Yao Wu, Ziye Jia, Jingjing Zhao, Haoyang Wang · 6 authors
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks are increasingly deployed for complex missions, including disaster response, intelligent logistics, and environmental monitoring. These missions generally require coordinated collaboration among multiple UAVs across distinct administrative domains. To support such cross-domain cooperation, service function chains (SFCs) are constructed, where complex workflows are decomposed into ordered service functions assigned to appropriate UAVs along the mission path. However, it is challenging to ensure secure, trustworthy, and low-latency cross-domain SFC orchestration in identity management, authentication, and resilience to node failures. To address these issues, this paper proposes a consortium blockchain-based trust architecture for cross-domain decentralized identity verification, auditable task execution, and dynamic service-aware orchestrator selection. The framework employs a hierarchical four-phase cross-domain authentication protocol covering the credential pre-verification, intra-domain execution, secure relay, and audit logging. The use case analysis confirms that the proposed framework achieves substantial reductions in authentication latency and significant improvements in system throughput against centralized and static schemes. The open challenges in scalability, adaptive trust assessment, interoperability, and energy efficiency are discussed, thereby providing directions for future researches on secure and efficient cross-domain UAV service orchestration.
Abstract The 21st century digital transformation and rapid development of blockchain technology create fundamentally new challenges for legal regulation. The increasing popularity and economic significance of cryptocurrency as a digital asset makes its legal qualification and, consequently, regulation within the framework of inheritance law relevant. The global cryptocurrency market capitalization already reaches trillions of dollars, and millions of individuals and legal entities use crypto assets as an investment instrument, payment method, and value storage mechanism. From this reality, critical legal questions arise about inheritance in cases of cryptocurrency holders’ death. The complexity of the problem is determined by the unique characteristics of cryptocurrency: decentralized nature, cryptographic protection, private key system, and high degree of anonymity create specific difficulties for heirs’ access to and identification of these assets. This research analyzes the current state of cryptocurrency inheritance legal regulation using comparative legal methods, identifies existing problems, and develops recommendations for improving legal regulation based on international experience from the USA, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Abstract The rapid growth of digital finance—including FinTech platforms, online payment gateways, and e-commerce marketplaces—has revolutionized global financial systems while significantly expanding the cyber-attack surface. Sophisticated attacks such as AI-generated deepfakes, automated malware, ransomware, and synthetic identity fraud now threaten financial transactions. In response, cybersecurity strategies are evolving toward decentralized models, AI-enabled detection systems, Zero Trust architectures, and quantum-safe cryptography. This paper synthesizes recent academic research and industry developments (2025–2026), covering threat taxonomies, defensive strategies, emerging attack vectors, and regulatory enhancements in payment authentication. The integration of these trends underscores the necessity of robust, AI-driven, and compliance-aware security architectures for securing modern financial ecosystems.
Chukwuebuka Francis Ikenga-Metuh, Abel Yeboah-Ofori
Background: Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative communication solution for securing distributed systems. However, several vulnerabilities exist during transactions, including latency and network congestion issues during mempool processing, topology weaknesses, cross-chain bridge exploits, and cryptographic weaknesses. These vulnerabilities have led to attacks that have threatened system integrity, including Block Extractable Value (BEV) attacks, Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) attacks, sandwich attacks, liquidation, and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) reordering attacks, among others. Thus, implementing a robust security framework based on the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) triad remains critical for addressing modern blockchain technology threats. Objective: This paper examines blockchain technology, its various vulnerabilities, and attacks to determine how criminals exploit the system during transactions. Further, it evaluates its impact on users. Then, implement a blockchain attack in a “MasterChain” virtual environment to demonstrate how vulnerable spots can be practically exploited and discuss the application of the CIA security triad through modern cryptographic primitives. Methods: The approach considers Hevner’s design science framework, which emphasizes creating innovative artifacts that address identified problems while contributing to the knowledge base through rigorous evaluation. Furthermore, we developed a MasterChain tool using Python with Flask for distributed node communication, utilizing the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) with the Standards for Efficient Cryptography Prime 256-bit Koblitz curve 1 (secp256k1) for digital signatures and Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (SHA-3) (Keccak-256) hashing for block integrity. Results: show how the CIA has been implemented to provide secure communication through ECDSA-based transactions, SHA-3 chain integrity verification, and a multi-node distributed architecture, respectively. The performance analysis shows that ECDSA provides 256-bit security with 64-byte signatures compared to 2048-bit Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA)’s 256-byte signatures, achieving a 75% reduction in bandwidth overhead. SHA-3 provides immunity to length extension attacks while maintaining equivalent collision resistance to SHA-256. Conclusions: The MasterChain framework provides a practical foundation for implementing blockchain security that addresses both classical and emerging vulnerabilities. The adoption of ECDSA and SHA-3 (Keccak-256) positions the system favourably for modern blockchain applications, while providing insights into the cryptographic trade-offs between performance, security, and compatibility.
