The rapid rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and anonymity-focused cryptocurrencies has transformed financial systems by eliminating intermediaries and enabling peer-to-peer transactions. While these innovations offer numerous benefits, they also present unprecedented challenges for crime prevention and regulatory enforcement. This paper examines how DeFi and privacy-enhanced cryptocurrencies, such as Monero and Zcash, facilitate financial crimes, including money laundering, ransomware attacks, and fraud. By applying criminological theories—Strain Theory, Routine Activity Theory, and Rational Choice Theory—this study reinterprets traditional crime models in the context of blockchain-based financial ecosystems. Law enforcement agencies face significant hurdles in investigating and prosecuting crypto-enabled financial crimes due to jurisdictional limitations, privacy-enhancing technologies, and decentralized governance. This paper explores how blockchain analytics, artificial intelligence-driven risk assessment, and cross-border regulatory collaborations, such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Travel Rule and the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation, are being developed to counter these emerging threats. Additionally, it assesses the institutional limitations of law enforcement agencies, the role of DeFi governance communities in mitigating financial crimes, and the potential impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) on reducing illicit transactions. To enhance regulatory effectiveness, this study recommends strengthening international cooperation, improving forensic capabilities for tracking illicit blockchain transactions, and implementing ethical frameworks that balance financial privacy with security. The findings contribute to criminology, financial regulation, and cybersecurity by offering insights into evolving digital crimes and proposing solutions to mitigate their risks. Future research should explore the role of artificial intelligence in DeFi crime detection and the impact of regulatory advancements on illicit financial flows in decentralized ecosystems.
Статья рассматривает невзаимозаменяемые токены как новый тип цифровых объектов, чья экономическая значимость опережает формирование устойчивых юридических конструкций, пригодных для их квалификации и защиты в трансграничном обороте. Показано, что NFT в большинстве случаев функционирует как уникальная запись в распределенном реестре с метаданными, отсылающими к цифровому или физическому объекту, вследствие чего возникает систематическое расхождение между ожиданиями приобретателя и реальным объемом приобретаемых прав: контроль над токеном не тождествен обладанию исключительными правами на связанный контент и обычно сопровождается лишь ограниченными лицензионными возможностями, заданными пользовательскими соглашениями и логикой смарт-контрактов. Сопоставление подходов ключевых юрисдикций выявляет конкурирующие модели: в США акцент переносится на защиту товарных знаков и квалификацию отдельных выпусков через критерии инвестиционного контракта; в Великобритании и Сингапуре развивается признание токенов объектом собственности, что расширяет арсенал обеспечительных мер и средств реституции даже при неопределенности личности нарушителя; в ЕС наблюдается нормативная асимметрия вследствие исключения уникальных токенов из общеевропейского режима, что стимулирует национальные эксперименты и риск фрагментации; в Китае оборот допускается в формате «цифровых коллекционных предметов» при запрете криптовалютных расчетов и жестком ограничении вторичного рынка; в России сохраняется неопределенность квалификации, что приводит к обращению к категориям «иное имущество» и к точечной практике включения токенов в конкурсную массу без проработки их гражданско-правовой природы. Отдельно анализируются коллизионные сложности из-за невозможности привязки цифрового актива к классическим критериям местонахождения, а также совокупность рисков, связанных с нарушениями интеллектуальных прав при минтинге, ограниченной эффективностью удаления контента, конфликтом автоматического исполнения кода с институтами недействительности и расторжения, вариативностью налоговой квалификации, уязвимостью рынка к легализации доходов через фиктивные сделки, регуляторными последствиями дробных NFT и проблематикой наследования при утрате приватных ключей. В качестве сквозного вывода прослеживается необходимость технологически нейтральной гармонизации и разработки минимальных стандартов раскрытия информации, коллизионных привязок и механизмов ответственности посредников, учитывающих гибридную природу токена как объекта контроля над записью и совокупности договорных прав доступа к связанному содержанию. The article examines non-fungible tokens as a new type of digital objects whose economic significance outpaces the formation of stable legal constructions suitable for their qualification and protection in cross-border circulation. It is shown that in most cases an NFT functions as a unique entry in a distributed ledger with metadata referring to a digital or physical object, as a result of which a systematic discrepancy arises between the purchaser’s