<p class='IJASEITAbtract'><span lang='EN-GB'>The improvement of the Quality of Life (QoL) and the enhancement of the Quality of Services (QoS) represent the main goal of every city evolutionary process. It is possible making cities smarter promoting innovative solutions by use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for collecting and analysing large amounts of data generated by several sources, such as sensor networks, wearable devices, and IoT devices spread among the city. The integration of different technologies and different IT systems, needed to build smart city applications and services, remains the most challenge to overcome. In the Smart City context, this paper intends to investigate the Smart Environment pillar, and in particular the aspect related to the implementation of Smart Energy Grid for citizens in the urban context. The innovative characteristic of the proposed solution consists of using the Blockchain technology to join the Grid, exchanging information, and buy/sell energy between the involved nodes (energy providers and private citizens), using the Blockchain granting ledger.</span>
Using blockchain technology, it is possible to create contracts that offer a reward in exchange for a trained machine learning model for a particular data set. This would allow users to train machine learning models for a reward in a trustless manner. The smart contract will use the blockchain to automatically validate the solution, so there would be no debate about whether the solution was correct or not. Users who submit the solutions won't have counterparty risk that they won't get paid for their work. Contracts can be created easily by anyone with a dataset, even programmatically by software agents. This creates a market where parties who are good at solving machine learning problems can directly monetize their skillset, and where any organization or software agent that has a problem to solve with AI can solicit solutions from all over the world. This will incentivize the creation of better machine learning models, and make AI more accessible to companies and software agents.
We examine the impact of positive versus negative macroeconomic news surprises, originating from large developed economies, on the returns and volatility of gold and Bitcoin prices over the period July 19, 2010 – February 7, 2017. We find an asymmetric impact and evidence that gold is different from Bitcoin. Specifically, gold returns and volatility systematically react to macroeconomic news surprises in a manner consistent with its traditional role as a safe-haven, whereas Bitcoin prices and volatility do not mostly react in a similar manner. Our results are useful for investment decision-making.
Blockchain technology integrates mathematical encryption, open source software, computer networks and incentive mechanisms. It created a crypto call hiding in a token. However, tokens should be used to purchase goods or services from offline retailers, but current tokens are used primarily for investment. Therefore, the most important thing at this point is how to get the royalty-based tokens integrated into the offline store. For this purpose, it is not realistic to install a new payment terminal in an offline store. Based on these perceptions, this study measures the application of investigated components to understand the impact of blockchain technology on customer loyalty programs. The main purpose of this study is to propose an integrated customer loyalty program model for blockchain technology using credit cards. This study shows how to implement an integrated customer loyalty program process in credit card-based blockchain technology and how to identify the importance of block-chain technology to improve customer loyalty programs.
Bitcoin cryptocurrency has risen in popularity. Therefore, it not only attracts users to use it, but also it attracts the malware developers to attack it. While online Bitcoin wallets allow users to conveniently store and manage their bitcoins, they are vulnerable to several attacks.
