Ігри завжди були важливою частиною людської культури. Вони дають нам можливість розважатися, вчитися та спілкуватися з іншими. Останнім часом в галузі геймінгу набуває популярності новий тренд: веб-ігри з використанням технології Web3 [1, 2]. Основною метою цієї роботи було проаналізувати засоби розробки та створити модель Web3.0 гри на блокчейні Solana.
This study aims to identify the dimensions that enable digital marketing organizations to enter the metaverse world by proposing a model for this purpose. The study population targeted Saudi Arabia, having weak or no access to the metaverse, despite their interest in digital transformation. This study uses structural equation Modeling through the partial least squares method using AMOS version. 25. The findings indicate that the proposed model consists of four dimensions: customer discovery, including engagement, interaction, and customer targeting; spatial computing, including augmented reality and virtual stores and places; digital presence, including advertising, social media, and search engines; and virtual integration, including customers’ immersive experiences, product conversion into non-fungible tokens, and virtual incentives and content, providing marketers with the mechanism needed to enter the mysterious metaverse that is ultimately expected to replace the Internet and be the future of marketing. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على الأبعاد التي تمكن منظمات التسويق الرقمي من الدخول إلى عالم الميتافيرس من خلال اقتراح نموذج لهذا الغرض. استهدف مجتمع الدراسة المملكة العربية السعودية، التي لديها وصول ضعيف أو معدوم إلى الميتافيرس، على الرغم من اهتمامهم بالتحول الرقمي. تستخدم هذه الدراسة نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية من خلال طريقة المربعات الصغرى الجزئية باستخدام نسخة AMOS. 25. تشير النتائج إلى أن النموذج المقترح يتكون من أربعة أبعاد: البعد الأول هو اكتشاف العملاء، بما في ذلك المشاركة والتفاعل واستهداف العملاء؛ والبعد الثاني هو الحوسبة المكانية، بما في ذلك الواقع المعزز والمتاجر والأماكن الافتراضية؛ والبعد الثالث هو الحضور الرقمي، بما في ذلك الإعلانات ووسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ومحركات البحث؛ والبعد الرابع هو التكامل الافتراضي، بما في ذلك تجارب العملاء الغامرة، وتحويل المنتج إلى رموز غير قابلة للاستبدال، والحوافز والمحتوى الافتراضي، مما يوفر للمسوقين الآلية اللازمة للدخول في التحول الغامض الذي من المتوقع في نهاية المطاف أن يحل محل الإنترنت ويكون مستقبل التسويق.
Мы не можем не заметить как темп жизни нашего современного общества неизбежно ускоряется. Некогда привычные нам традиционные вещи со стремительной скоростью заменяются инновационными, которые впоследствии также становятся традиционными. Так, технология смарт-контракт стала вполне обыденной для нашего общества. Но несмотря на это, она все еще имеет ряд уязвимостей, которые тормозят ее внедрение в российское гражданское право
В статті розглянута проблема повернення втрачених коштів користувачів мережі Ethereum із-за шахрайських оборудок. Показані вразливості протоколів Ethereum, які дають можливість проводити незаконні транзакції. Проаналізована ідея скасування підозрілих транзакції для зменшення втрат користувачів. Проаналізовано механізм арбітражу повернення транзакцій. Запропоновано удосконалення алгоритму зворотних транзакцій.
