Abstract. We show how to realize two-factor authentication for a Bitcoin wal-let employing the two-party ECDSA signature protocol adapted from MacKen-zie & Reiter (2004). We also present a prototypic implementation of a Bitcoin wallet that offers both: two-factor authentication and verification over a sepa-rate channel. Since we use a smart phone as the second authentication factor, our solution can be used with hardware already available to most users and the user experience is quite similar to the existing online banking authentication methods. 1.
Bitcoin has experienced such three stages as mininggame interior testing stage oriented by the demand of technical share revision,the business model construction stage oriented by investment demand and market bubble showcase stage oriented by the speculative demand since 2009 when Bitcoin produced,and has formed a global market to exchange Bitcoin. As a product of virtual financial market,Bitcoin market development is propelled by human spontaneousness and human oriented demand,however,the market craziness triggered by speculative demand not only damages the interests of the investors but also impedes the self-development of Bitcoin market. Bitcoin,which does not belong to the currency in real sense,has long-term development basis by widening and consolidating basic service function of network payment,but its value stability can not be maintained for a long time. Bitcoin,as a virtual currency,largely deviates from its intrinsic value in its market price currently,has big bubble,as a result,the investment or speculation on Bitcoin is the worst choice,therefore,China must make effective supervision on Bitcoin market and actively guide and broaden the channel for private capital to invest.
In response to the need for secure one-round authenticated key exchange protocols providing both perfect forward secrecy and full deniability, we put forward a new paradigm for constructing protocols from a Diffie-Hellman type protocol plus a non-interactive designated verifier proof of knowledge (DV-PoK) scheme. We define the notion of DV-PoK which is a variant of non-interactive zero-knowledge proof of knowledge, and provide an efficient DVPoK scheme as a central technical building block of our protocol. The DV-PoK scheme possesses nice properties such as unforgeability and symmetry which help our protocol to achieve perfect forward secrecy and full deniability respectively. Moreover, the security properties are formally proved in the Canetti-Krawczyk model under the Gap Diffie-Hellman assumption. In sum, our protocol offers a remarkable combination of salient security properties and efficiency, and the notion of DV-PoK is of independent interests.
In anonymous reputation systems, where after an interaction between anonymous users, one of the users evaluates the peer by giving a rating. Ratings for a user are accumulated, which becomes the reputation of the user. By using the reputation, we can know the reliability of an anonymous user. Previously, anonymous reputation systems have been proposed, using an anonymous e-cash scheme. However, in the e-cash-based systems, the bank grasps the accumulated reputations for all users, and the fluctuation of reputations. These are private information for users. Furthermore, the timing attack using the deposit times is possible, which makes the anonymity weak. In this paper, we propose an anonymous reputation system, where the reputations of users are secret for even the reputation manager such as the bank. Our approach is to adopt an anonymous credential certifying the accumulated reputation of a user. Initially a user registers with the reputation manager, and is issued an initial certificate. After each interaction with a rater, the user as the ratee obtains an updated certificate certifying the previous reputation summed up by the current rating. The update protocol is based on the zero-knowledge proofs, and thus the reputations are secret for the reputation manager. On the other hand, due to the certificate, the user cannot maliciously alter his reputation.
SMC(Secure Multi-party Computation)mainly addresses the problem of cooperation within the distrustful partners,SMC requires the independence assurance of inputs and computation correctness,and meanwhile shouldn't leak any input to other partners. SMC could be widely used in internet ballot and internet auction. This paper analyzes the key technologies,including secure protocols,bit commitment,oblivious transfer,and zero-knowledge proof. Finally,the paper describes the applications of SMC,and these are significant in theory and practice.
The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2526472 . Italian Abstract: La grande diffusione dei bitcoin avvenuta negli ultimi due anni ha messo in luce una serie di questioni legate all'utilizzo degli strumenti di pagamento anonimo in internet. Se da un lato la rete vede in questa nuova utility una forma di moneta elettronica, l'analisi giuridica del fenomeno individua una concorrente natura di commodity, rispetto cui sono da sottolineare i risvolti di rischio legati all'uso degli strumenti derivati e al pericolo di bolla speculativa. Il forte incremento e la volatilità che caratterizzano il cambio dei bitcoin contro le monete tradizionali sembrano infatti da considerarsi legati, più che al grande successo riscosso in rete da questo efficiente strumento, alle attività di investimento di alcuni fondi hedge e a decisioni di tipo istituzionale intervenute nel corso del tempo. Nell'articolo che segue si analizzeranno i bitcoin nella loro duplice veste: la valutazione economica sarà relativa alle caratteristiche di volatilità peculiari del target di analisi mentre le considerazioni espresse a livello strutturale saranno riferibili agli strumenti di questo genere in quanto tali. English Abstract: The considerable diffusion of bitcoins over the Internet that took place in the last two years has highlighted some important issue about the use of anonym tools of payment in e-commerce. Even though bitcoins are largely considered to be a digital currency, the legal and economic analysis draws the attention to a concomitant structure of financial commodity with risky features related to derivative instruments making the possibility of a bubble a case to consider. The significant growth in value and the intense volatility characterizing bitcoins are more likely to be the consequence of remarkable investments made by hedge funds and the effect of specific Institutional measures, than the outcome this efficient instrument has achieved on the Internet. The following article is analyzing bitcoins in their twofold nature: the structural considerations we will express are referred to virtual coins in general, whereas the financial evaluation is related to the specific volatility of our analysis target.
