With the increase of web users and applications with real time requests, the ability to identify, track and trace elements of a product as it moves in the supply chain is deemed necessary, and for many industries is even mandated by national or international regulations. Traceability presupposes the integrity and transparency of data that is saved and shared. This is a problem for current technologies, as there are many examples with tampered data and database vulnerabilities that resulted in serious implications and data loss. A solution to this problem can be the decentralization of the system, which will remove the central point of failure. To that effect, blockchain or DLT technologies, an emergent technology that enables the decentralization of a network can be used, by implementing a trustless model to achieve it. Blockchains are tamperproof and transparent, which means that by exploiting blockchain characteristics, traceability can be improved. A model that describes the decentralization process of the supply chain traceability part has been developed for this paper and is later evaluated and compared with the traditional system.
The concept of “digitalization” came into use relatively recently, but in many respects the further development of the Russian economy will depend on it. Design of conceptual approaches and practical algorithm for adaptation of new technologies to the functioning peculiarities of the financial system is of great importance for ensuring competitive advantages of Russia, including those at the international level. The article presents the prospects for applying modern technologies in the activities of state audit institutions, which are designed to ensure financial stability and contribute to the formation of a solid foundation for the economic growth of the country. The purpose of the research is to identify the prospects for automation of control procedures, taking into account the level of development of modern technologies to prevent violations in the financial sector. In the process of research, general scientific empirical methods were used: observation, comparison, collection and study of data; analysis and synthesis, a method of scientific abstraction. The chosen approach allowed to ensure the reliability and validity of the conclusions drawn. According to the results of the research the prospects for using the national accounting digital unit in the purpose of the control are outlined; the technological possibilities and legal restrictions of creation of the state distributed ledger technology are revealed; the system for assessing risky transactions that could lead to financial violations is proposed; key characteristics of the system of conducting decentralized accounting are formulated; the expected result of the implementation of the proposed models of automation of control procedures in the Russian practice is assessed. The authors have proved the expediency of creating a state distributed ledger technology for financial control purposes. The expected result of the implementation of these proposals is estimated as more than 50% of the annual violations identified by the state audit institutions.
Open access
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Aleksandr Kapitonov, Ivan Berman, Vitaly Bulatov, Sergey Lonshakov · 5 authors
The paper describes work organization methods for manufacturing with plenty of autonomous agents with the help of market mechanisms what authors call robot economy. As a technological basis, the application of decentralized technologies is presented and justified: Blockchain technologies and smart contracts of the Ethereum network. The paper is an extension of the article “Blockchain-based protocol of autonomous business activity for multi-agent systems of UAVs” and describes in more detail the architecture of the robots economy protocol. The main attention is paid to the protocol functionality and its basic elements. There is a description of the architecture of an autonomous agent working on the principles of robot economy in the article. The article shows how the work of a smart factory is organized. As a result, the experience of approbation of the presented methods in various projects and experiments is presented.
In the course of the research, we identified seven risk groups, analyzed their influence, and formulated possible measures of the risk mitigation. For initial coin offerings projects, we formulated a special risk-assessment scoring system based on a 100-point scale. Investment risks (volatility) were one of the main issues. The only effective option of risk-management here is risk aversion - the refusal of any interaction with the cryptocurrency market. On the other hand, traditional risk management method of diversification has proved its worth and viability on empirical studies of portfolio investments. The portfolio should not be mostly “crypto” but rather it should also consist of traditional assets. It is necessary to consider the opportunity to quit the cryptocurrency market for a short period of time, to prevent the harmful consequences of dramatic price shifts.
Марат Рашитович Сафиуллин, Leonid Alekseevich Elshin, A.A. Abdukaeva
Importance The article discusses the process of economic and mathematical modeling of time series describing the volatility of the bitcoin exchange rate through the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models. Objectives We search for, and substantiate tools and mechanisms used to predict the cryptocurrency market developments. Methods The research applies tools of stochastic analysis of stationary and non-stationary time series.
“One of the issues that arise when developing a crowdsourcing monitoring application is the fact that we rely on the measurements taken by the users, but, how to engage users to use this application and provide observations?” 1.