Abstract This study explores transformation of business and IT through the lens of five emerging technology fields: artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Analytics, Data Science and Blockchain. The contemporary business landscape is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the convergence AI, ML, DS, DA, and Blockchain technology. Individually, these technologies offer significant advancements: AI and ML provide sophisticated decision- making and automation capabilities, while data analytics and data science extract actionable insights and non-obvious patterns from vast datasets. Blockchain technology, a decentralized and immutable ledger, establishes a foundation of trust, transparency, and security in data management and transactions. By facilitating automation, data-driven decision-making and Data security all the above technologies transforming number of industries. The synergistic integration of these technologies creates novel business models and powerful operational enhancements in smart contract, Data sharing, Decentralized AI Marketplaces, cybersecurity. Important methods to use with these technology are covered including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, deep learning, descriptive analytics, predictive analytics, prescriptive analytics and distributed ledger technology. The challenges are also discussed, such as data privacy and quality, high cost, skill gap and interoperability. This study highlights opportunities and challenges in current trends available in AI, ML, DA, DS and Blockchain on business and IT sector. Though challenges related to scalability, regulatory compliance, and implementation complexity exist, ongoing technological advancements are actively addressing these barriers. It will be overcome by doing a thorough assessment of recent studies and identifying the potential benefits, impacts, and future directions of all the five technologies.
Abstract In the decade since the adoption of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, India has transitioned from a passive participant to a global architect of sustainable development. This paper explores the intricate mapping of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) onto India’s macroeconomic policies. It examines how the "Saptarishi" priorities of the Union Budget and the decentralization of targets through NITI Aayog have created a unique "Indian Model" of development. While progress in clean energy (SDG 7) and digital inclusion (SDG 8) has been exemplary, the paper highlights the persistent challenges of climate-induced agricultural volatility and the financing gap.
Smart contract is a type of contract that exercised automatically if requirements are met in trades, the data on chains is available at all time and no edit or central authority intervene is allowed. In China, SMEs often face high requirement of lending from bank, information asymmetry and region difference when financing. In this research, it is proved that smart contracts reduce SME financing cost via lowering human labour and spend time, which is one of reasons that smart contracts and blockchain are welcomed in SMEs. The government should set related regulations on smart contracts and technical designers need to improve systems in the future so that more SMEs could get benefits during financing programs.