expectations and the actual scope of rights acquired: control over the token is not identical to ownership of exclusive rights to the associated content and is usually accompanied only by limited licensing opportunities defined by user agreements and the logic of smart contracts. A comparison of the approaches of key jurisdictions reveals competing models: in the United States, the emphasis is placed on trademark protection and the qualification of certain issuances through the criteria of an investment contract; in the United Kingdom and Singapore, recognition of tokens as objects of property is developing, which expands the arsenal of security measures and remedies of restitution even when the identity of the infringer is uncertain; in the EU, regulatory asymmetry is observed due to the exclusion of unique tokens from the pan-European regime, which stimulates national experiments and the risk of fragmentation; in China, circulation is permitted in the format of “digital collectibles” with a ban on cryptocurrency settlements and strict restrictions on the secondary market; in Russia, uncertainty of qualification persists, leading to recourse to the category of “other property” and to isolated practice of including tokens in the bankruptcy estate without elaboration of their civil-law nature. Particular attention is paid to conflict-of-laws difficulties caused by the impossibility of linking a digital asset to classical criteria of location, as well as to a set of risks associated with infringements of intellectual property rights during minting, the limited effectiveness of content removal, the conflict between automatic code execution and the institutions of invalidity and termination, the variability of tax qualification, the vulnerability of the market to money laundering through fictitious transactions, the regulatory consequences of fractional NFTs, and the problems of inheritance in the event of loss of private keys. As a cross-cutting conclusion, the need for technologically neutral harmonization and the development of minimum standards for information disclosure, conflict-of-laws connecting factors, and mechanisms of intermediary liability is identified, taking into account the hybrid nature of the token as an object of control over a record and a set of contractual rights of access to the associated content.
This study aims to clarify the concept and types of digital assets within a comparative analytical framework, enriched by an examination of a number of English judicial precedents specifically addressing the precautionary attachment of digital assets. The study begins by defining digital assets, their types, and their legal nature in this context. It then addresses the concept of precautionary attachment, its conditions, and its scope. Furthermore, the study examines the extent to which digital assets may be subject to precautionary attachment through an analysis of judicial precedents under English common law, while also highlighting key features of the Singaporean approach in this regard. This is intended to contribute to the Saudi legal framework in light of the absence of explicit legislative regulation of digital assets within the Saudi Enforcement Law. The study also seeks to clarify the extent of judicial authority in issuing precautionary judicial orders relating to digital assets, while highlighting the practical and legal challenges associated with their intangible nature and cross-border character. The study reaches several findings, most notably that the Saudi regulator has not yet provided an explicit statutory definition of digital assets in any of the applicable laws or regulations, nor has it permitted dealing in or trading such assets within the Kingdom, as confirmed by official statements issued by regulatory authorities. Nevertheless, in contrast, digital assets have occupied a significant place in comparative legal scholarship, particularly within comparative legal systems. Digital assets are defined as data recorded on the blockchain that confer specific rights such as ownership, access, representation, voting, or practical use. The scope of digital assets extends to include a wide range of digitally stored content and rights, including cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Bitcoin. The study also proposes several recommendations, most importantly that the Saudi regulator should introduce an explicit statutory provision defining digital assets within one of the applicable laws or regulations, whether within the framework of the Capital Market Law, commercial transaction laws, or monetary regulations. This would ensure clarity regarding the legal nature of such assets, define their scope, and enhance the ability to regulate and deal with them in accordance with statutory rules and specific controls. The study further recommends amending Article (24/3) of the Implementing Regulations of the Enforcement Law to expressly include digital assets among the assets subject to precautionary attachment. Following such amendment, the provision would read as follows: All assets of the debtor shall be subject to precautionary attachment, whether movable, immovable, or digital assets in all their forms.
