Blockchain Papers

Sean Button

In the verification and validation stages of software development, practitioners check to make sure the software is delivered bug-free, and that it meets the requirements it must satisfy. But rarely do software practitioners examine the bigger picture—t..

Piergiorgio Valente

While the bitcoin is reaching all pockets and headlines, the regulatory debate is also at its peak. Following brief analysis of the blockchain mechanism, this article focuses on the regulatory approaches taken in the EU as well as in single Member States and third countries around the world. Regulatory intervention seems to be appropriate and could build on the points of convergence of national and international policy makers.

Xiaochun Ni, Shuai Zeng, Xuan Han, Yong Yuan · 5 authors

With the rapid development of social media, fast transition of organizational management modes, as well as the increasing security risks caused by human intervention and operations, the existing organizational management systems suffer a severe problem of lowered efficiency and security. This motivates our research. In this paper, we strive to design a new solution to this problem, via instantiating the traditional PDCA cycle theory and using software robots powered by blockchain and smart contracts. In our framework, blockchain and smart contracts can guarantee privacy-protected, traceable, and tamper-resistant data access, and can also help reduce the human intervention. Based on the PDCA cycle theory, we propose the PDCA closed-loop ecological chain on the basis of blockchain. We also validate our work in a real-world scenario, and the results can prove the effectiveness of our model.

Shaomi Rahman, Jonayed Nafis Hemel, Syed Junayed Ahmed Anta, Hossain Al Muhee · 5 authors

In this paper, we have proposed the correlation between the price change of Bitcoin and its user's sentiment by implementing machine learning algorithms. In this model, we have clearly described our goals of implementation, the process of implementation along with its final analysis and the considering predicted price change and actual price change. We approached the ambitious problem of predicting Bitcoin price change with sentiment in the hope that we find the significance of people's opinion in the field of cryptocurrency. Also, this research introduces a new way of utilizing social networking sites' data.

Mohammad Ahmad, Abdullah Al-Saleh, Fahad A. Al Masoud

Cryptocurrency subject attracted so many people for the last eight years around the globe. Satoshi’s Nakamoto’s, the founder of the bitcoin cryptocurrency behind this revolutionary change in digital money market. Bitcoin cryptocurrency uses “Power of Work” or simply PoW system as its mining algorithm. But in January of 2016, Ethereum cryptocurrency has launched which adopted a new system called “Power of Stake” or simply PoS that is used in Ethereum as its mining algorithm. This paper explores and compares PoW and PoS systems that is used widely today in cryptocurrencies digital money, concluding the pros and cons for each system with enabling to decide which one is more suitable and stable in digital money market.

Michal Zima

Bitcoin blockchain is growing big, yet its transaction capacity hit its limits in 2017. One solution heavily discussed within the bitcoin community is to let it grow faster by increasing size of the blocks. However, making transactions smaller instead of blocks bigger is more sustainable and also brings other additional benefits. In this paper, we focus on space wasted by non-cryptographic use of hashes and uncompressed numbers within transaction inputs. In our analyses, we show that transactions can be made approximately 16% smaller, depending on their complexity.

Juah C Song, Mevlüt Demir, John J. Prevost, Paul Rad

The use of Blockchain in the Internet of Things (IoT) promises to provide an avenue of decentralized, fault-resistant management and data immutability. The wide range of research on blockchain, focused on how to improve upon its drawbacks of latency and resource consumption, demonstrates that the blockchain design has flexibility. Almost every aspect of blockchain can be tailored to fit the requirements of a desired application. However, the wide range of options in configuring blockchains presents challenges in the adoption of blockchains to secure IoT. In this paper, we present the opportunities and challenges of implementing blockchains and present a use case of integrating blockchain into an IoT framework for securing sensor data acquisition.

Jing Hua, Xiujuan Wang, Mengzhen Kang, Haoyu Wang · 5 authors

The provenance (tracing) system of agricultural products is important for ensuring food safety. However, the stakeholders (growers, farmers, sellers etc.) are numerous and physically dispersed, making it difficult to manage data and information with a centralized approach. As a result, the production procedure remains non-transparent and trust is hard to build. In this paper, we propose an agricultural provenance system based on techniques of blockchain, which is featured by decentralization, collective maintenance, consensus trust and reliable data, in order to solve the trust crisis in product supply chain. Recorded information includes the management operations (fertilizing, irrigation, etc.) with certain data structure. Applying blockchain techniques to the provenance of agricultural product not only widens the application domain of blockchain, but also supports building a reliable community among different stakeholders around agriculture production.