Bitcoin is a digital currency which is based on P2P network and open source software. It is avirtual currency without any control by any centralized organization. New Bitcoins are issuedby lots of specified algorithms. The whole Bitcoin network utilizes the distributed database toverify and record all the transactions through the nodes in the P2P network in which thedouble spending is prevented. No person or organization is able to control Bitcoin based on adecentralized P2P network and algorithm. The cryptographic functions of Bitcoin are designedto allow only the real Bitcoin owner to pay and transfer, and ensure the anonymity andmarketability.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the security architecture and services for the Bitcoin system and describe of all the features and infrastructures of the whole Bitcoin network. A whole establishment demo including wallet client, mining server with GUI and mining client is implemented. Further improvement will be suggested and recommended for the system
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] RAJIV CHANDRASEKARAN'S LITTLE AMERICA: THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR FOR AFGHANISTAN, is about NATO's counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan since 2009. Published in 2012, it is one of the few works that links high-level policy to on-the-ground realities of a far away war. As the United States determines a role for its military after 2014, it is worth looking back. Many have focused on the book's portrayal of personal infighting, bureaucratic sclerosis, and parochialism. (1) Perhaps interesting is that he shows how Western ideas about state-society relations led NATO to conduct a campaign that has cost trillions of dollars, has had at best limited successes, and may have simply armed an array of factions for civil war when NATO leaves. (2) We're bringing the of Afghanistan back here, Lt. Col. Cal Worth explained to a resident of Marja in Afghanistan's Helmand Province. (3) He was explaining not just his immediate objective, but also the underlying logic of NATO's counterinsurgency campaign. This logic is found in U.S. Army Field Manual (FM) 3-24, Counterinsurgency, which was written as the U.S. military fought insurgencies in Iraq. The logic holds that insurgencies require support from the population, and if the state reaches the people, popular support for the insurgency withers away. While insurgencies require support from populations because insurgents cannot draw on state resources, the idea that more government will attenuate this support is not necessarily true. This idea is based on a Western-centric definition of the state as a sovereign, autonomous entity that determines social relations throughout its territory. Yet, this Western-ideal type of state has never existed in Afghanistan. Those who have tried to build such a state have incited violent resistance and either chose an alternative model of governance or were deposed. When the U.S. military and civilian agencies endorsed the Western-ideal type of state, they too encountered violence. This was not because the insurgency felt threatened by the state, but because Afghan society rejected the Western-ideal-type model of state-society relations. As a result, the U.S. national security apparatus--from the White House to civilian and military organizations in the field--could not develop an effective stabilization strategy. This is not to say that Afghanistan has never been stable; rather, that stability has been closely associated with a minimalist state that is distinct from the Western model. Going forward, this means that NATO should be prepared to accept, if not encourage, the of Afghanistan to seek a political solution that decentralizes political authority. This would center around reducing responsibilities of the central Afghan state and enforcing particular redlines for its subnational components, such as prohibiting threats to the state or launching attacks on other countries. Peripheral governing authorities would determine other issues for themselves. This could leave room for a Taliban-affiliated political party to assume some authority, the promise of which could be part of a negotiated settlement to the conflict. This analysis is also relevant for Syria, Libya, Yemen, Somalia, and elsewhere. In these unstable places, the time and resources required to build a Western-type state are simply not available and the appropriateness of the Western model varies widely. The U.S. national security apparatus will need to deal directly with nonstate actors, tribal leaders, religious figures, warlords, militias, etc.--not only as conduits of information and temporary leaders, but as primary actors in a complex but stable political tapestry. This approach is not without risks, but after than ten years, trillions of dollars, and thousands of lives, the United States cannot afford to approach the rest of the world like it has Afghanistan. Understanding the Western-ideal-type State The Western-ideal-type state is a product of a specific political and intellectual history, and for many people around the world, its benevolence is not self-evident. …
Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
The Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008, shows the concern that the Ecuadorian government has in relation to the environment, therefore prioritizes the protection, preservation and proper use in its Chapter Two, Section Two, Healthy Environment, in Articles 14th and 15th. The main objective of this study is to analyze the South South Cooperation, at the regional level in environmental matters in Ecuador according to the 2008 Constitution between 2007 and 2012. The Theory of Interdependence was chosen for this study. The main referents of the theory are Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye. One of their main ideas is that in order to achieve optimal development in a State, it needs from the actions and experiences of others, which can be applied to the reality of itself, in this sense, foreign policy and domestic policy are closely linked to each other in order to form a single process. This points us to the international cooperation as a good tool to accomplish national and international goals. In the first chapter, we can find the several sources and ways of international cooperation. In this study, the technical cooperation is prioritized. Ecuador makes part of several international organizations that show the running of the international relations in the country, since being part of these organizations the government must achieve objectives and guidelines. CELAC and UNASUR are the two regional spaces that are prioritized organizations for this research. By giving importance to environment, laws