The paper examines the distinctive features of the criminal-legal qualification of the unlawful use of means of product individualization (trademarks), regulated by Article 180 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF), concerning the issuance (minting) and circulation of virtual assets (Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs) within decentralized environments. The objective of this research is the investigation and subsequent development of conceptually substantiated proposals aimed at resolving systemic legal conflicts that arise when applying the norms of substantive criminal law to acts involving the infringement of exclusive trademark rights within the context of the transboundary, anonymous, and speculative digital economy of the metaverse. As key findings, the study puts forward reasoned solutions that seek to adapt both the principle of jurisdiction and the corpus delicti to the realities governing the circulation of NFTs. Firstly, concerning the determination of the place where the crime was committed, it is proposed to abandon the practice of basing jurisdiction on the physical location of the perpetrator's device. Instead, the principle of jurisdiction by effect should be applied, whereby the territory of the Russian Federation is recognized as the place of the crime if the rights holder who incurred major damage is registered in Russia. Secondly, for the qualification of the repetition element, the mass minting of NFTs accomplished through a single smart contract is proposed to be qualified as a single continuous offense. Thirdly, regarding the calculation of major damage, the necessity of excluding the speculative market value of the NFT is substantiated. Consequently, the damage should be definitively calculated as the aggregate sum of the potential licensing remuneration (royalty) and the documented costs associated with suppressing the infringement. As an alternative de lege ferenda proposal, it is suggested that the legislative provision «major damage» within the disposition of the article 180 CC RF be substituted with «extraction of illicit income in a large amount».
Arka Atyanta, Prosawita Ririh Kusumasari, Argya Basanta
Perkembangan pesat teknologi digital telah melahirkan bentuk kekayaan baru berupa aset digital, seperti cryptocurrency dan Non-Fungible Token (NFT), yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi namun tidak berwujud secara fisik. Fenomena ini menimbulkan tantangan bagi sistem hukum pidana Indonesia, khususnya dalam menerapkan Pasal 362 KUHP tentang pencurian yang menggunakan istilah "barang" sebagai unsur utama. Pasal tersebut masih dimaknai secara klasik sebagai benda berwujud, sehingga menimbulkan kekosongan hukum dalam melindungi kepemilikan aset digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah kemungkinan perluasan makna "barang" agar dapat mencakup aset digital melalui pendekatan hukum pidana progresif, teori kepemilikan digital, dekonstruksi hukum, serta perbandingan hukum dari beberapa negara. Dengan metode yuridis normatif dan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendekatan legalistik konvensional sudah tidak memadai dalam menghadapi kejahatan digital. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan interpretasi ulang terhadap Pasal 362 KUHP yang mampu mengakomodasi realitas ekonomi digital, tanpa mengabaikan prinsip legalitas. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan hukum pidana Indonesia yang adaptif dan responsif terhadap tantangan era digital, serta memberikan perlindungan hukum yang adil dan seimbang bagi seluruh jenis kekayaan, baik fisik maupun digital.
Korean Humanities and Social Science Solidarity, seongmin Hong
This study analyzes the structural causes and social impacts of fare evasion in public transportation systems and proposes comprehensive improvement measures for ticketing systems. Fare evasion, defined as intentionally avoiding or underpaying fares, threatens the sustainability and fairness of city rail transit, leading to significant financial losses, which have been estimated in prior studies to reach tens of billions of KRW annually. As evasion methods become increasingly sophisticated through technology such as mobile card sharing and data manipulation, existing automated systems show clear limitations due to the lack of real-time identity verification. To address these issues, this research suggests a phased strategic roadmap consisting of short, medium, and long-term solutions based on case studies from leading global cities like London, Tokyo, and Singapore. First, as a short-term measure, the introduction of real-name ticketing and improvement of physical gate structures are proposed. By requiring personal identification for the issuance of single-use and concessionary cards, the unauthorized transfer or lending of tickets can be prevented. Furthermore, the transition to a closed-gate system is essential to eliminate verification blind spots and ensure accurate real-time fare calculation. Second, as a medium-term measure, the adoption of NFT (Non-Fungible Token) based tickets and AI-driven enforcement systems are highlighted. NFT technology ensures the uniqueness and authenticity of tickets through blockchain, significantly reducing the risk of duplication. Simultaneously, AI-based video analysis can support the detection of physical evasion behaviors like 'tailgating' in real-time, improving operational efficiency. Third, as a long-term strategy, the implementation of biometric authentication systems (facial, fingerprint, or iris recognition) is suggested. This “Post-ticket” approach uses non-fungible physical characteristics for verification, substantially mitigating ticket-related fraud. However, the study emphasizes that technological implementation must be accompanied by robust legal and regulatory frameworks for data privacy protection, as well as sufficient social consensus.