Nachiket Tapas, Giovanni Merlino, Francesco Longo

In a Smart City scenario, the authors envisioned an IoT-Cloud framework for the management of boards and resources scattered over a geographic area. It can also become a tool to let device owners contribute freely to the infrastructure. In comparison to datacenter-oriented Cloud middleware, the administrator and the owner of the infrastructure are not one and the same. This translates into the requirement to support delegation-enabled authorization. In this paper, the authors investigate an authorization and delegation model for the IoT-Cloud based on blockchain technology. In particular, the scheme is implemented in the form of smart contracts over the Ethereum platform. Indeed, this approach represents an enhancement, over a function previously designed in a centralized fashion, by enabling the user to audit authorization operations and inspect how access control is actually performed, without blindly trusting the Cloud as a proxy for access to resources.

Ishan, Paurush Bhulania, Gaurav Raj

Bitcoin is a digital asset which is a crypto currency that can be buy, sell or transfer between two parties securely over the web. It can be proposed as the most secure digital currency in world and can be used as a medium to exchange values electronically without involvement of third parties like banks and other types of organizations or Institutions or any clearinghouse that act as a middleman in these transactions. It happens because it is a secure medium due to cryptographic hashing used in peer-to-peer connection which is possible within blockchain technology. Blockchain solves three issues of internet: value, trust and Reliability. In our research survey, we had analyse the working of blockchain and Cryptographic Hash technology. We also include the analysis of different secure options of transferring crypto currency. At the end, we have define relation between trust, security and reliability which helps in developing satisfaction in client in using these crypto currency.

Claus Dierksmeier

No abstract is available for this record.

Yu Shi, Rebecca Hendrick, HyungGun Park

This research examines the link between fiscal decentralization and government capacity to service debt, while controlling for fiscal, institutional, economic, and ideological factors that are associated with capacity to service debt held or issued by local governments alone, by state governments alone, and by state and local government combined at the state level. Using panel data from all 50 states in the U.S. from 1962 to 2012, we find a link between fiscal decentralization and capacity to service long-term debt outstanding held by local governments alone and by state and local governments combined. That is, fiscal decentralization is positively associated with state and local government capacity to service debt outstanding. Nevertheless, we do not find that fiscal decentralization has any relationship with government capacity to service debt issuance. Statistical results show that capacity to service debt issuance is primarily affected by capital expenditure and alternative capital financing resources such as special assessment.

Dongpo Zhang, Zhenyuan Zhang, Luan Chen, S. Li · 6 authors

Internet of Energy, a combination of power grid and Internet, contains many energy forms. Different form of energy is distributed in Internet of energy, which means that it is closely related to distributed technology. Different forms of energy needs to interconvert, so it is necessary to make power trading in this distributed system, the current power trading model is not adaptive to distributed power trading, so a new distributed trading model is important to Internet of energy. Blockchain technology with distribution and decentralization features is widely used in electronic currency transactions, Hyperledger-Fabric is the one of typical framework of blockchain, which could provide a platform for distributed ledger, it has distributed blocks and ledgers to make decentralized trading by using blockchain technology for Internet of energy.

Amool Sudhan, Manisha J. Nene

The Bitcoin protocol, based on a peer-to-peer network enables transactions and blocks to be propagated to all the nodes in a decentralized manner. The information is verified and stored across the nodes as a distributed data ledger, the Blockchain. A node can have a maximum of 8 outgoing connections. The selection of outgoing connections are carried out in a random manner and information is broadcasted to these nodes by flooding. Transaction propagation delays in the network results in temporary inconsistencies in the ledger information resulting in blockchain forks. These can lead to possible double spending attacks. This paper addresses the issue of transaction propagation delay in the network. We present a simulation model of Bitcoin network. The effect of varying the number of outgoing connections and its implication in propagation delay is analyzed to determine the optimum limit of outgoing connections. Further, the idea of selection of nodes based on combination of two parameters, proximity to the sending node and random selection and its effect on transaction propagation delay is explored. Simulation results prove that this method further decreases transaction propagation delay.

Qingqiang He, Nan Guan, Mingsong Lv, Yi Wang

Internet of Things (IoT) has been experiencing exponential growth in recent years, but still faces many serious challenges. The distributed ledger technology (DLT), e.g., Blockchain, not only appears to be promising to address these technical challenges, but also brings tremendous opportunities for new application and business models. However, the convergence of IoT and DLT is yet a goal far beyond our reach today. Among many problems that have not been sufficiently understood, a fundamental one is how to design appropriate consensus mechanisms for DLT applied to IoT, which is the theme of this paper. We first discuss the potential benefits of applying DLT to IoT, and identify major challenges posed to DLT by IoT. Then we make a survey of existing DLT consensus mechanisms, to summarize major principles and discuss their pros and cons when applied in IoT.