Blockchain-based distributed computing platforms enable the trusted execution\nof computation - defined in the form of smart contracts - without trusted\nagents. Smart contracts are envisioned to have a variety of applications,\nranging from financial to IoT asset tracking. Unfortunately, the development of\nsmart contracts has proven to be extremely error prone. In practice, contracts\nare riddled with security vulnerabilities comprising a critical issue since\nbugs are by design non-fixable and contracts may handle financial assets of\nsignificant value. To facilitate the development of secure smart contracts, we\nhave created the FSolidM framework, which allows developers to define contracts\nas finite state machines (FSMs) with rigorous and clear semantics. FSolidM\nprovides an easy-to-use graphical editor for specifying FSMs, a code generator\nfor creating Ethereum smart contracts, and a set of plugins that developers may\nadd to their FSMs to enhance security and functionality.\n
Natali del Rocío Torres Peñafiel, Rosa Ellis Bell Heredia
La provincia de Chimborazo se caracteriza por su riqueza etnica intercultural, en especial por su cultura indigena que resalta aquellos principios y valores que datan de la nacionalidad Puruha y que tanto se lucha por rescatar. En este articulo se desarrolla un procedimiento denominado FOCOA para fomentar una cultura organizacional autoctona en aras de una mejor gestion en los gobiernosautonomos descentralizados (GAD) municipales de la provincia de Chimborazo; procedimiento que considera la interculturalidad como eje transversal. Su metodologia se sustenta en los metodos historico-logico y sistemico, asi como en los procedimientos de analisis y sintesis, descriptivo, induccion y deduccion; y, ademas, se implementan tecnicas de investigacion cuantitativas y cualitativas. / Chimborazo province is characterized by its intercultural ethnic richness, especially by its native culture that stresses those principles and values dated from the Puruha nationality, which they so strongly fight for rescuing. In this article, a procedure named FOCOA for promoting an autochthonous organizational culture is developed, in order to achieve a better management in the municipal decentralized autonomous governments (GAD) in Chimborazo province. This procedureconsiders the intercultural character as a cross axis. Its methodology is based on historical, logical and systemic methods, as well as in the procedures of analysis and synthesis, of induction and deduction and in descriptive procedures. Techniques of quantitative and qualitative research are also carried out.
Uang merupakan alat tukar menukar yang sangat mudah dibawa kemana–mana dan tahan awet. Uang diciptakan untuk mempermudah masyarakat atau manusia dalam jual beli dimanapun berada dan kapanpun berada, karena itu kita harus mempergunakan uang dengan sebaik-baiknya. Pada tanggal 2 November 1949 merupakan hari ditetapkan uang menjadi mata uang resmi negara Indonesia yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang No 7 Tahun 2011 Tentang Mata Uang. Seiring berkembangnya jaman mata uangpun berkembang dan saat ini yang muncul adalah mata uang virtual (Bitcoin), pengertian bitcoin adalah sebuah mata uang virtual yang pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 2009, oleh Satoshi Nakatomo, (nama samaran), Pada tahun 2017 Pemerintah Indonesia berencana untuk melegalkan mata uang virtual didalam kegiatan transaksi di pasar modal untuk mengikuti perkembangan jaman dan meningkatkan ekonomi di Indonesia menurut Undang-Undang No 8 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pasar Modal adalah kegiatan yang bersangkutan dengan Penawaran Umum dan perdagangan Efek, Perusahaan Publik yang berkaitan dengan Efek yang diterbitkannya, serta lembaga dan profesi yang berkaitan dengan Efek, dalam hal ini identfikasi masalah dari pernyataan diatas adalah bagaimanakan legalitas mata uang virtual (bitcoin) dalam transaksi pasar modal menurut hukum di Indonesia dan bagaimanakah penggunaan mata uang virtual (bitcoin) dalam pasar modal dikaitkan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pasar Modal. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa Penerapan pengaturan mengenai legalitas untuk menggunakan Bitcoin sebagai mata uang di Indonesia sangatlah sulit karena dalam Undang Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 Tentang Mata Uang sudah sangat jelas bahwa mata uang yang sah d Indonesia adalah rupiah, terlebih BI menyatakan larangan tentang penggunaan Mata Uang Bitcoin dan Bitcoin juga bukan merupakan mata uang atau alat pembayaran yang sah di Indonesia. Penggunaan mata uang Bitcoin di pasar modal akan sangat terkendala karena PT Bitcoin Indonesia harus menyerahkan semua kewenangan dan pengaturan mata uang Bitcoin kepada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan sebagai lembaga pengawas pasar modal dan PT Bitcoin Indonesia juga harus menjadi Bank Kustodian karena Bank Kustodian adalah lembaga penyimpanan dan penyelesaian, perusahaan efek, atau bank umum yang telah mendapat persetujuan Bapepam.
