Blockchain Papers

Tanuj Meshram, Mou Dasgupta

No abstract is available for this record.

Bowei Zhang, Hanbing Liu, Qixin Tian, Siyu Chen · 6 authors

Smart Contracts are the foundation of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), executing financial logic without trusted intermediaries.Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have substantially lowered the barrier to smart contract development by enabling code generation from natural language.However, because smart contracts are immutable and directly manage financial assets, this accessibility introduces a critical trust gap: generated contracts are easy to produce but hard to trust.To bridge this gap, We present LeVer, the first trustworthy smart contract synthesis framework that integrates LLM-based generation with Lean-based autoformalization and Verification.LeVer employs a closed-loop multi-agent architecture to iteratively generate, verify, attack, and repair contracts, providing both formal guarantees and empirical robustness.To facilitate the adoption of automated formal verification in smart contract generation and audition, we opensource our framework and datasets at:

Steven Paul Nohr

High-yield decentralized finance (DeFi) lending protocols attract capital by offering returns that exceed organically sustainable market demand. This paper defines <b><i>Anchor Protocol Overexposure</i></b><b> </b>as a systemic risk condition in which outsized, subsidy-driven yields concentrate liquidity into a single mechanism, creating hidden leverage, correlated withdrawal behavior, and reflexive collapse dynamics. Using Anchor Protocol as a representative archetype, the paper analyzes how yield subsidies, composability, and perception-driven stability interact to generate unsustainable exposure across interconnected DeFi ecosystems. We further demonstrate why transparency, disclosure, and governance-based controls fail to mitigate this class of risk. Finally, the paper outlines a logic-layer enforcement model capable of constraining yield-induced systemic fragility prior to the onset of collapse dynamics.

Christian Zeiß, Konstanze Lang, Axel Winkelmann

No abstract is available for this record.

Nikolay V. Glushak

The article presents the results of research on the transformation of the classical theory of money under the influence of two key phenomena: digital currencies of central banks and decentralized cryptocurrencies. The evolution of money functions in the context of blockchain technologies and smart contracts is analyzed. The crisis of the traditional tenets of the quantitative theory of money and the actualization of F.’s ideas are considered. Hayek on private money. Based on the generalization of Russian scientific publications, the author’s periodization of the stages of the development of monetary theory in the digital age is proposed. Promising areas of monetary science such as programmable money, hybrid money circulation systems and decentralized emission mechanisms are formulated. The article presents empirical data on projects of crypto assets and digital currencies of central banks of different countries, a comparative analysis of the performance of money functions by five forms and a quantitative comparison of the multiplicative effects of the influence of decentralized finance (hereinafter - DeFi) with the traditional banking multiplier. An asymmetry in the performance of monetary functions by various digital forms has been revealed and it has been proved that the DeFi multiplier (1,5-2,0) is significantly lower than the banking one (8-10), but creates a shadow monetary system that weakly correlates with the monetary policy of central banks. A forecast model of a hybrid monetary system is proposed until 2035 with a distribution of shares between five forms of money.

Tudor-Gabriel Budișteanu

No abstract is available for this record.

Seth Oranburg

No abstract is available for this record.

Steven Paul Nohr

Decentralized systems are increasingly required to operate across heterogeneous environments involving human presence, real-world assets, regulatory constraints, and adversarial network conditions. Traditional execution models, which assume static infrastructure, context-free computation, and pre-authorized identities, are insufficient for these emerging requirements. This paper introduces a Presence-Centric execution architecture that binds computational validity to verifiable environmental state at execution time. The proposed system is structured around two core components: the Crystal Validator, a context-aware validation layer, and an AI Feedback Loop, which enables adaptive policy enforcement based on observed outcomes. Central to this architecture is <b><i>Environment-Coupled Execution</i></b>, a model in which identity, intent, policy, and environment are jointly evaluated to determine execution validity. By treating environment as a first-class execution dependency, the system enables contextual non-repudiation, replay resistance, regulatory determinism, and post-execution auditability. The proposed approach is applicable to decentralized finance, stablecoins, real-world asset tokenization, governance systems, and presence-driven digital platforms.