Recent disclosures of industrial-scale knowledge distillation — including campaigns comprising millions of fraudulent API exchanges targeting frontier models [Anthropic, 2026] — have made post-hoc detection of model theft a critical security requirement. Building on a formally-verified framework of log-prob order-statistic geometry, we investigate the adversarial resilience of neural network identity across 72 experimental checkpoints. We establish a Two-Layer Identity Hypothesis: a model’s structural identity (weights-regime geometry) is empirically invariant to distillation (within acceptance threshold epsilon across all 18 protocols), while its functional identity (API-regime Poisson Point Process residuals) predictably transfers to the student, converging up to 52% toward the teacher’s template. Stress-testing this forensic channel against a white-box adversary, we find that functional provenance is geometrically coupled to the knowledge transfer objective. Adversarial erasure gradients are consistently dominated by the distillation loss, achieving only a transient suppression that rebounds within one epoch. Passive fine-tuning on fresh data erases the trace more effectively than any adversarial method, but at a measurable cost to general capability — revealing a Pareto frontier with no favorable region for the adversary. This establishes API forensics as a time-sensitive detective control (“The Tripwire”) and weights-regime identity as the immutable anchor (“The Vault”). Finally, we observe an apparent vulnerability: a cross-family adversarial spoofing attack achieves 69.4% convergence toward a decoy’s fingerprint, while same-family spoofing catastrophically fails. We resolve this paradox by mapping the PPP-residual vector space, revealing that models cluster by capability topology, not corporate lineage. Cross-family “spoofing” is a spatial illusion caused by a narrow 7.8 degree alignment between the decoy and the primary distillation trajectory (R2 = 0.995), whereas same-family decoys are anti-aligned. Across all adversarial interventions, the underlying Gumbel universality (delta_norm) remains invariant (CV = 1.9%). We conclude that during active distillation, an adversary cannot simultaneously acquire a teacher’s capabilities and erase or redirect the forensic trace. In this setting, the geometry forbids it. The Neural Network Identity Series — Mathematical foundations, empirical validation, and governance frameworks for verifying which model is running Newest addition: Technical Note: The Disappearing Window — AI Logprob Access Withdrawal and the Structural Verifiability of Frontier Model Contracts (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20362098) Paper 1: The δ-Gene: Inference-Time Physical Unclonable Functions from Architecture-Invariant Output Geometry (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18704275) Paper 2: Template-Based Endpoint Verification via Logprob Order-Statistic Geometry (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18776711) Paper 3: The Geometry of Model Theft: Distillation Forensics, Adversarial Erasure, and the Illusion of Spoofing (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18818608) Paper 4: Provenance Generalization and Verification Scaling for Neural Network Forensics (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18872071) Paper 5: Beneath the Character: The Structural Identity of Neural Networks — Mathematical Evidence for a Non-Narrative Layer of AI Identity (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18907292) Paper 6: Which Model Is Running?: Structural Identity as a Prerequisite for Trustworthy Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19008116) Paper 7: The Deformation Laws of Neural Identity (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19055966) Paper 8: What Counts as Proof? — Admissible Evidence for Neural Network Identity Claims (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19058540) Paper 9: Composable Model Identity — Formal Hardening of Structural Attestations in the Enterprise Identity Stack (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19099911) Paper 10:Where Identity Comes From: Path Sensitivity and Endpoint Underdetermination in Neural Network Training (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19118807) Paper 11: Post-Hoc Disclosure Is Not Runtime Proof: Model Identity at Frontier Scale (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19216634) Paper 12: Family-Dependent Response to Reasoning Distillation Across Structural and Functional Identity Layers (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19298857) Paper 13: Safety-Alignment Removal as a Model-Identity Failure — Structural Evidence from Published Weight-Level Mutation Checkpoints (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19383019) Technical Note: Agent Identity Is Not Model Identity (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19240883) Technical Note: Gap Invariance: Why PPP Measurements Are Domain-Independent by Construction (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19275524) Technical Note: Measured Model Substitution Under Valid Agent Credentials (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19342848) Technical Note: Artifact Identity Is Not Runtime Identity — Trustfall Lite and the Boundary of File-Level Model Verification (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20019127) Formal Verification Stack for Neural Network Structural Identity (IT-PUF Coq Proofs) (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18930621) Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Ray Coslett / Fall Risk AI, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Confidential and Proprietary. Patent Pending (Applications 63/982,893, 63/990,487, 63/996,680, 64/003,244).