The article outlines the logical legal and regulatory sequence of building a highly civilized, highly developed and democratic Ukrainian state that will maximally facilitate the implementation of natural inviolable freedoms, rights, security and supreme power of a Ukrainian citizen and his social duties, rights and responsibilities in the family, community , nation and state. After all, Ukraine is shocked by populist speeches of immoral and illiterate government officials of different levels, their pseudoreforms, pseudo-decentralization and other chaotic actions lead the state to collapse, and people are lowering them to even greater poverty. The people are completely deprived of their property and state control. Prosecutors, judges, police, the SBU and other governing bodies of the state are not controlled by the people. The state's control went into the hands of criminal-oligarchic clans, which loose it uncontrollably and cynically. It should be noted that the management of a civilized state is the most complicated process in the world, which is tens of thousands of times more complex than the most complex computer and space technologies. Therefore, the management of the state categorically can not allow people with immoral reputation and without deep theoretical knowledge and practical skills in management science, micro-and macroeconomics, finance and freedoms and human rights. To build a Ukrainian state that will serve exclusively a man of honest work, he will constantly increase the welfare of his life and the power of the state and make it impossible for anyone to parasitize, and in any way, for another's account, one should link in one harmonious and dynamic whole such state-building mechanisms: socially-economic justice; the selection and appointment by the people of government personnel at all levels and control over their work; development of industrial production, entrepreneurship, agro-industrial complex and farming; wholesale and retail trade; communications and engineering; efficient use of all natural resources, recycled materials and private and public property; social infrastructure of settlements; foreign economic activity and investments; development of science and innovation; prophylactic, diagnostic and medical care of the population; the protection of freedoms, rights, security, the supreme power of man and the clear and unconditional compliance of all citizens and officials with the laws in force; internal and external security of citizens, communities of settlements and the state; operational and statistical control over the implementation of strategic and current programs for the development of settlements and the state, their diagnosis and improvement of management, systematic and comprehensive explanatory and educational work in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the formation of a highly civilized worldview of Ukrainians and their unification into a single monolithic highly professional and active National Community and state-building force.
In recent years, a number of lightweight programs have been deployed in critical domains, such as in smart contracts based on blockchain technology. Therefore, the security and reliability of such programs should be guaranteed by the most credible technology. Higher-order logic theorem proving is one of the most reliable technologies for verifying the properties of programs. However, programs may be developed by different high-level programming languages, and a general, extensible, and reusable formal memory (GERM) framework that can simultaneously support different formal verification specifications, particularly at the code level, is presently unavailable for verifying the properties of programs. Therefore, the present work proposes a GERM framework to fill this gap. The framework simulates physical memory hardware structure, including a low-level formal memory space, and provides a set of simple, nonintrusive application programming interfaces and assistant tools using Coq that can support different formal verification specifications simultaneously. The proposed GERM framework is independent and customizable, and was verified entirely in Coq. We also present an extension of Curry-Howard isomorphism, denoted as execution-verification isomorphism (EVI), which combines symbolic execution and theorem proving for increasing the degree of automation in higher-order logic theorem proving assistant tools. We also implement a toy functional programming language in a generalized algebraic datatypes style and a formal interpreter in Coq based on the GERM framework. These implementations are then employed to demonstrate the application of EVI to a simple code segment.
Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan, Saeid Haghighatshoar, Martin Vetterli
We study the problem of solving a linear sensing system when the observations are unlabeled. Specifically we seek a solution to a linear system of equations y = Ax when the order of the observations in the vector y is unknown. Focusing on the setting in which A is a random matrix with i.i.d. entries, we show that if the sensing matrix A admits an oversampling ratio of 2 or higher, then, with probability 1, it is possible to recover x exactly without the knowledge of the order of the observations in y. Furthermore, if x is of dimension K, then any 2K entries of y are sufficient to recover x. This result implies the existence of deterministic unlabeled sensing matrices with an oversampling factor of 2 that admit perfect reconstruction. The result is universal in that conditioned on the realization of matrix A, recovery is guaranteed for all possible choices of x. While the proof is constructive, it uses a combinatorial algorithm which is not practical, leaving the question of complexity open. We also analyze a noisy version of the problem and show that local stability is guaranteed by the solution. In particular, for every x, the recovery error tends to zero as the signal-to-noise ratio tends to infinity. The question of universal stability is unclear. In addition, we obtain a converse of the result in the noiseless case: If the number of observations in y is less than 2K, then with probability 1, universal recovery fails, i.e., with probability 1, there exist distinct choices of x which lead to the same unordered list of observations in y. We also present extensions of the result of the noiseless case to special cases with non-i.i.d. entries in A, and to a different setting in which the labels of a portion of the observations y are known. In terms of applications, the unlabeled sensing problem is related to data association problems encountered in different domains including robotics where it is appears in a method called “simultaneous localization and mapping”, multi-target tracking applications, and in sampling signals in the presence of jitter.