and regulations applied at the national level must be adjusted to the objectives of Good Living, in that way environmental protection is ensured. Since Ecuador is a developing country, it is necessary to access to the international aid that exist in the region, but it is very important to follow national laws in order to participate in international cooperation projects. In this regard, it should be mentioned that in the Constitution of Ecuador, the regional integration is a priority. In the second chapter the situation of South-South cooperation between the years 2007-2012 was analyzed in order to have a greater understanding of its evolution and implementation in the country through regulating entities, that facilitate access and tracking of the activities performed in the framework, of cooperation such as SENPLADES and SETECI. It is clarified that each Autonomous Decentralized Government have the power to search and manage their own cooperation, without going through the process that SETECI has, but the goal should accomplish national objectives. In the government agencies case, such cooperation must be access through SETECI, but more international instruments such as Memorandum of Understanding cannot be excluded. In the third chapter, priorities of cooperation are known, these are given by the Ministry of Environment, and the main priorities are: adaptation, mitigation of climate change; solid waste management; bio trade; protected areas management; invasive species eradication; among others. Ecuador keeps relations of South-South international cooperation with countries like Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela. Three projects have been developed successfully in Ecuador and have been offered nowadays to be replicated in other countries of the region. It has been concluded that South-South cooperation cannot be measured or evaluated for amounts of money paid or received; as this cooperation is technical, administrative costs that are generated by the implementation of this cooperation are not always real, so the south-South cooperation is measured by the impact but not the financial part. The South-South cooperation projects on environmental issues, have increased since 2007, so we can see that under the State's and the Ministry of Environment priorities, a greater number of actions are identified at the regional level, actions that can contribute with the preservation of the environment in the country.
Higher Education and Sustainability
Science, Technology, and Education in Latin America
This research Legal, seeks to know and legally establish the facts that arise from expropriation as a public service requirement for the harmonious development of a society in constant growth and hence returning to the Art. 323 of the Constitution manifesting the Republic in order to implement plans for social development, sustainable management of the environment and collective welfare, state institutions, for reasons of public utility or social and national interest, may declare the expropriation of property, just prior assessment , compensation and payment in accordance with the Act. every form is prohibited confiscation is necessary to review articles and literals my appreciation violate the rights of citizens when an expropriation. From what I refer to Art. COOTAC 446, which echoing manifest constitutional requirements Expropriation.- order to implement social development plans, programs promoting urbanization and social housing, sustainable management of the environment and collective welfare , regional and municipal governments, provincial, metropolitan, for reasons of public utility or social interest, may declare the expropriation of property, fair evaluation, compensation and payment in accordance with the law. All type of seizure is prohibited. the case that expropriation is aimed at development programs and social housing, the sale price of the land shall consist only of the value of the expropriations and basic improvement works carried out. The decentralized autonomous governments establish the conditions and method of payment. Article 447.- Declaration of public.- utility for expropriations, the highest administrative of regional authorities, provincial, metropolitan or municipal governments solve the declaration of public utility, by duly motivated act which shall comprise compulsory individualization of good or goods required and the purposes to which they go. At the declaration the report of the authority that there is no opposition to the planning of land use established, the certificate of the registrar of the property, the property valuation report is attached; and budget certification for the existence and availability of the resources needed to proceed with expropriation. Public or joint ventures of the autonomous governments that required the expropriation of real estate, request the maximum corresponding executive authority with the necessary supporting. If the parish governments require the expropriation of property, documentadamente will request the declaration of public the mayor or mayor of the respective county utility. These buildings, once expropriated, shall become the property of the parish government. If part of a building, so that it is of little or no economic benefit to the owner, conservation is expropriated unaffected part, this may require that expropriation includes the entire property. If emerging needs, the decentralized autonomous government declared the expropriation for immediate occupation, prior deposit of ten percent (10%) of the value of the property to the competent authority (Assembly, 2011, p. 53). Articles that contradict the law of roads, the same as in years has not been updated and that have been made have not attended one of the priority issues such as land expropriation. I mean the art. Art 12.-on allowances, which manifest.- In order to compensation shall be deemed to accrue to the owner of the expropriated property. Trading price at the date of acquisition of the property and the original holdings to be included in the expropriation ; the value of the best sunsets laying understand therein; goodwill of the land and belongings under original currency depreciation; Goodwill resulting from the work performed by the owner; devaluation which, through expropriation, perhaps sustained by the remaining part of the property in his possession; the value of works up your marginal lands; and the value of the crops to be included and temporary occupations. But belong to the State or entity of way: capital gains on expropriated from public works carried out and other reasons beyond the owner's action things, and that will, by the construction of the new work, the part of property that is held by the same (Assembly N., 2012, p. 67).