Gamitra Anwar, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, Sofyan Noor Arief
This study analyzes the fundamental regulatory disharmony concerning Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and smart contracts within the Indonesian Civil Law system. The root of the problem is identified as a rechtsvacuüm (legal vacuum) and the "ontological silence" of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), which fails to provide a definitive property status (zaak) for digital assets. This failure of the lex generalis triggers a "Regulatory Trilemma," wherein the status of NFTs is fragmented among the commodity regime (Bappebti), property law (KUHPerdata), and Intellectual Property Rights (Copyright Law). This normative-juridical research finds that such disharmony creates a domino effect in two realms. First, it threatens the substantive validity of smart contracts regarding the objective requirement of "a certain subject matter" (Article 1320 of the KUHPerdata) and confronts the adage 'code is law' with the principle of "good faith" (Article 1338 of the KUHPerdata). Second, the potential of NFTs as objects of fiduciary guarantee (UUJF) becomes practically paralyzed due to fundamental obstacles in valuation, registration (centralization vs. decentralization), and execution (private keys). Through a comparative law approach utilizing the Singaporean ruling of Janesh v. Chefpierre, this study recommends the adoption of "functional reasoning" through judicial rechtsvinding and legislative reform of the KUHPerdata to fill the legal void.
The article discusses the issue of confiscation of property in relation to criminally discovered digital assets (cryptocurrencies, tokens, NFT (Non-fungible token) and other electronic digital rights). Digital assets are a symbol of economic development, security and transparency, investment, and financial democracy. The article analyzes the role of digital assets in the legalization of proceeds from crime. The international The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) standards, of which the Republic of Kazakhstan is a member, are analyzed. One of the urgent legal problems today is the creation of a mechanism for the confiscation of digital assets. The article highlights the importance of creating this mechanism. Examples and cases from practice are analyzed, as well as samples from foreign countries, and the effectiveness of their application in the Republic of Kazakhstan is analyzed. The legal differentiation of the process of preservation and further effective use of digital assets after the mechanism of confiscation is carried out. The effectiveness and legality of storing confiscated digital assets on the Binance Kazakhstan digital asset exchange and the use of cryptocurrencies by law enforcement agencies in crypto exchanges are analyzed. The article explains the importance of secure storage of confiscated digital assets, transparency of information about stored digital assets, and the creation of mechanisms to regulate the emergence of full control over confiscated digital assets in the state. The article defines the significance for the Republic of Kazakhstan of the use of the institution of confiscation (non-conviction based confession) without a court verdict. A legal assessment is given of the conformity of the institution of confiscation of property without conviction with the presumption of innocence and inviolability of property rights.
Cryptocurrencies have upended the financial industry since they provide decentralized and peer-to-peer transactions. However, due to market volatility and the numerous non-linear relationships between price dynamics and human mood, forecasting Bitcoin values is a difficult task. The deep learning architecture shown in this work combines sentiment confidence scores derived from cryptocurrency-related tweets utilizing Transformer-based natural language processing with historical price indicators. The model incorporates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect local time-series patterns and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to produce long-term dependencies. We apply this architecture, involving sequence-based preprocessing and normalization, to Bitcoin and Ethereum to ensure robustness. Evaluations in comparison to baseline models Sentiment fusion dramatically increases predicting accuracy, especially during times of market turbulence, according to CNN-LSTM without sentiment, vanilla LSTM, and ARIMA. Our research helps develop scalable, sentiment-aware financial forecasting algorithms that better reflect the behavior of real markets.
Sungmin Lee, Kichang Lee, Gyeongmin Han, JeongGil Ko
Many location-based services rely on a point-in-polygon test ( PiP ), checking whether a point or a trajectory lies inside a geographic zone. Since geometric operations are expensive in zero-knowledge proofs, privately performing the PiP test is challenging. In this paper, we answer the research questions of how different ways of encoding zones affect accuracy and proof cost by exploiting grid-based lookup tables under a fixed STARK execution model. Beyond a Boolean grid-based baseline that marks cells as in- or outside, we explore a distance-aware encoding approach that stores how far each cell is from a zone boundary and uses interpolation to reason within a cell. % Our experiments on real-world data demonstrate that the proposed distance-aware approach achieves higher accuracy on coarse grids with only a moderate verification overhead, making zone encoding the key lever for efficient zero-knowledge spatial checks. Our experiments on real-world data demonstrate that the proposed distance-aware approach achieves higher accuracy on coarse grids (max. % 60%p 60%p accuracy gain) with only a moderate verification overhead (approximately 1.4×), making zone encoding the key lever for efficient zero-knowledge spatial checks.
