Deepak K. Tosh, Sachin Shetty, Peter Foytik, Laurent Njilla · 5 authors
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is emerging to advance the modern defense and warfare applications because the battlefield things, such as combat equipment, warfighters, and vehicles, can sense and disseminate information from the battlefield to enable real-time decision making on military operations and enhance autonomy in the battlefield. Since this Internet-of-Battlefield Things (IoBT) environment is highly heterogeneous in terms of devices, network standards, platforms, connectivity, and so on, it introduces trust, security, and privacy challenges when battlefield entities exchange information with each other. To address these issues, we propose a Blockchain-empowered auditable platform for IoBT and describe its architectural components, such as battlefield-sensing layer, network layer, and consensus and service layer, in depth. In addition to the proposed layered architecture, this paper also presents several open research challenges involved in each layer to realize the Blockchain-enabled IoBT platform.
Giacomo Morganti, Enrico Schiavone, Andrea Bondavalli
Recently, blockchain has attracted a great interest, and today it is considered not only as an innovative technology, but as a potential revolution for the world of business. The motivation of this enthusiasm is due to its capability of enabling new forms of records-keeping, transactions, and interactions between decentralized and mistrusting entities. Indeed, blockchain is driving companies to huge investments and strategic acquisitions, and it is raising innovation and research across industries and academia. However, besides the opportunities offered, this technology may expose institutions and interacting parties to new risks that have to be discovered, understood, and, where possible, eliminated or at least reduced. In this paper we identify the main threats of blockchain and assess their related impact. Then, applying a NIST-compliant approach, we perform a qualitative risk assessment. Finally, we review the possible countermeasures, where existing, for each threat analyzed, and discuss open challenges and future directions.
Oct 1, 2018·2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI)
The ubiquitous ID (uID) architecture provides dynamic and flexible context-awareness frameworks necessary in ubiquitous computing. Its basic idea is to assign 128 bit unique identifiers, each of which is called a ucode (ubiquitous code), to real-world entities. To guarantee the uniqueness of ucodes, current ucode ownreships are maintained by a hierarchical structure like DNS. In this traditional system, processing ucode transactions between organizations is cumbersome and inefficient because the reliability of owner information is dependent on individual organizations. To solve this problem, we designed a ucode ownership management system on a blockchain which is a decentralized platform. In this system, we proposed a blockchain-based ucode allocation method, which requires a simple procedure and only one transaction. This proposed method is user-friendly and efficient compared with ucode allocation methods to which we simply apply current blockchain-based name registration methods requiring a complex procedure and at least two transactions. Finally, we conducted a case study about these ucode allocation methods built on the Ethereum blockchain. From this result, we compared the usability and security of each ucode allocation method in Ethereum.
Avelino F. Zorzo, Henry C. Nunes, Roben Castagna Lunardi, Regio A. Michelin · 5 authors
In the last few years, novel approaches for using blockchain to solve Internet of Things (IoT) security and dependability issues have been proposed. Currently, different solutions were applied to Smart Homes, Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Supply Chains, Industry, and Vehicular Networks scenarios. Despite of that, the main advantages on the adoption of different architectures, models and algorithms proposed in the state of art of blockchain in IoT scenarios are not yet clear. This paper presents some discussion about the usage of blockchain technology in IoT environments and proposes a layer model of blockchains for IoT. In addition, we present an overview of the latest research regarding network architectures, consensus algorithms, data management, and applications. Finally, this paper presents open issues and future trends about blockchain in IoT.
In 1996, Stern proposed a three-pass zero-knowledge identification (ID) scheme where the cheating probability, i.e., the success probability of cheating prover, is 2/3. Since then, variants and generalization of Stern's ID have been proposed. However, within two-bit challenge space, all of them are having the cheating probability of more than half or reaching half only in an asymptotic manner with more than three passes in one round. In this paper, we propose the first code-based zero-knowledge three-pass ID scheme with the cheating probability of exactly half even with only two-bit challenge space. Our proposed ID scheme can reduce the necessary number of rounds in order to achieve the targeted security against impersonation. Since rewinding technique cannot be used against a quantum adversary in the security proof, we prove the security using the lossy paradigm and rely on the decisional version of syndrome decoding problem so that we do not have to rewind the adversary.
The reasons for the rise of interest in cryptocurrencies are shown, the prospects for their development and possible consequences for national and international economic systems, the regulation of the circulation and use of financial and monetary authorities are evaluated.