В эпоху развития цифровизации всех сторон жизнедеятельности общества на первое место выходит проблема цифрового благополучия человека. В этой связи тема данной работы, посвященной анализу возможностей повышения безопасности и эффективности проведения сделок в цифровой среде при помощи информационных и сквозных технологий, приобретает еще большую актуальность. Целью научного исследования является выявлении специфики формирования и позитивных последствий использования смарт-контрактов и блокчейн-технологий, а также перспектив развития рынка цифровых активов, в частности, невзаимозаменяемых токенов (англ. «non-fungible token», NFT). Научная новизна работы состоит в обобщении теории применения смарт-контрактов в блокчейн-сети и обосновании их преимуществ, выявлении проблем правового регулирования заключения договоров посредством электронного обмена данными, в развитии понятийно-категориального аппарата, связанного с блокчейн-технологиями и Интернетом вещей. Сделан вывод о том, что в ближайшее время в целях развития системы смарт-контрактов и расширения указанной практики их функционирования необходимо создание цифровой и технологической инфраструктуры, поскольку смарт-контракты – это эффективная система реализации договорных отношений, позволяющая облегчить взаимодействие между сторонами и сделать процесс прозрачным и безопасным. Результаты научного исследования могут быть полезными для специалистов в сфере регулирования Интернета вещей, развития системы смарт-контрактов и криптовалют, а также лицам, принимающим управленческие решения в сфере цифровой трансформации экономики
في عالم يتسارع يوما بعد يوم في إطار العولمة التقنية، بدت هذا السرعة واضحة في قضية تداول العملات الالكترونية والتي ترتبط بالبنوك في أنحاء العالم، ثم ما لبث أن ظهرت عملة ميدانها الوحيد هو شبكة الإنترنيت، معماة عن إطلاع غير المتعاقدين، وغير مرتبطة بمركز أو مصرف، سميت بالعملات الافتراضية (الرقمية)، وأولها وأشهرها عملة (بيتكوين)، التي انتشرت على نطاق واسع، ووصل التعامل بها من قبل كبريات الشركات مستوى الظاهرة، لكنها لم تحظَ بعد -من الجانب التشريعي على الأقل-بما يليق بها من تنظيم، كما أنَّ الفقه القانوني، يتناولها –حين يتناولها بالبحث-على استحياء، إذ لا تزال الدراسات حول هذه العملة، بحاجة إلى مزيد من البحث الدقيق والتقصي الواسع، ويحاول هذا البحث إبراز التحديات التي تواجه هذه العملة الناشئة، بعد بيان مفهومها، فضلاً عن تحديد طبيعتها القانونية، علاوة على مناقشة التصنيف القانوني المحتمل للبيتكوين، والنتائج والآثار القانونية التي يحتمل أنْ تترتب عليه، ونظراً للمميزات الفريدة للبيتكوين، والاعتبارات المتعلقة به، تبدو الحاجة ملحة لوضع قواعد خاصة بحماية مستهلكي التكنولوجيا المعاصرة المتعلقة بمثل هذه العملات، وإضفاء الشرعية عليها.
The concept of the emission and circulation of the digital ruble published by the Bank of Russia, suggests the active implementation of the intermediary functions between the end users and the digital ruble platform by credit institutions. In this regard, the risks of an outflow of deposits from the banking sector, strengthening of the regulator’s role in the payment and financial sector, as well as a wide range of technological risks due to the need to build a new ramified payment system based on distributed ledger technology remain relevant. The concept of digital ruble consolidates the significant advantages of its circulation: reducing the costs of making payments and increasing the availability of financial services for individuals and businesses through the use of the offline transactions and smart contracts. To assess the balance of risks and benefits from using the digital ruble, the Bank of Russia plans a phased launch of a pilot project for its digital currency.
The technology of distributed registry, which revolutionary approach to recording and exchanging data between multiple data warehouses, is considered. The key features of distributed registry technology are highlighted and described. Particular attention is paid to blockchain technology and a directed acyclic graph. The principle of the operation of blockchain technology is described. All stages that go through transactions before they are added to the blockchain are graphically presented and described. All the main advantages of blockchain technology are described, and key network disadvantages are also presented. In describing the limitations of blockchain technology, real information was presented that confirms the existing flaws of this technology. Thanks to the optimized consensus mechanism, high scalability and the ability to carry out microtransactions, the technology of a directed acyclic graph is rapidly developing. The principle of operation of a directed acyclic graph is described and how the digraph differs from blockchain technology. The main advantages of a directed acyclic graph are described, which the digraph inherited from the blockchain and improved due to its structure. When comparing registers based on a directed acyclic graph and blockchain, interesting aspects of platforms can be identified. Despite the obvious similarities between paradigms, differences also persist. Based on the results, it becomes apparent that the future of distributed ledger technology is huge. Since a directed acyclic graph, due to its structure and advantages, has already overshadowed the blockchain architecture. The appearance of a directed acyclic graph will allow distributed registry technology to be introduced into all areas of activity on a global scale.