The article is devoted to the study of blockchain technologies as an institutional tool for modernizing public administration in the context of the transition to Democracy 3.0. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to find new mechanisms to improve the efficiency, transparency, and legitimacy of public administration in the context of the digital transformation of society. This issue is of particular importance for Ukraine, which is simultaneously modernizing its state institutions in the context of war and European integration processes. The aim of the study is to provide a theoretical and methodological justification for the role of blockchain technologies as an institutional tool for the transformation of public administration in the context of the emergence of Democracy 3.0 and to determine the prospects for their implementation in the Ukrainian public sector. The methodological basis of the study is a neo-institutional approach, which allows us to consider blockchain not only as a technology, but also as a new type of institutional organization that transforms the rules, norms, and mechanisms of interaction between the state and citizens. The main results of the study include the conceptualization of the phenomenon of Democracy 3.0 as a new paradigm of public administration based on the principles of decentralization, transparency, and continuous citizen participation. It has been proven that blockchain acts as the technological basis for institutional change through three mechanisms: decentralization of trust, automation of execution through smart contracts, and immutability of records. Key institutional transformations influenced by blockchain technologies have been identified: the transition from representative to participatory and “liquid democracy” (a hybrid model of political governance that combines elements of direct and representative democracy, allowing citizens to flexibly choose between personal voting and delegating their vote to trusted representatives with the possibility of revoking this delegation at any time), the replacement of centralized control with decentralized verification, and the transformation of the trust economy from institutional to cryptographic. It is argued that blockchain creates a new architecture of state power, where traditional hierarchical structures are complemented by network forms of organization and decentralized autonomous organizations. The Ukrainian context of digital transformation of public administration is analyzed, including the experience of creating the Ministry of Digital Transformation, implementing the Dія ecosystem, and developing blockchain registries. Specific challenges to the implementation of blockchain technologies in Ukraine have been identified: legal barriers, the digital divide, bureaucratic resistance, and the need to ensure cybersecurity in the context of hybrid warfare. The novelty of the research lies in the development of a conceptual model of blockchain-mediated institutional transformation of public administration, which integrates the theory of neo-institutionalism with the concept of democracy 3.0. The practical value of the results is determined by the possibility of using the proposed approaches to form public policy on the digitalization of the public sector in Ukraine. Prospects for further research include empirical verification of the proposed model, development of metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of blockchain solutions in public administration, and research on the socio-psychological factors of citizens’ acceptance of decentralized forms of participation in public administration.
Baoyu Zhang, Tao Chen, Weishan Zhang, Tao Wang · 9 authors
In September 2024, Lebanon was rocked by an unprecedented cyber-physical attack using Pager bombs. The attack combined advanced cyber warfare techniques with physical destruction, resulting in significant loss of life, infrastructure damage, and geopolitical repercussions. In this paper, we analyze the attitudes on this attack, from both English and Arabic social media users, and investigate impacts on global electronic devices sales and usage. A new topic discovery approach using large models and small models collaboration is proposed. We compare English and Arabic topics generated on social media and find that people in different language spaces share common topics of anxiety on this event. By analyzing market share trends in both China and the United States, an obvious correlation can be found between this event and phone sales. In addition, we discuss the evolution of warfare, and how DAOs(Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) can be utilized to improve the security of electronic devices by secured monitoring of their whole lifecycle.
While Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Artificial Intelligence are reshaping the governance of academic societies, reliably integrating on-chain decisions with off-chain physical activities remains a critical challenge. The fundamental bottleneck is the difficulty of reliably integrating real-world execution outcomes into the digital decision-making loop. To address this, we propose an endogenous contribution evaluation framework integrating Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. This approach maps physical entities to on-chain decentralized identities. By leveraging VLA edge nodes to analyze multimodal behavioral data collected via DePIN, the system autonomously generates a verifiable Proof of Real-World Contribution (PoRWC). This proof subsequently drives on-chain incentive distribution through a reputation-weighted consensus mechanism. Consequently, this framework establishes an endogenously trustworthy closed loop from physical processes to digital governance. We demonstrate its feasibility and scalability through a case study of the Chinese Association of Automation (CAA), providing a robust engineering path for the parallel governance of modern academic societies.