Wentong Wang, Ning Hu, Xin Liu

In a distributed network environment, companies and institutions have their own sharing resource. To prevent unauthorized users to access these shared resources, cross-domain authentication is necessary. For ensuring the safety and efficiency to access resources in different domain, we propose a blockchain-based cross-domain authentication model called BlockCAM and designed the cross-domain authentication protocol. BlockCAM employs consortium blockchain technology to construct a decentralized network with the root Certificate Authorities as the verification nodes. The hash values of the authorized certificates are stored in each block and the verification process only needs to compare whether the hash calculated by the certificate provided by the user is consistent with the hash stored in the blockchain. The authentication process omits the key encryption and decryption overhead. BlockCAM has the characteristics of decentralization, anonymity and temper-resistant. Analyses show that BlockCAM has the advantage over the existing public key infrastructure (PKI) cross-domain authentication schemes at efficiency.

Dian Utami Sutiksno, Ansari Saleh Ahmar, Nuning Kurniasih, Eko Susanto · 5 authors

The purpose of this study is to apply the α-Sutte Indicator and ARIMA in forecasting data. α-Sutte Indicator is a new forecasting method that was developed in 2017 by Ansari Saleh Ahmar. To see the accuracy of these methods, the forecasting results of the α-Sutte Indicator will be forecasting methods compared to other items, namely: ARIMA. Based on the results of forecasting, it is found that α-Sutte Indicator has MSE and MAE values that are lower than other methods (ARIMA). This is supported by MSE data from α-Sutte Indicator smaller than ARIMA(1,1,1).

Shweta Sharma, Laxmi Ahuja, Deepika Goyal

The Blockchain is evolving as one of the most promising and resourceful technologies of cloud infrastructure security. Blockchain is meant to store, read and validate transactions in a distributed database system. It has the ability to enhance security and confidentiality through undisputable shared distributed ledger on cloud nodes. Tampering of Blockchain is enormously thought-provoking due to the use of cryptographic data structures. In this paper we present Blockchain and compare the various platforms on which blockchain can be implemented. The paper illustrates the use of Blockchain applications for building secure infrastructure of cloud computing.

Martin Laabs, Siniša Đukanović

Abstract Industrie 4.0, the transition from static, centrally controlled production to dynamic, decentralized manufacturing, is aiming to increase product quality, customization and efficiency. Autonomous production systems and flexible inter-organizational cooperation are key challenges. Blockchain seems to be a natural fit to cope with these challenges. This article derives major challenges of I4.0 and compares them with benefits of blockchain technology. Use cases demonstrate where challenges and benefits match. Also, well known blockchain issues and possible solutions are addressed.

He Simeng, Chao Yang, Qi Jiang, Yang Li · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Sam Elliott

This article provides an examination of regulation theory as applied to Bitcoin. Through an examination of the parallels with Ogus’ model for self-regulation, it is demonstrated that several unique features inherent to cryptocurrencies offer the benefits of regulatory oversight without the drawbacks. The article also provides a broader socio-regulatory analysis of Bitcoin in an attempt to better understand the benefits of competitive self-regulation for platform users. Finally, this article examines whether cryptocurrencies should be regulated by way of traditional State-based models and, if so, which of these approaches (if any) ought to be used to regulate the platform.

David Vangulick, Bertrand Cornélusse, Damien Ernst

Energy communities and peer-to-peer energy exchanges are expected to play an important role in the energy transition. In this context, the blockchain approach can be employed to foster this decentralized energy market. Our goal is to determine the design that should allow a Distribution System Operator (DSO) to accept peer-to-peer energy exchanges based on a distributed ledger supported by the blockchain technology. To this end, we will evaluate several designs based on criteria such as acceptance of the wholesale/retail market, the resilience of the consensus to approve a block, the accuracy, traceability, privacy and security of the proposed schemes.

Rafaël del Pino

Preuves à divulgation nulle de connaissance efficaces à base de réseaux euclidiens et applications Le chiffrement à base de réseaux euclidiens a connu un grand essor durant les vingt dernières années. Autant grâce à l’apparition de nouvelles primitives telles que le chiffrement complètement homomorphe, que grâce à l’amélioration des primitives existantes, comme le chiffrement á clef publique ou les signatures digitales, qui commencent désormais à rivaliser avec leurs homologues fondés sur la théorie des nombres. Cela dit les preuves à divulgation nulle de connaissance, bien qu’elles représentent un des piliers des protocols de confidentialité, n’ont pas autant progressé, que ce soit au niveau de leur expressivité que de leur efficacité. Cette thèse s’attelle dans un premier temps à améliorer l’état de l’art en matière de preuves à divulgation nulle de connaissance. Nous construisons une preuve d’appartenance à un sous ensemble dont la taille est indépendante de l’ensemble en question. Nous construisons de même une preuve de connaissance amortie qui est plus efficace et plus simple que toutes les constructions qui la précèdent. Notre second propos est d’utiliser ces preuves à divulgation nulle de connaissance pour construire de nouvelles primitives cryptographiques. Nous concevons une signature de groupe dont la taille est indépendante du groupe en question, ainsi qu’un schéma de vote électronique hautement efficace, y compris pour des élections à grand échelle.

Karine Chemla

No abstract is available for this record.