最早技術/情報系の枠を超えてその重要性と可能性が一般にも浸透を始めたブロックチェーン・分散型台帳技術であるが,その始まりともいえるProof of Work(PoW)型暗号資産認証方式は理論的に攻撃の可能性として指摘されていながら現実的ではないとされてきたBlock Withholding Attackを含む攻撃等により,モナコイン(MONA),ヴァージ(XVG),ビットコインゴールド(BTG),イーサリアムクラシック(ETC)などそこそこ有名なPoW型暗号資産を中心に2018年5月頃から攻撃が続き,巻き戻しも大掛かりに起きている.しかし,その代替策として有力視されているProof of Stake(PoS)型暗号資産認証方式を初めとして,他の暗号資産の認証方式にもそれぞれ問題は存在する.そこで,本稿ではPoW長寿命化に向けた提言を行う.
Problem setting. Range of efficiency problems is crucial for public management in general, and local self-government in particular. The problem of decentralization, local self-government do not stop coming out of agenda on state policy, so we consider it necessary to instill some flagship approaches concerning possibilities in principle to provide from the sidelines of public authorities (both state and local levels) advocacy efficiency, which we interpret as system. The thing is that modern national reality is inherent in process of the population activation, the level of its involvement of its engagement into local self-government management and interaction with local self-government authorities thickens. One of powerful, but insufficiently used forms of influence of the general public on solution of local significance problems is advocacy phenomenon, and that is why making the vision of its efficiency turns out to be a scientific problem utterly urgent for solution.Recent research and publications analysis. The main best practices in public management efficiency range of problems are stated in public management encyclopedia (in 8 volumes) dated 2011. Also the organization systems various classes functioning efficiency evaluation were substantially considered, in particular, in the research of K.Fisun and M.Naumenko. It should be noted that in all the published works of the modern scientists in the appropriate branch of science, the problems of efficiency in addition to the objects they are researching, are being considered. In this context special attention is needed for such focuses as political and economical dimensions of public management, researched in the works of T.Latkovska, Lyubov Bila-Tiunova and modern approaches to anticorruption principles in government authorities activity, described by O.Safonchyk and A.Ripenko. The range of advocacy problems is researched by both national and foreign scientists. The works which are currently central are those in which some specific problems of protection cultural rights and freedoms protection for the citizens are described by M.Inshyn, Y.Міroshnychenko and Y.Paida, and the problems of main functions, tools and methods generation to protect the rights of the citizens for entrepreneurship were considered by S.Penkov and Mykola Chabanenko. There are also some problems which are of significant interest for our research, namely the problems of the corporate vehicles social activity in Germany, researched by T.Galetska, N.Topishko and I.Topishko. At the same time now there are no multi-method researches of problems on advocacy efficiency on local level, and this is the reason which necessitated conduct of this research.The paper objective is to explain the approaches to defining the factors of advocacy system efficiency on local level. The paper main body. The advocacy system efficiency is researched through generation of its subjects, certain institutions, which come up as its elements. The main factor of the networks generation is filling of information space. Upon that such types of the networks as free informal and arranged informal one and the formal one as well are singled out. The participants of any network structure have communication, management and information connections and also connections responsible for communication with the general public.The advocacy efficiency depends on a range of internal and external environment factors. When the author lays emphasis on such external factors, which have an effect on advocacy, namely political climate, adequacy, legitimacy, feasibility, admissibility, in this situation question of economic efficiency of advocacy remains to be pretty relative due to necessity to engage discretionary funding to implement advocacy function, on one hand, and necessity to achieve goals, which may not include economic component. In its turn if there is no discretionary funding, this threatens independence, loyalty of the campaign, obligation on provision of justice and extension of rights and opportunities. It was found that central funding can solve the problem of advocacy economic dependence and promote its efficiency. Although advocacy is used to promote the unprotected interests and states, implementation of equal rights in real life on official, local or state level, in other words, to obtain legitimization of protection procedure must be the result of it.The proofs of advocacy efficiency remain to be limited and only a small scope of information, which concerns progress of advocacy process, is available. However the author defined some important advantages of advocacy process, associated with extension of opportunities, self-efficiency and confidence of its participants.Conclusions of the research. The result of the conducted research allowed to find out that the necessary factors to provide efficiency for the advocacy system on exogenous level are as follows: regulatory legal provision of the mere opportunity of advocacy implementation; adjustment of principles for financing the advocacy processes from state/local budgets; broad public awareness campaign among all the subjects of territorial development; development and promotion of implementation for all the advocacy efficient algorithms. On endogenous level the guiding principle to provide efficiency for advocacy is formation and functioning of multifaceted network of the institutions which perform functions of its subjects.