This study analyzed how the prevention of conflict of interest related to duties of public servants Act, implemented since 2022, applies to the City and Provincial Autonomous Police Commissions—the core bodies of the autonomous police system—to explore ways to institutionally strengthen integrity and fairness within the police organization. the Act serves as a key mechanism to prevent public officials' private interests from distorting public decision-making and to preemptively block corruption. It stipulates various obligations, including reporting private interests related to duties, restrictions on hiring family members, limitations on direct contracts, and prohibitions on using official secrets. However, the scope of application and legal status of the Act for high-ranking public officials, such as the chairperson and standing members of Commissions, remain unclear. Specifically, whether the concept of “affiliation of Senior Officials” should be limited to the Commissions unit or extended to the entire local government emerged as a key issue determining the scope of the family hiring restrictions and direct contract restrictions. This study concluded that, considering the legal framework and the intent of the system, interpreting the ‘affiliation’ of Senior Officials on the Commissions as being with the police is reasonable. This reflects the status of the chairperson, who substantively commands and supervises autonomous police affairs. Furthermore, whether appointing a high-ranking public official as a member of another commissions constitutes a negotiated contract also causes practical confusion. While the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission views the appointment of advisory and deliberative the commissions members as private contracts, this study argues that appointments based on statutes are not mere private law contracts but possess the nature of public law contracts or administrative acts, and thus cannot be regarded as ordinary private contracts. This signifies that, as a public law relationship for fulfilling administrative purposes, the principle of realizing public interest should take precedence over the principle of contractual freedom. In conclusion, to enhance the effectiveness of the Act, first, the concept of ‘affiliation’ must be clearly defined based on substantive command and supervision relationships. Second, prior screening and restriction mechanisms must be established for the appointment of Senior Officials from the Autonomous Police Commission to other commissions. Only when the fairness and integrity of the autonomous police system are secured can its original purpose—the decentralization of police power and democratic control—be substantively realized.
The Jeju Autonomous Police Agency represents the only institutionalized model of an independent local police system in South Korea, equipped with its own organizational structure, personnel, and legally defined functions. As such, it has served as an experimental institutional mechanism for exploring the feasibility of a decentralized policing system. However, since its establishment, a range of structural limitations have continuously emerged, particularly with regard to the legal basis of autonomous police functions, command and supervision mechanisms, fiscal arrangements, and the allocation of investigative authority. These limitations have significantly deepened the gap between formal autonomy and substantive autonomy in local policing. Most notably, inconsistencies between the regulatory frameworks of the Police Actand the Jeju Special Acthave resulted in the recurrent reproduction of overlapping functions, dualized command structures, and ambiguity in fiscal responsibility. First, the current system—under which autonomous police functions are effectively adjusted through intergovernmental agreements—raises serious concerns regarding the principle of statutory reservation and legal predictability in the exercise of police power, thereby calling into question the adequacy of fundamental rights protection. Second, the dual control structure, whereby the governor appoints the head of the agency while supervisory authority rests with the Autonomous Police Committee, undermines both organizational independence and the effectiveness of democratic accountability. Third, the fiscal structure, which relies predominantly on local funding, constrains capacity building in areas such as equipment modernization, information systems, and responses to region-specific security demands, while failing to adequately reflect the national public interest inherent in Jeju’s tourism-, maritime-, and environment-based policing needs. Fourth, the absence of general investigative authority limits the autonomous police’s ability to independently develop integrated systems for crime intelligence, analysis, and response, thereby impeding the establishment of a responsibility-based local policing regime. Against this backdrop, this study normatively examines the public law limitations of the Jeju Autonomous Police Agency and derives legal criteria for institutional reform along five core dimensions: the substantive realization of the principle of statutory reservation, unification of command and supervision structures, establishment of a shared national–local fiscal responsibility framework, phased and function-specific transfer of investigative authority, and systematic integration of the legal framework. In particular, the study emphasizes the necessity of redesigning the functional, command, fiscal, and investigative structures of autonomous policing in an integrated manner. Given that the Jeju model serves as an experimental institution under the special autonomous province system, its legal reform holds significance not merely as a regional issue but as a normative reference point for nationwide discussions on decentralized policing. Future research should further develop concrete criteria and evaluative frameworks for phased investigative authority transfer through comparative analysis between the Jeju model and foreign local policing systems. By normatively examining the constitutional foundations and public law structure of autonomous policing, this study aims to contribute to the substantive realization of local self-government and the development of a participatory, community-based policing system. In this regard, an in-depth examination of the Jeju model provides an essential foundation for envisioning the future direction of local policing policy in South Korea.