Open access
Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques
Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms
Katiuscia Mannaro, Gavina Baralla, Andrea Pinna, Simona Ibba
The use of teledermatology in primary care has been shown to be reliable, offering the possibility of improving access to dermatological care by using telecommunication technologies to connect several medical centers and enable the exchange of information about skin conditions over long distances. This paper describes the main points of a teledermatology project that we have implemented to promote and facilitate the diagnosis of skin diseases and improve the quality of care for rural and remote areas. Moreover, we present a blockchain-based approach which aims to add new functionalities to an innovative teledermatology platform which we developed and tested in the Sardinian Region (Italy). These functionalities include giving the patient complete access to his/her medical records while maintaining security. Finally, the advantages that this new decentralized system can provide for patients and specialists are presented.
Reasoning about commutativity between data-structure operations is an important problem with applications including parallelizing compilers, optimistic parallelization and, more recently, Ethereum smart contracts. There have been research results on automatic generation of commutativity conditions, yet we are unaware of any fully automated technique to generate conditions that are both sound and effective. We have designed such a technique, driven by an algorithm that iteratively refines a conservative approximation of the commutativity (and non-commutativity) condition for a pair of methods into an increasingly precise version. The algorithm terminates if/when the entire state space has been considered, and can be aborted at any time to obtain a partial yet sound commutativity condition. We have generalized our work to left-/right-movers and proved relative completeness. We describe aspects of our technique that lead to useful commutativity conditions, including how predicates are selected during refinement and heuristics that impact the output shape of the condition. We have implemented our technique in a prototype open-source tool Servois. Our algorithm produces quantifier-free queries that are dispatched to a back-end SMT solver. We evaluate Servois through two case studies: (i) We synthesize commutativity conditions for a range of data structures including Set, HashTable, Accumulator, Counter, and Stack. (ii) We consider an Ethereum smart contract called BlockKing, and show that Servois can detect serious concurrency-related vulnerabilities and guide developers to construct robust and efficient implementations.
Guilherme Albuquerque Barbosa Silva, Carlo Kleber da Silva Rodrigues
Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a rentabilidade econômica da mineração individual de criptomoedas bitcoins e litecoins. Essa análise é baseada na avaliação da métrica eficiência energética de cada criptomoeada em cinco países da América Latina, almejando-se uma margem de lucro de 0,10 USD/hora. Três variáveis são consideradas para o cálculo da métrica em comento: a taxa de processamento de hashes do equipamento, o consumo de energia elétrica do equipamento em watts, e o valor do quilowatt-hora do país onde se realiza a mineração. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a criptomoeda litecoin é uma alternativa mais viável para mineração que a criptomoeda bitcoin. Por fim, sugestões para trabalhos futuros encerram este artigo.
Since 2004, different research was handling the challenges in the centralized voting systems, e-voting protocols and recently the decentralized voting. So electronic voting puts forward some difficulties regarding the voter anonymity, the secure casting of the votes and to prevent the voting process from frauding. The Decentralized property of the technology called "blockchain" could have the solution for many of the challenges in voting research area and brings a new secure mechanism of safe and transparent voting. In this paper, a broad comparison between ongoing voting systems has studied by analyzing their structure and the drawbacks that should consider in future to improve the whole election process from keeping the privacy of the voter, casting a vote with the possibility to check if it was counted correctly to publishing the results. The result of the paper will give a new approach to extend the target of the election from small scale to large scale despite the fact of Ethereum limitation which can cast on the blockchain just five votes per minute. The primary challenge is to find an answer for this question: "How to balance between voter privacy and transparency without breaking the important rule where the voter can proof for a specific candidate that he voted for him in a bribe situation?".