The article is devoted to the discussion of actual problems of introduction of blockchain technology in banking business, the solution of which determines the prospects of wide commercialization of these innovations. Commercial banks' interest in innovation is determined by the threat of steadily declining business profitability and a new competitive threat to traditional sources of income from new fin-technologies. Despite the active development of crypto-innovations (algorithms, platforms, crypto-currencies), the use of blockchain by banks in the financial sector is still very modest. Like most of the participants in this market, banks only carefully test computer technologies for managing a distributed ledger, and therefore objective barriers hindering progress in this area are of actual interest to specialists and researchers. The application of any innovative technology in the banking business depends on the successful compliance of new opportunities and time-tested requirements of consumers in the financial sector. In particular for the technology of the blockchain, just has not fully resolved key-problems of standardization, boundary identification, security and cyber-security, reliability of execution transaction, scalability of projects, etc. Here considered the main barriers, from the author's viewpoint, of implementation of the blockchain in the banking business, confirmed by the authoritative materials of centers for innovative financial technology.
Business and Economic Development
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Bruno Andriamanalimanana, Chen-Fu Chiang, Jorge Novillo, Sam Sengupta · 5 authors
A central problem with distributed ledger technologies involves the latency that must be incurred in processing and verifying transactions to be accepted as permanent records in the ledger. In many applications, high latency is simply not a tolerable aspect of the governance of the ledger. To help reduce latency, we first propose a theoretical pulsed injection protocol then apply innovative inventory theory onto the unverified transactions in the system. To utilize a probabilistic model for the pulsed injection of transactions, we calibrate the optimum pulsed transaction injection batch size to ensure equilibrium and optimal performance of the system.
Bitcoin has utilized Proof-of-Work(PoW), which prevents double-spend attack in the distributed network. PoW is a consensus protocol that depends on a computing power, therefore it is highly difficult for malicious nodes to attack. However, emerging a group called mining pool encourage the centralization of computing power. This may make it easy to tamper with a distributed ledger called Blockchain of Bitcoin.In this paper, we propose the new protocol which evaluates computing power for each nodes and adjusts difficulty of generating a block based on the evaluation. This gives an equal opportunity for successful mining. Furthermore, reward for user's incentive is also adjusted based on the evaluation.
The Blockchain technology is not very matured yet, but we cannot underestimate its topicality for modern industry and society. When it appeared first, it was most discussed theme in majority of news and scientific portals. The results of the scientific researches show the big perspective of the use of the Blockchain technology in the different industrial areas. The biggest IT companies develop the Blockchain technology solutions free for use in different spheres. Implementation of these solutions show very positive and fruitful results in different areas of economics. In this paper the description of the Blockchain technology and it's implementation is given. Analyzing numerous applications of the Blockchain technology authors decide the benefits and lucks of it with respect to specific of separate industries.
Bitcoin holds the largest market share among all digital currencies. Transaction security is secured in Bitcoin by using blocks with a hash-based Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism. Bitcoin PoW takes an average of 10- minutes to complete and 6 consecutive blocks are recommended for a single transaction in the system. PoW is a functional protocol that validates every incoming data to overcome spam attacks and DDoS attacks (Distributed Denial of Service). Selfish miner is an attack on the integrity of the Bitcoin network. The selfish miner succeeds because the honest miners are forced to spend part of their computing cycle on blocks that are destined not to be in the public chain. To achieve higher scalability, network latency must be low, that is the time required for the protocol to confirm the transaction should be effectively reduced. In this study, the author will make a simulation of the effect of latency on block receive time on Bitcoin with selfish-miner attack using NS3. The experimental results show the use of the latency variation and the more number of generated blocks, the lower the MBRT value. The average MBRT of each parameter shows the required receive time by the block number of about 15 minutes to 16 minutes. This amount exceeds the PoW's tolerance time limit when making a transaction. This is due of selfish-miner attack and Latency.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Enormous research efforts have been investigated in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networking to improve users safety, traffic condition, and provide different reliable services, that are challenging tasks to accomplish in the current Internet model. In-network caching is one of the promising features of Named Data Networking, a new future Internet architecture based on content name instead of the host address. It aims to enhance the network performance, data availability, distribution, and access. The applicability of NDN in VANET introduced several issues, especially in the security and trust relationships. In this paper, we present a reputation-based blockchain mechanism to secure the cache in the vehicular environment and enhance the trust between cache stores and consumer vehicles. The obtained results demonstrate that our scheme outperforms the normal NDN behavior by providing only trust content in the network.
Jonathan Oakley, Carl Worley, Lu Yu, Richard R. Brooks · 5 authors
With the rise of cryptographic ransomware, Bitcoin has found a niche as the standard currency for ransoms. While Bitcoin is pseudonymous, it provides no guarantee of untraceability. As a result, another niche has arisen-Bitcoin money laundering. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have previously been used in a number of applications where traditional pattern recognition falls short. In this paper, HMMs are inferred from transactions in the public blockchain in an attempt to link users, events, and enterprises. We introduce a proof-of-concept algorithm to infer HMMs from the Bitcoin blockchain.
