Blockchain Papers

Annelies De Meyer, Dirk Cattrysse, Pieter Ostermeyer, Jos Van Orshoven

No abstract is available for this record.

Kala Seetharam Sridhar

Solid waste, being a basic urban service, is invariably related to urbanization and economic development. In this article, we make an attempt to understand what explains solid waste management (SWM) coverage, a local public service problem, using cross-national data. Using regressions, we find that higher levels of income bring along with them the public awareness, institutional structure, and fiscal capacity to deliver better levels of public services not only in the city but also in the informal settlements. Hence, the objective should be to build awareness of the environmental and health consequences of poor SWM. Furthermore, we find that large cities and decentralized countries are in a better position to deliver SWM in the informal settlements because of the local nature of the service. We find that a major challenge foreseen in meeting the public service demands over the next decade, as it relates to SWM, is financing.

Komali Yenneti, Premakumara Jagath Dickella Gamaralalage

The solid waste sector is a significant contributor to methane (CH 4 ) emissions with a global warming potential (GWP) of 21 times more than that of CO 2 bringing the need for preventive actions from this sector. In the recent years, composting projects both centralized and decentralized have proved to be addressing this issue. However, much of the decentralized composting projects failed due to their financial and other operational constraints that arise during the course of the implementation. On this regard, the current article reviews the potential of carbon finance as an opportunity for funding decentralized composting projects through demonstrating the application through emission calculation of four cities in Asia. On assessing the emissions, it also identifies the benefits associated with the emissions reduction from the composting projects which might not be available in the absence of the projects. The article also discusses the various carbon financing strategies available in the present market to identify the potential market for inclusion of decentralized composting projects. In the process, the article identifies the issues in the implementation of decentralized composting projects under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other carbon markets in general.

Lise Debout

The collection of household waste is the only sector that is the full responsibility of municipalities in Jordan. Lise Debout gives a highly original analysis, dealing with the emergence of public-private partnerships and the role of NGOs and private contractors. The author explains that the public service of collecting household waste is an element of the relationship between citizens and government, then she describes the scope of the Jordanian government in the process of privatization and decentralization of this little-studied sector, which leads her to address the issue of state sovereignty. With 255kg to 310kg per capita per year, or about 1.46 million tons per year, the amount of waste produced in Jordan is higher than the average in low-income countries, by virtue of its high rate of urbanization, but 56% of this waste is organic. Under the 1955 Municipalities Act, the collection of household waste is the responsibility of municipalities, along with the financing thereof. It is the only public utility that is their full responsibility. The service is managed by the Department of the Environment and Public Health within municipalities. However, there is a conflict with the new Ministry of the Environment.Institutional reforms have been limited lest they undermine national stability. Thus the autonomy of municipalities is a risk factor for the Jordanian government, as shown by the amalgamation reforms which provided for the autonomy of senior municipalities, but which has not been implemented in Irbid or Zarqa. This is also why programs of municipal development and decentralization are doomed to failure. The Jordanian State wishes to maintain its sovereignty while its people are reluctant to accept privatization measures which are seen as interference by foreign powers.

Hanna Öberg

Developing countries are facing a great challenge to collect, treat and dispose their waste in a more sustainable way. Today, most of the produced waste ends up on landfills, where they pose a great threat to the environment and human health. Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, faces the same issues as other cities in developing countries; waste management is run poorly and most waste ends up on the cities largest landfill, Dompoase, which will be full in a few years time. Issues such as low financial resources, bad urban planning and a growing population aggravate the implementation of a more sustainable development. Since most solid waste in developing countries is organic, composting is a good option towards a more sustainable waste management. There are numerous amounts of articles stating that decentralized composting is the best option for developed countries. Decentralized compost facilities are less costly to install and maintain, they require less technology and decrease the cost of waste transportation. Transportation poses a large expense when it comes to waste management in developing countries. There is an advantage in integrating a more sustainable waste management in to the existing waste infrastructure since cities often are densely built up and there is a shortage of land. Therefore this thesis has investigated the possibilities of having waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities at public dumping sites in the Bantama area, one of ten sub--‐metros in Kumasi. Based on literature and observations during field visits in the Bantama area, a classification scheme was developed. The classification scheme was designed to simplify identification and differentiation of the sites. It contains thirteen criteria to consider when planning for organic waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities. Suitable sites for sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities were selected by a SQL analyzes in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The analyzes was based on the classification scheme. The result shows that of twenty--‐one public dumpingsites, seven were suitable as sorting stations and two sites were suitable for a decentralized compost facility. The expectation is that in due time and with infrastructure improvements, more than only seven communal sites can become sorting stations. When it comes to sites for composting the result reveals an issue in many cities there is just not enough land to build as many decentralized facilities as would be necessary to recycle all organic waste. However, due to the advantages of having decentralized facilities, the recommendation is that Kumasi should start with a decentralized approach and as finance and technological skills exists the organic waste management can extend to also include larger facilities. Further this thesis shows the advantage of having decentralized composting when it comes totransportation costs. A transport analyzes was done in a GIS, which showed the difference intransportation distances between having decentralized and centralized composting. The result showed that waste recycled close to its source, i.e. having decentralized waste management, is transported shorter distance compared to having centralized composting and thus saving on cost for transportation.