S. P. Novikov, Олег Казаков, Н. А. Кулагина, Natalya Y. Azarenko
The blockchain typically described as a decentralized system in which transactional or ancient statistics are recorded, stored, and maintained throughout a peer-to-peer community of personal computers referred to as nodes. Counterfeit drugs are one consequence of such limitations within existing supply chains, which not only has serious adverse impact on human health but also causes severe economic loss to the healthcare industry. Blockchain technology has gained tremendous attention, with an escalating hobby in a plethora of several applications like safe and relaxed healthcare records management. Similarly, blockchain is reforming the traditional healthcare practices to an extra reliable means, in phrases of powerful progno- sis and treatment through safe and cosy facts sharing using SHA Hash Generation Algorithm. Within the future, blockchain will be an era that can probably assist in personalized, authentic, and at ease healthcare by means of merging the entire actual-time scientific information of a patient’s fitness and offering it in an up to date cosy healthcare setup. In this paper, we evaluation each the present and modern day trends inside the subject of healthcare with the aid of imposing blockchain as a model. We also talk the packages of blockchain, at the side of the demanding situations confronted and destiny views. The proposed system executed blockchain implementation in distributed computing surroundings and it gives the automated restoration of invalid chain by using Consensus and Mining Algorithm. In this system, we present a Custom blockchain- based approach leveraging smart contracts and decentralized off-chain storage for efficient product traceability in the healthcare supply chain. The smart contract guarantees data provenance, eliminates the need for intermediaries and provides a secure, immutable history of transactions to all stakeholders. We present the system architecture and detailed algorithms that govern the working principles of our proposed solution. We perform testing and validation, and present cost and security analysis of the system to evaluate its effectiveness to enhance trace- ability within pharmaceutical supply chains. Keywords— Blockchain Technology, Decentralization / Decentralized System, Distributed Com- puting, Peer-to- Peer Network, Healthcare, Supply chains, etc.
Mikhail Yuryevich Kussy, В В Побирченко, Elena Alekseevna Shutaieva, Yevgeny Yuryevich Kakutich
This paper briefly presents the recent problems of the world financial system. The analysis of indicators of blockchain technologies has been carried out; their attractive aspects and disadvantages are singled out. Some potential possibilities of using blockchain technologies in various fields of activity are considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects of application of blockchain technologies in the world financial system, which will allow solving a number of problems of the world financial system itself. The issues (including those of regulatory and institutional nature and predictable social strain as well) that people can face when implementing blockchain technologies in their everyday life, have been noted. The institutional changes in the world financial system that could appear after implementation of blockchain technologies are highlighted.
Modern financial technologies, in particular cryptocurrencies, penetrate deeper and deeper into the life of the modern world and the Russian society. The spread of cryptocurrencies in almost all areas is promoted by the following advantages: anonymity of payments, low commissions, and the inability to restrict the owners’ access to their funds. The use of cryptocurrencies is not limited to the banking and medical areas, insurance and services industries. Some experts suggest the creation of cryptocurrency as the single currency of the Eurasian Economic Union. Today this issue is only being discussed, but the advantages and a wide spread of cryptocurrencies prove that they can become one of the possible solutions in the currency agreement of the EEU being developed. To assess the prospects of using cryptocurrencies in the Eurasian Economic Union, it is necessary to analyze the prerequisites of cryptosystems, as well as to study the history of their development. The purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of cryptocurrencies on the EEU market in terms of possible use of the cryptocurrency as a supranational means of payment. The article considers the prerequisites of cryptocurrencies. Features of the currently most popular cryptocurrencies are analyzed. Possibilities of using them as EEU supranational payment means are estimated. Directions of the cryptocurrencies development on the EEU market are studied.