Alsaadah Saif Mohammed ALabri, Shahd Ibrahim Ali AL Balushi
Blockchain is a distributed database used to store an unchangeable, permanent record of all transactions. It is operated by processors that are a member of a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and functions as a decentralized database. Demand for decentralized applications (DApps), which provide accountability, safety, and independence beyond conventional centralized systems, is rising as a result of the quick development of blockchain technology. However, combining frontend, back end, and blockchain components into a unified and effective framework might be difficult for DApp designers. In order to simplify the creation of decentralized applications, this study suggests a full-stack blockchain framework that connects various levels. The framework creates an end-to-end development environment designed for compatibility and scalability by utilizing contemporary technologies, such as Solidity, with Web3.js for smart contract integration, React.js for the front-end, and Node.js/Express.js for the backend. Using cryptographic methods and decentralized storage (like IPFS), a layered architecture is intended to provide modularity, effective data flow, and increased security. The suggested framework streamlines DApp development processes, lowers latency in blockchain interactions, and boosts developer efficiency, according to implementation data. By offering a thorough architectural blueprint and execution method for full-stack DApp creation, this study advances the area of blockchain engineering and opens the door for safe, effective, and user-focused decentralized ecosystems.
Carlos Alberto Durigan, Fernando José Barbin Laurindo
Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) which supports cryptocurrencies, Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a blockchain-based financial infrastructure, the term generally refers to an open, permissionless, and highly interoperable protocol stack built on public smart contract platforms, such as the Ethereum blockchain. DeFi does not rely on intermediaries and centralized institutions. Instead, it is based on open protocols and decentralized applications (Dapps). Considering that there are many digital coins, stablecoins and recently the advent of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs by Central Banks) and tokenized assets it is important to observe that these protocols may interact among themselves. These IT protocols interactions may be complex and there should be effective IT governance frameworks to guide points like interoperability and interconvertibility of digital assets based on DLTs protocols. IT governance framework based on these technologies is still a challenge in the literature. Considering these points, this paper seeks to explore literature through a Systematic Literature Review methodology in order to find the state of the art about this theme. Results show that Literature explore DLT governance as a whole, including information technology (IT) aspects. However, there is a lack in the literature about IT governance for interoperability and interconvertibility among complex DLT protocols interactions. Discussions, future research, limiting factors and conclusions are fully stated. Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), IT Governance, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), Tokenization, Decentralized Finance (DeFi).
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) face inherent institutional conflicts between their decentralized governance structures, tokenized incentive mechanisms, and rigid global regulatory frameworks—with the U.S. regulatory landscape (SEC, OFAC, FinCEN) emerging as the most stringent and impactful. In 2024, 7 U.S.-based DAOs were subject to SEC investigations (aggregate penalties of $12.8 million), 18% incurred FinCEN sanctions for OFAC-sanctioned address interactions, and 68% of Base chain DAOs were denied institutional capital due to inadequate compliance documentation. Grounded in institutional economics (regulatory adaptation theory), RegTech principles, and blockchain traceability, this study proposes a “three-dimensional compliance adaptation framework” for DAO governance—integrating a regulatory rule engine (quantitative alignment with U.S. rules), automated on-chain audit report generation (transparency assurance), and dynamic governance optimization (securities risk mitigation). Drawing on the development of the “DAO Shield Pro” system and empirical testing across 7 representative U.S. Base chain DAOs (3 AI-focused, 2 meme-based, 2 investment-focused) over a 6-month period (March–August 2025), the framework achieves: (1) a 67.9% reduction in average compliance risk scores (from 3.8 to 0.98), (2) a 45.6-percentage-point increase in U.S. institutional investor participation (from 7.8% to 53.4%), (3) a 100% SEC regulatory inquiry acceptance rate, and (4) a 64.2% reduction in monthly compliance labor costs (from $19,200 to $6,870). This research fills critical gaps in DAO compliance scholarship by providing a theoretically rigorous, technically actionable, and empirically validated solution tailored to U.S. regulatory requirements (SEC Howey Test, OFAC sanctions screening, PCAOB auditing standards). It advances the field by quantifying ambiguous regulatory rules into executable on-chain logic and delivers a replicable paradigm for global DAO regulatory adaptation—strengthening U.S. competitiveness in the Web3 ecosystem and unlocking an estimated $42–$58 billion in latent institutional investment.