Of experience, as is currently happening in the construction of the Pan American Highway Latacunga, Salcedo Ambato by Ministry of Public Works and Land transport where goods adjoining property is expropriated with the above procedure is intended through administrative proceedings, so Incorrect items that are not clear as of compensation where there is talk of a market value at the date of acquisition of the property was premium, which has no legal or legal relation which expresses the constitution of the republic and the laws consistent as the Organization of the Organic Code of Territorial Autonomy and decentralization. Handicapping thousands of families who bought at any given time a well that to date has cost the implementation of the Law on roads intended to be breached.
Being necessary to propose an amendment to this Law Article 12 where you can get an appreciation of the fine according to the costs of time. Finally and according to Art. 791 the Code of Civil Procedure. This states that no one may be deprived of his estate by virtue of expropriation, if not in accordance with the provisions of this section notwithstanding that making special laws on expropriation for construction, widening and improvement of roads, railways and airports populations “(Assembly, 2012, p. 345). It is corroborated by more legitimate, the fact that the well must be worth the upgrade cadastral.
The project, design of a strategic communication plan to strengthen the image of the Autonomous Government Decentralized Municipal (GADMP) to their internal and external audiences he focused on managing in a clear, objective and strategic communication of this institution applying various contents analyzed in the Master in Communication at the University of the Americas. The investigation was long and deep, we attempted to understand, analyze and recommend the most appropriate solutions to the problems facing the municipality, taking into account changing conditions, social, political and economic solutions. All municipal issues were studied to recommend the adoption of techniques rationalized and business management, he observed, he spoke to different audiences, their needs are heard, several procedures and a wide range of operations, systematic, streamlined and efficient were used, to the knowledge of reality, to formulate the problem and propose alternative solutions viable. Then we planned detailed and professionally, every action to facilitate the coordination of decisions, highlight the organizational objectives, design procedures and methods of operation to improve the work system. Objectives aimed at were raised: Structuring the strategic communication plan, in order to enhance the image of the Municipality of Pujili and reorganize its
communication process. The feasibility study and project feasibility was conducted defined developed and applied the relevant tools for self-analysis Image, and then build the future model that represents and synthesizes the people Pujilense and municipal authorities, and printed in everyone's mind, achieving greater presence and visibility. The role of public relations, marketing and advertising in the various departments of the municipality was synthesized, and practical actions to be performed are determined: Restructure the Institutional Strategic Plan. Restructure Identity Manual. Update the Strategic Communication Plan. Restructure the Department of Communication and Information. Update the website and other Tics put to universal services. Prioritize management with immediate hearings GADMP.
espanolLos Cabildos Insulares canarios son organos de gobierno y administracion de cada una de las islas. Desde la Ley de 11 de julio de 1912 hasta la actualidad han adquirido un gran arraigo en la Administracion local de Canarias. Con el advenimiento del “Estado autonomico” han enriquecido su naturaleza, puesto que no son solo corporaciones locales, sino instituciones de la Comunidad Autonoma (arts. 8. 2 y 23 del Estatuto de Autonomia). Esto ha supuesto la plasmacion de una opcion claramente descentralizadora, que erige a las Corporaciones insulares en piezas esenciales del sistema, ya que disponen de un elenco de competencias de evidente significacion. En el siglo XXI es claro que no seria razonable prescindir de estas instituciones, al margen de la existencia de fuertes crisis economicas o de reformas organizativas, porque los Cabildos ni tienen ni han tenido nunca la posicion institucional d EnglishThe Canary Island Councils are organs of government and administration of each of the island. Since the Law of July 11, 1912 to the present have acquired a great importance in the local government of the Canary Islands. With the advent of the “Autonomous State” have enriched their nature, since they are not only local corporations, but institutions of the Autonomous Community (arts 8.2 and 23 of the Statute of Autonomy). This has involved the demonstration of clear decentralization option, which stands to the Island Corporations essential parts of the system, as they have a list of competencies of significance. In the XXI century is clear that it would be unreasonable without these institutions, regardless of the existence of strong economic crises or organizational reforms because the Councils neither have nor have ever had the institutional position of the Provincial questioned today.