Open access
Economic and Technological Developments in Russia
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Economic, Social, and Public Health Issues in Russia and Globally
A. V. Babkin, Diana Burkaltseva, Aleksandr Betskov, Hizri Shapievich Kilyaskhanov · 6 authors
The authors consider the problems, trends and consequences of automation of processes in various sectors of the economy, including industry. These activities are becoming more and more relevant in the current era of digitalization and the formation of the digital economy both abroad and in Russia. Currently in the process of automation, which includes robotics and automation of technological processes (production machines); development in the field of artificial intelligence; open systems (Blockchain); big data concept; software algorithms and systems (software); neural networks – it is not possible to adequately assess the consequences and possibilities of qualitative changes in the activities of enterprises in its implementation.The purpose of this research is to study the trends and consequences of the automation introduction and of the implementation of enterprise, industry and economy digitalization processes. Accordingly, the objectives of the research are: to identify the main directions and problems of the introduction of automation, to study the current state of the labor market in the world, to consider the Blockchain technology and its advantages in various fields.Methods of research. Dialectical method of scientific knowledge was applied in the research of the role of automation, the computational and analytical methods of observation, measurement, analysis and comparison of indicators characterizing unemployment in the world.Results. At the moment, the main problems of the implementation of automation are the institutional and legal norms, including the uncertainty of responsibility in the case of the event. In the process of economy and industry digitalization Blockchain technology is actively used – as one of the areas of automation and digitization tool of economic and technological processes. Blockchain remains an experimental technology – many problems of its use have not been solved yet. The uniqueness of the Blockchain lies in the immutability or irreversibility, which is guaranteed by the cryptographic protection system. The authors show that the new ways of using the technology are being developed: banks, payments and money transfers, cyber security, education, voting, car leasing and sale, network technologies and the Internet of things; insurance, forecasting, car sharing, document flow.Summary. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors propose to use Blockchain in the document flow in the Universities, where in particular, it is possible to solve the problem of the teaching staff and students reporting. By developing the system of authorization of the teaching staff reporting at the University on the basis of the Blockchain technology, it is possible to identify and verify qualitatively and to generate scientific reports faster within the structural units and Universities as a whole.
Blockchain is one of the most popular topics for discussion now. However, most experts still see this technology as only part of Bitcoin, other crypto-currencies or money transfer systems. Often, new solutions, proposed by young researchers, are blocked by reviewers, only because these solutions can not be used for Bitcoins. However, Blockchain technology is more universal and can be used also in other areas, for example, in IoT, WSN and mobile devices. This paper considers the implementation of Blockchain technology in sensor networks as an element of IoT. The concept of "Rolling Blockchain" was proposed, which can be used to build WSN with the participation of Smart Cars, as nodes of the network. The order of block formation and structure in the chain is proposed and a mathematical model is created for it. We estimate the optimal number of WSN nodes, the number of connections between nodes, for specified network reliability values, was performed.
The article deals with the problems and prospects of blockchain implementation as a general purpose technology in the financial sector. The underlying mechanism of this technology is described, practical cases of its adoption in various segments of the financial sector and in the field of corporate governance are provided. Cryptocurrencies’ status, issuance and regulation are also discussed.
Aleksandr Kapitonov, Ivan Berman, Sergey Lonshakov, Aleksandr Krupenkin
The article presents the architecture of communication protocol for modern industrial processes and business based on cyber-physical systems - Industry 4.0. The main attention is paid to one of the key trends of this concept - to economical autonomous agents i.e. to robots or smart things, which are able to make decisions independently about their economic actions. Agents begin to fully participate in business processes, so it is important to automate the processes and ensure formal and secure communication between multiple heterogeneous agents, taking into account the economic component of the industry. The article shows how to organize economic interaction between agents using a peer-to-peer network based on decentralized Blockchain technology and smart contracts. The general concept of protocol work is described and the experience of its implementation on ROS and Ethereum Blockchain is presented in the form of universal software for different agents. As a result, the experience of applying this solution in various projects is described: a business project with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and an educational project of "smart city".
Cyber-physical systems (CPS), robotics, Internet of Things, information and communication technologies have become more and more popular over the last several years. These topics open new perspectives and scenarios that can automate processes in human life. CPS are aimed at interaction support in information space for physical entities communicated in physical space in real time. At the same time the blockchain technology that becomes popular last years allows to organize immutable distributed database that store all significant information and provide access for CPS participants. The paper proposes an approach that is based on ontology-based context management, publish/subscribe semantic interoperability support, and blockchain techniques. Utilization of these techniques provide possibilities to develop CPS that supports dynamic, distributed, and stable coalition formation of the resources. The case study presented has been implemented for the scenario of heterogeneous mobile robots’ collaboration for the overcoming of obstacles. There are two types of robots and an information service participating in the scenario. Evaluation shows that the proposed approach is applicable for the presented class of scenarios.