the paper examines the phenomenon of decentralized finance (DeFi) as one of the most promising and at the same time controversial areas of the digital economy. DeFi is defined as an ecosystem of protocols and applications based on blockchain and smart contracts that allows financial transactions to be carried out without the intermediation of traditional institutions. It is noted that the key advantages of the technology are transparency, automation, reduction of transaction costs, and expansion of the accessibility of financial services. Simultaneously, risks associated with the lack of unified regulatory approaches, high vulnerability of smart contracts, the use of DeFi for unlawful purposes, and the uncertainty of legal liability are emphasized. Particular attention is paid to AML/KYC problems, as well as the use of DeFi platforms for money laundering of criminal proceeds.
Abdullah Ayub Khan, Asif Ali Laghari, Hamad Almansour, Teerath Kumar · 7 authors
Wearable health technology has revolutionized remote monitoring and personalized healthcare by allowing real-time surveillance of patient health measurements and vital signs. However, their widespread acceptance is hampered by issues with security, privacy preservation, data protection, and interoperability. Blockchain Technology (BT), in particular Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and smart contracts, present a viable way to enhance the privacy, provenance, and integrity of wearable health data. This paper proposes a BT-enabled system that guarantees decentralized, unforged data management, transparency, immutability, and dynamic traceability for wearable health devices, particularly smartwatches with biosensors. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed work, the main performance-related metrics-latency, throughput, computational overhead, security robustness, and scalability-are looked at. The experiment's simulated findings show that BT integration is effective, with a 99.33% improvement in data integrity and protection. Automated access control protocols demonstrate data protection by utilizing smart contracts, and ZKPs guarantee verifiable data exchanges without jeopardizing patient privacy. These results demonstrate improved interoperability, decreased processing time, and increased security in comparison to comparable cutting-edge centralized platforms.
Blockchain-based financial systems: Trust, transparency, and the future of decentralized financeBlockchain technology is increasingly recognized as one of the most transformative innovations in contemporary finance (Andronie et al., 2024).By embedding verification, trust, and transparency into decentralized digital infrastructures, it challenges conventional assumptions regarding the organization, regulation, and governance of financial systems (Turek et al., 2023;Balcerzak & Valaskova, 2024).The conceptual foundations and practical implications of blockchain-based financial systems are examined, with particular emphasis on three interrelated dimensions: the reconfiguration of trust, the emergence of transparency as a systemic aFribute, and the evolving architecture of decentralized finance (Lzroiu et al.,
Toqeer Ali Syed, Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum, Salman Jan, Asadullah Abdullah Khan · 5 authors
The software supply chain attacks are becoming more and more focused on trusted development and delivery procedures, so the conventional post-build integrity mechanisms cannot be used anymore. The available frameworks like SLSA, SBOM and in toto are majorly used to offer provenance and traceability but do not have the capabilities of actively identifying and removing vulnerabilities in software production. The current paper includes an example of agentic artificial intelligence (AI) based on autonomous software supply chain security that combines large language model (LLM)-based reasoning, reinforcement learning (RL), and multi-agent coordination. The suggested system utilizes specialized security agents coordinated with the help of LangChain and LangGraph, communicates with actual CI/CD environments with the Model Context Protocol (MCP), and documents all the observations and actions in a blockchain security ledger to ensure integrity and auditing. Reinforcement learning can be used to achieve adaptive mitigation strategies that consider the balance between security effectiveness and the operational overhead, and LLMs can be used to achieve semantic vulnerability analysis, as well as explainable decisions. This framework is tested based on simulated pipelines, as well as, actual world CI/CD integrations on GitHub Actions and Jenkins, including injection attacks, insecure deserialization, access control violations, and configuration errors. Experimental outcomes indicate better detection accuracy, shorter mitigation latency and reasonable build-time overhead than rule-based, provenance only and RL only baselines. These results show that agentic AI can facilitate the transition to self defending, proactive software supply chains rather than reactive verification ones.