블록체인 기술은 현재 다양한 산업에서 신성장 동력을 만들어내는 중요한 핵심 인프라이자 기술로서 빠르게 자리를 잡아가고 있다. 이렇게 블록체인이 다양한 산업에서 주목을 받게 된 것은 스마트계약(Smart Contract)과 결합하여 가상화폐를 비롯한 거래 등에 활용될 수 있도록 기술이 확장되었기 때문이다. 스마트계약은 거래 비용을 대폭 줄이고, 계약 실무와 거래 방법 자체를 크게 바꿀 가능성을 가지고 있다. 그러나 한편으로는 스마트계약이 계약의 불완전성 등 현실 사회에 있어서의 문제를 해소할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 스마트계약 자체로 인한 다양한 법적 문제도 등장한다고 주장되기도 한다. 이에 이 연구에서는 스마트계약에 어떤 법적 문제가 있을 수 있는가를 설명하고, 법적인 고려방법과 실무적 대응의 방향성에 대하여 논해 보았다. 스마트계약의 법적 문제에 적절하게 대처하기 위해서는 코드와 계약법상의 합의를 구별하고, 그 법적 구조를 분석적으로 이해할 필요가 있다. 특히 스마트계약이라는 단어가 ‘계약’이라는 언어를 포함하고, 마치 코드 그것이 계약인 것처럼 보이기 때문에 논의의 혼란을 초래하고 있지만, 스마트계약은 그 자체가 반드시 계약은 아니다. 스마트계약은 계약을 자동적으로 실행하기 위한 기술, 프로그램, 코드이다. 현재까지의 기술로는 장래에 일어날 수 있는 모든 사상을 사전에 코드로써 기록하는 것 자체가 어렵고, 코드로 실현가능한 거래가 한정되어 있다. 그러나 현재 AI의 개발이 급속도로 진행되고 있는데, 이것과 궤를 같이하여 금후 스마트계약의 활용영역이 넓어지게 되면 이렇게 계약조항을 분해하고, 재표현하는 작업이 다양한 거래유형에서 더욱 활발하게 진행될 것이다. 즉 컴퓨터로 계약조항을 분해하는 작업이 스마트계약뿐만이 아니라 그 이외의 전통적인 계약실무 전반에도 영향을 줄 수 있을 것도 예상된다. 특히 각종 계약이 유형화되고, 또한 개별 조항마다 모듈화․표준화하는 작업이 보다 한층 진행될 가능성이 있다. 스마트계약은 그러한 개별 계약조항의 모듈화․표준화를 추진하는 단서에 해당할 것으로 보인다.
\n منذ نشأتها وهي مثار جدل والتحذيرات من المخاطر عن انتشار التعامل فيها تأتي من العديد من المنظمات المحلية والدولية، هي عملة ولدت من رحم الفضاء الرقمي متجاوزة جميع النظم المالية التقليدية التي عرفها العالم في القرون السابقة، وحقق سعرها ارتفاعات هائلة وغير مسبوقة لأية عملة وقد استطاعت البتكوين أن تقنع شركات كثيرة حول العالم للاستثمار فيها وقبولها في دول وأسواق عديدة وهي اليوم تتربع على عرش العملات المشفرة التي بلغت أكثر من أربعين في الفضاء الرقمي وباتت أسعارها تسجل أرقاما قياسية في البورصات التي تتعامل معها، لكن في الوقت ذاته فإن بعض خبراء الاقتصاد يصفونها بأنها عملة شديدة التقلب ويعتقدون أن أسعارها تعتمد على المغامرات والتكهنات والمضاربة الأمر الذي يجعل عنصر الخسارة فيها برأيهم كبير جدا بجانب احتمال اختراقها وقرصنتها.\n