There are a lot of blockchain platform implementations available today. To be integrated into the smart space for Industrial IoT the blockchain platform should support not only token exchange but also smart contract distribution and launching, fault tolerance consensus mechanism and equivalence between participants to create and implement new blocks and contracts. The paper provides analysis of the most used consensus mechanisms, specific features of public (permissionless) and private (permissioned) blockchains. Also a description of blockchain platforms that satisfy the requirements for the IIoT platform development is provided. By the result of the analysis the platform and specific modules have been selected for implementation of blockchain for industrial IIoT platform.
Maxim Ya. Afanasev, Yuri V. Fedosov, Anastasiya A. Krylova, Sergey A. Shorokhov
Blockchain, which is a new technology of distributed data storage in the form of a chain of blocks, has become one of the most popular topics in the field of information technology for today. Although the term “blockchain” is often associated with operations in cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, for example), its application is not limited to this area. The algorithm for automatic confirmation of transactions has already been successfully applied in accounting, postal services, and smart devices. Additionally, people can participate in the confirmation of transactions. This article considers the possibility of using the technology in creating distributed networks of industrial equipment, i.e. creation of a backbone network for cyber-physical production systems. The proposed approach is detailed and discussed with the support of relevant use cases. A number of architectures of support networks based on blockchain technology are proposed, the positive and negative aspects of this approach are considered.
Maxim Ya. Afanasev, Anastasiya A. Krylova, Sergey A. Shorokhov, Yuri V. Fedosov · 5 authors
The concept of cyber-physical production systems is highly discussed amongst researchers and industry experts, however, the implementation options for these systems rely mainly on obsolete technologies. Despite the fact that the blockchain is most often associated with cryptocurrency, it is fundamentally wrong to deny the universality of this technology and the prospects for its application in other industries. For example, in the insurance sector or in a number of identity verification services. This article discusses the deployment of the CPPS backbone network based on the Ethereum private blockchain system. The structure of the network is described as well as its interaction with the help of smart contracts, based on the consumption of cryptocurrency for various operations.
The article presents the results of analysis of the distributed registry technology called blockchain. The analysis was performed for the possibility of using the blockchain technology in different spheres of human activity.
Leopoldo Catania, Stefano Grassi, Francesco Ravazzolo
This paper studies the predictability of cryptocurrencies time series. We compare several alternative univariate and multivariate models in point and density forecasting of four of the most capitalized series: Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple and Ethereum. We apply a set of crypto–predictors and rely on Dynamic Model Averaging to combine a large set of univariate Dynamic Linear Models and several multivariate Vector Autoregressive models with different forms of time variation. We find statistical significant improvements in point forecasting when using combinations of univariate models and in density forecasting when relying on selection of multivariate models.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of issues of regulation of use of cryptocurrency in the Russian Federation and offers the possible measures to solve them. The conclusion is made that the ideal desired result would be the creation of such a controlled financial and economic mechanism based on blockchain technology that would become more attractive for its potential participants than the "usual" cryptocurrencies and smart contract systems. Key words: cryptocurrency, legal regulation, financial system, transactions, financial risks, financial mechanism.
This paper considers the tasks of supporting the connectivity of nodes in communication networks of unmanned transport (VANET/MANET-networks). High dynamics, decentralization and absence of hierarchy in the networks of this type actualize the task of supporting the connectivity of nodes with software-configurable security services, providing the network protection. It is offered to use a Blockchain technology based system for VANET/MANET network topologyand authentication data distribution and storage. The issue of unlimited blockchain growth preventing this method from being implemented in VANET/MANET networks is considered. The existing solutions of this issueare analyzed and drawbacks are identified. A notion of blockchain with floating genesis block is introduced and its advantages over similar ideas are demonstrated thus allowing it to be used to resolve the issue of continuously growing blockchain within the systems with stalingtransactions as a whole and in VANET/MANET networks in particular.