effective. The MMDAs over depend on external funds for their operation, thus compromising the autonomy of local authorities. To overcome this might require a long term fiscal strategic plan which should reconsider the fiscal empowerment relationship between central and local government. The local authorities on their part should shift toward partnership investment as a means of achieving financial breakthrough otherwise the decentralisation system would become a mirage to local residents who initially accepted it as system for accelerated local development.
Cryptocurrency – including a particular initial denomination known as Bitcoins – has received since 2009 wide and growing publicity in technology, finance, U.S. and international law enforcement, as well as general public journalism and popular press. This recent popular press coverage of cryptocurrency (how and from where do Bitcoins originate?, how much is one worth today or tomorrow?, will it last with all the stumbling implementation and technical intricacies?, purchasing illegal drugs and guns with Bitcoins!) overshadows cryptocurrency’s applicability to financial and currency system theories which have been developed and predicted for decades or more: the fundamental theory of currency; currency denationalization; a return to an international standard monetary unit (before nationalized fiat); the inefficiency of costly 3rd-party-trust currency models; and global concerns about currency hegemonies as well as political influence of monetary policy, and currency hedge/speculation. As the moral panic of Bitcoin and similar initial implementations of cryptocurrency fade and cryptocurrency systems gain traction underground or aboveground anywhere in the world, U.S. and international public policymakers and regulators will need to surveil, understand, and evolve public policy to accommodate any aspect of cryptocurrency which develops from technical novelty to realization of predicted grand monetary theories. Some of those areas of evolution include: national central bank monetary control; public sector dependence (oversight, taxing, fees) on private sector financial models and structures; and viability of traditional national and international law enforcement techniques U.S. federal and major subnational public sector policymakers and regulators must remain vigilant for and educated about cryptocurrency usage whether in nationalized or denationalized use cases or they risk missing early opportunities to shape the rapidly changing landscape of digital financial systems in the U.S and abroad. This vigilance and awareness could be in the form of continued congressional hearings and regulatory surveillance. But a more proactive approach including federal grants for research and study of cryptocurrency, promotion of national and international symposia regarding currency technology and implications should be pursued. The nature of cryptocurrency’s raison d'être and early-adopter motivation foretells a disruptive network-effect adoption despite entrenched interests’ efforts at preclusion similar to numerous recent technical innovations in the private sector like music or other intellectual property downloads, retail shopping, taxis services, hotel lodging, traditional print journalism, and traditional communication systems.
Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Ahmed E. Kosba, Jonathan Katz
An implicit goal of Bitcoin’s reward structure is to diffuse network influence over a diverse, decentralized population of individual participants. Indeed, Bitcoin’s security claims rely on no single entity wielding a sufficiently large portion of the network’s overall computational power. Unfortunately, rather than participating independently, most Bitcoin miners join coalitions called mining pools in which a central pool administrator largely directs the pool’s activity, leading to a consolidation of power. Recently, the largest mining pool, GHash.IO, has accounted for more than half of network’s total mining capacity. Relatedly, “hosted mining” service providers offer their clients the benefit of economiesof-scale, tempting them away from independent participation. We argue that the prevalence of mining coalitions is due to a limitation of the Bitcoin proof-of-work puzzle ‐ specifically, that it affords an effective mechanism for enforcing cooperation in a coalition. We present several definitions and constructions for “nonoutsourceable” puzzles that thwart such enforcement mechanisms, thereby deterring coalitions. We also provide an implementation and benchmark results for our schemes to show they are practical.
First it captivated quintessential nerds; then political idealists who believed freedom had finally arrived. They projected their visions of revolution onto it. Predictably, the establishment rejected it. Research for this so-called revolution happened anonymously, born out of genuine curiosity rather than motivated by profit. Eventually, its usefulness became undeniable; industry and business paid attention. It became a revolution, as politicos had promised, but perhaps not the revolution they had in mind.
Fidelia Guadalupe Martinez Alava, Luis Ariel Veas Peralta
The scheme of analysis of this research plan includes development of the thesis six components: i. identifying study objectives, ii. The theoretical framework, iii. Research findings, iv. Conclusions, v. recommendations and vi. The proposal.
The identification of the study objectives, establish the problem of decentralized autonomous government Vinces Canton, specifically in the process of organizational management, in order to ensure that the administrative development takes place in appropriate contexts and risks are diminished...
In a sandpile world, decentralization is in the air. For many companies it is rapidly becoming a choice between merely hanging on and survival or thriving in the new world of global connectivity and proliferating complexity. In considering Decentralization 2.0, realization of the enablingand-autonomy paradigm presents three major challenges: designing an enabling organization, creating autonomous groups, and establishing a deep structure or genetic code to integrate these into a meaningful whole. Let’s remind ourselves that Decentralization 2.0 is conceived of in the context of a social-systemic perspective of organizing. In this way of looking at organizations, it is recognized that not only does the system have a purpose, but also the parts of the system and the larger whole containing the system, which both have purposes of their own. In other words, when the organization is that of a firm, both its individual members and the society in which it functions are recognized as having purposes of their own. Although they sometimes forget what they are for, companies, whether banks or health care organizations, do have the function to serve the purposes of the society they are a part of. If they fail to do so, in the long run, their survival is jeopardized. Even more so, sometimes companies find it difficult to recognize that their members are purposeful human beings, meaning that they display will, and even have ideals of their own.
Municipal governments in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic , have the exclusive competence to regulate , authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone products called building materials, which are in the beds of rivers , lakes, beaches sea and quarrying, the Constitution determines that the hierarchical enforcement , consider the principle of competition, in particular the ownership of the exclusive competence of the Autonomous Decentralized Governments. The Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization , establishes exclusive jurisdiction of the Autonomous Government decentralized Municipal among other regulate, authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone materials shall mean materials of construction rocks and their derivatives , are these sedimentary or morphological fiery nature such as , andesites , basalts, dasitas , rhyolite , granite , pumice , calcareous materials , surface clay, sand of fluvial origin or gravel : deposits alluvial type , flows, and in general all materials which process not involve a different crushing and / or particle size classification or in some cases cutting and polishing treatment , including its management and other end-use and technically established by the Ministry / Sectoral industrial process. The natural or legal person performing mining activities in the territory of the Canton , be done by a function of regulatory laws, and those contained in the Municipal Ordinances under good environmental practices , seeking the restoration of the environment and mitigating potential negative effects on the environment . The anti technique aggregates and stone materials exploitation, causing the destruction of the environment and landscape , putting at risk the neighbors and causing environmental pollution , making it necessary to have a law regulating their use and allow autonomous governments decentralized Municipal technical and environmental control thereof. The Constitution of the Republic and the Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization COOTAD provide that any decision or municipal authority that may affect the environment must be consulted prior to, the community , which will be informed promptly and giving it wide citizen and in case of that consultation proves overwhelming opposition of the respective community , the decision to implement or not the project will be adopted by resolution duly reasoned request higher administrative surveillance