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to analyze the legal tax regime applicable to the trade with Bitcoin.
First, it takes a historical approach, from the emergence of currency until the
conceiving of Bitcoin. Then, its technical characteristics and its impacts on trade
relations are shown, through the analysis of its legal nature as well as the operations
carried out with the crypto-currency. After that, it will study the tax principles that
guide the taxation of the legal business carried out with bitcoins, as well as the
legislation related to the Tax on Industrialized Products, Tax on Circulation of Goods
and Provision of Services and the Tax on Income. At the end it will be possible to
indicate which taxes are levied on the operations performed with bitcoins in
accordance with current Brazilian legislation. The method used is the deductive and
the research technique is bibliographical.
Khalid Mahmood Malik, Hisham Kanaan, Vian Sabeeh, Ghaus M. Malik
To enable the vision of precision medicine, evidence-based medicine is the key element. Understanding the natural history of complex diseases like brain aneurysm and particularly investigating the evidences of its rupture risk factors relies on the existence of semantic-enabled data preparation technology to conduct clinical trials, survival analysis and outcome prediction. For personalized medicine in the field of neurological diseases, it is very important that multiple health organizations coordinate and cooperate to conduct evidence based observational studies. Without the means of automating the process of privacy and semantic-enabled data preparation to conduct observational studies at intra-organizational level would require months to manually prepare the data. Therefore, this paper proposes a semantic and privacy enabled, multi-party data preparation architecture and a four-tiered semantic similarity algorithm. Evaluation shows that proposed algorithm achieves a precision of 79%, high recall at 83% and F-measure of 81%.
Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Bitcoin is the first implementation of what has become known as a 'public permissionless' blockchain. Guaranteeing security and protocol conformity through its elegant combination of cryptographic assurances and game theoretic economic incentives, it permits censorship resistant public read-write access to its append-only blockchain database without the need for any mediating central authority. Not until its advent has such a trusted, transparent, comprehensive and granular data set of digital economic behaviours been available for public network analysis. In this article, by translating the cumbersome binary data structure of the Bitcoin blockchain into a high fidelity graph model, we demonstrate through various analyses the often overlooked social and econometric benefits of employing such a novel open data architecture. Specifically we show (a) how repeated patterns of transaction behaviours can be revealed to link user activity across the blockchain; (b) how newly mined bitcoin can be associated to demonstrate individual accumulations of wealth; (c) through application of the naive quantity theory of money that Bitcoin's disinflationary properties can be revealed and measured; and (d) how the user community can develop coordinated defences against repeated denial of service attacks on the network. All of the aforementioned being exemplary benefits that would be lost with the closed data models of the 'private permissioned' distributed ledger architectures that are dominating enterprise level development due to existing blockchain issues of governance, scalability and confidentiality.
Antonio Fernández Anta, Chryssis Georgiou, Kishori M. Konwar, Nicolas Nicolaou
Despite the hype about blockchains and distributed ledgers, no formal abstraction of these objects has been proposed. To face this issue, in this paper we provide a proper formulation of a distributed ledger object. In brief, we define a ledger object as a sequence of records, and we provide the operations and the properties that such an object should support. Implementation of a ledger object on top of multiple (possibly geographically dispersed) computing devices gives rise to the distributed ledger object. In contrast to the centralized object, distribution allows operations to be applied concurrently on the ledger, introducing challenges on the consistency of the ledger in each participant. We provide the definitions of three well known consistency guarantees in terms of the operations supported by the ledger object: (1) atomic consistency (linearizability), (2) sequential consistency, and (3) eventual consistency. We then provide implementations of distributed ledgers on asynchronous message passing crash-prone systems using an Atomic Broadcast service, and show that they provide eventual, sequential or atomic consistency semantics. We conclude with a variation of the ledger - the validated ledger - which requires that each record in the ledger satisfies a particular validation rule.