Steven Paul Nohr

<b><i>Governance Voter Loop Reuse</i></b> is a strategic exploit in decentralized finance (DeFi) governance systems whereby the same economic capital is repeatedly reused to exert voting influence across multiple proposals, epochs, or governance venues without maintaining sustained economic exposure. By exploiting snapshot-based voting, token mobility, and weak binding between voting power and duration of risk, attackers can artificially amplify governance influence while avoiding long-term commitment. This paper formalizes the exploit, analyzes its structural enablers and execution mechanisms, and evaluates its systemic impact on DAO legitimacy and protocol security. We further propose mitigation requirements centered on time-weighted exposure, continuity-aware governance models, and behavioral detection mechanisms.

Inamdar Chaitanya Anil, Gulve Onkar Popat, Adhau Samyak Gautamrao, S. V. Shinkar

No abstract is available for this record.

Steven Paul Nohr

Decentralized finance and stablecoin systems rely extensively on off-chain data oracles to supply price feeds, reserve attestations, and external state signals. While often treated as neutral data providers, oracles constitute a critical enforcement surface vulnerable to coercion, capture, and strategic manipulation. This paper defines <b><i>Off-Chain Data Oracle Coercion</i></b> as a systemic risk whereby economic, governance, or infrastructural pressures distort oracle outputs without violating cryptographic correctness. We demonstrate how oracle coercion enables silent value extraction, destabilizes stablecoin pegs, and undermines regulatory compliance. A validator-enforced, logic-layer control model is proposed to restore oracle neutrality and ensure continuous, verifiable data integrity under MiCA-aligned supervision.

Pamina Georgiev

Formal verification is essential for ensuring the safety of smart contracts in decentralized finance (DeFi), but scaling these techniques across diverse blockchain ecosystems remains a challenge. In this talk, we present our experience making formal verification practical across multiple platforms, including the EVM, Solana, Stellar, and Sui. We discuss how automated reasoning techniques can be adapted to different execution models and programming paradigms while still providing strong correctness guarantees. We focus on what it takes to apply verification in real-world settings: handling complex DeFi primitives, integrating with development workflows, and maintaining usability for engineers. Drawing from verification projects with production protocols, we highlight key challenges and lessons learned in bringing formal methods from theory into practice.

Felipe Lara

No abstract is available for this record.

Steven Paul Nohr

Decentralized finance and stablecoin systems rely Stablecoins increasingly incorporate freeze, pause, and blacklist mechanisms to satisfy regulatory, compliance, and risk-management requirements. However, these controls introduce a critical temporal vulnerability when enforcement actions compete with transaction finality. This paper defines <b><i>Stablecoin Freeze Race Conditions</i></b> as a class of failures in which transfers, redemptions, or collateral movements execute successfully during the latency window between risk detection and freeze enforcement. We analyze how asynchronous control paths enable value escape even in fully permissioned stablecoins and demonstrate why governance authority alone is insufficient. A validator-level, logic-layer enforcement model is proposed to ensure atomicity between risk triggers and monetary state transitions under MiCA-aligned frameworks.

Barbara Eszter Huszár, Gabor Gyura

No abstract is available for this record.

Yetunde Oluwafunbi Ajayi

No abstract is available for this record.

Amelia Lo, Clarie Ku

No abstract is available for this record.

David Krause

No abstract is available for this record.

Hemasree Akula

No abstract is available for this record.

Amelia Lo, Clarie Ku

No abstract is available for this record.

Timothy A. Adeyi, Adrian D. Cheok, Huihui Song, Steven Z. Zhou · 8 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Uri Lee, William J. Knottenbelt

No abstract is available for this record.

Tamerat Demeke Agonafer, Wondwossen Bogale Eremed, Kamil Dino Adem

No abstract is available for this record.

Thanh-Binh Trinh, Ngoc-Minh Le

No abstract is available for this record.