A key communication technology in smart cities and smart buildings for automation is RFID. Proving the simultaneous presence of a group of RFID-tagged objects is a practical need in many application areas within this domain. Some examples of this include vehicle fleets, smart parking, safety in public places (smart cities), security and access control (smart buildings), and asset location (supply chain system, health care industry). Security, privacy, and efficiency are central issues when designing such a grouping-proof protocol. This work is motivated by Sundaresan et al.'s grouping-proof protocol, which applies zero-knowledge techniques. In this paper, we propose a light, improved version of an offline serial-dependency grouping-proof protocol. Compared to existing grouping-proof protocols, our scheme improves on efficiency, scalability, security, and communication cost. It resists well-known attacks on grouping-proofs including tag/reader anonymity, tracking, forward security, replay, forgery, and message integrity.
Chanhyung Lee, Nak-Myoung Sung, Lewis Nkenyereye, JaeSeung Song
The Internet of things(IoT) is predicted to connect millions of devices. Therefore, standardized IoT technologies play a crucial role connecting massive IoT devices with interoperability. Various Standards Development Organizations (SDO) are working towards a horizontal solution that would fit several vertical platforms including oneM2M global IoT service layer standards initiative. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology which is being applied in diverse applications such as crypto currency and smart contract. In this demo, we develop a blockchain-enabled IoT service layer platform based on oneM2M IoT standards and an blockchain hybrid application. We use a blockchain system named Logchain that is suitable for IoT due to its consensus algorithm. The hybrid application and oneM2M optional attribute added to the IoT platform enables the IoT users to either store their data in a conventional database or distributed ledger database.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Securing identities in online communities like Facebook and Google requires thinking beyond mobility and cloud as federation methods can be gamed. While use of adaptive authentication and biometrics on mobile devices has become the norm, its security can be bolstered lot more with a distributed ledger like blockchain. This paper presents an augmented security model based on the blockchain distributed ledger, depicting how blockchain can help us build decentralized identity ecosystem.
Now blockchain network is used in many areas such as healthcare, energy trading and so on. However, the research about how to evaluate the performance of the blockchain network is insufficient. In some papers, the performance of blockchain is analyzed by running real blockchain applications. However, the devices and services cost is a burden. In this paper, we aim to use continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) models to simulate the time response of PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance)-based healthcare blockchain network. Some influencing factors such as replica nodes delay and primary node delay will be analyzed. The simulation results also contribute to the optimization design of blockchain network.
Trong Thua Huynh, Trung Tru Huynh, Dang Khoa Pham, Anh Khoa Ngo
Blockchain technology is already being exploited in various ways for saving cost with high security to create and manage the distributed system as well as to record information about transactions without the verification of the third party. In addition, the issue of counterfeit certification is making education managers around the world a particular interest. It is a serious problem up to now. Therefore, deploying the system to issuing and verifying digital certificate based on blockchain technology will solve the problem of counterfeit certification which there is not any prior technology really address it. In this study, we propose and implement an issuing and verifying model called UniCert based on UniCoin which is a digital currency built on the blockchain technology. Our diagram can be extended to address many other issues such as anti-counterfeiting, copyright protection of music products, patents, etc.
While the multiple party computation (MPC) has been suggested for over two decades, we still have not witnessed implementations that make MPC or its derivates deployed in a palpable reality. Difficulties stem from serial security and trust issues, typically expressed in data leakage, lazy calculation, and deny of payment etc. Many solutions rely on a third party to organize parties co-working, however, this requires each participant to totally trust the third party and delegate the source data and payment to it. In this paper, we suggest a protocol under blockchain structure to achieve efficient MPC without a trusted third party. The cooperation and schedule tasks are executed by a zero-knowledge coordinator, while the smart contracts is used to handle user request and safe payment. Cryptography techniques are adopted to ensure confidentiality, privacy-preserving and verifiability. All the data are transferred and calculated in the cipher state, and only the payed user can decrypt for the calculation result.
Blockchain-based cryptocurrency systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have attracted much attention during the last decade. In recent years, a trend of combining Internet of Things (IoT) devices with blockchain technology has emerged. Digital payments can be made on front-end IoT devices, while a back-end blockchain serves as a distributed ledger to ensure the validity of payments across the system. Nevertheless, fast payments are usually on demand in such a scenario, but an open problem still remains on how to protect blockchain-based systems from double-spending attacks in the context of fast payment. Off-chain techniques, such as Lightning Network and Raiden Network, act as countermeasures to this problem, but they all suffer from the hidden transactions problem. To combat this problem, we propose FastPay, a solution for achieving secure fast payments in blockchain-backed edge-IoT systems. Preliminary evaluation on our prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of FastPay.