Abstract Blockchain technology is emerging as a transformative innovation in the field of accounting by enhancing transparency, accuracy, and reliability of financial information. Traditional accounting systems often face challenges such as data manipulation, lack of real-time reporting, and dependence on centralized control. Blockchain, with its decentralized and immutable nature, provides a secure platform for recording financial transactions in a transparent and verifiable manner. Each transaction is recorded in a distributed ledger that cannot be altered without consensus, reducing the chances of fraud and errors. This technology also supports real-time data sharing among stakeholders, improving trust and accountability in financial reporting. The study explores how blockchain can improve accounting practices, auditing processes, and financial decision-making while highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future potential in the accounting profession.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory models across selected jurisdictions such as the United States, Brazil, China, Thailand, Indonesia, and the European Union and to analyze emerging trends in crypto-related economic crime, particularly in relation to implementation gaps in FATF Recommendation 15, namely the Travel Rule, and the resulting cross-jurisdictional regulatory arbitrage dynamics. Research Design & Methods: This study uses a comparative qualitative approach through document analysis and cross-country case studies. Secondary data comes from FATF, Interpol, UNODC, Chainalysis reports, national regulations, and academic literature, which are analyzed using thematic content analysis and comparative regulatory analysis. Findings: Research findings indicate that regulatory fragmentation and gaps in the implementation of FATF standards create regulatory arbitrage loopholes that are exploited by crypto criminals. Crypto crime in the 2024-2025 period is becoming more professionalized, marked by the dominance of stablecoins, the involvement of state actors, and low asset recovery rates. Network-based international investigative cooperation, has proven to be more adaptive than unilateral repressive approaches. Implications: There is a need for harmonization of cross-border AML policies, acceleration of Travel Rule implementation, and strengthening of informal investigative cooperation mechanisms and public private partnerships with VASPs to improve the effectiveness of asset tracing and recovery. Contribution & Value Added: This study enriches the literature on digital economic crime by linking regulatory arbitrage and FATF networked governance, and provides the latest empirical evidence for the formulation of adaptive AML policies in the era of decentralized finance.
Abstract The rapid expansion of cryptocurrency markets has significantly transformed global financial systems through the adoption of decentralized, blockchain-based transaction mechanisms. Digital assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum operate on distributed ledger technology, which enhances transparency, immutability, and peer-to-peer verification without reliance on traditional financial intermediaries. Despite these technological advancements, the cryptocurrency ecosystem faces escalating cybersecurity risks that threaten the integrity of financial data and reporting systems. Cryptocurrency exchanges, digital wallets, custodial services, and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms are increasingly targeted by cybercriminals through hacking, phishing schemes, ransomware attacks, private key theft, and smart contract vulnerabilities. These cybersecurity incidents have profound implications for financial record integrity, including unauthorized transactions, asset misappropriation, valuation distortions, and inaccuracies in financial statements. Unlike conventional banking systems, cryptocurrency transactions are often irreversible, amplifying the financial and accounting consequences of cyber breaches. Furthermore, the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions complicates audit verification, regulatory compliance, and internal control processes. As organizations integrate digital assets into their financial reporting frameworks, weaknesses in cybersecurity governance may undermine stakeholder confidence and market stability. This paper critically examines the major cybersecurity threats present in cryptocurrency markets and evaluates their direct and indirect impact on the reliability, accuracy, and auditability of financial records. It also analyzes existing risk mitigation strategies, including multi-factor authentication, cold storage solutions, encryption protocols, smart contract audits, and regulatory oversight mechanisms. The study concludes that while blockchain technology inherently promotes data immutability and transparency, systemic vulnerabilities at exchange, platform, and user levels continue to pose substantial risks. Strengthened cybersecurity governance frameworks, standardized accounting treatments for digital assets, and coordinated global regulatory efforts are essential to ensuring the long-term integrity and sustainability of cryptocurrency-based financial systems.
The stability of global financial markets is increasingly threatened by rapid liquidity cascades, manifesting empirically as instantaneous "Flash Crashes." Current quantitative risk models, such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), assume continuous liquidity and treat extreme volatility as probabilistic statistical anomalies based on historical distributions. These models fundamentally lack a deterministic, geometric boundary for limit-order book coherence. This paper introduces a strict topo-dynamical framework for financial network scaling. By modeling the market structure as a spatial competition between the geometric propagation of liquidity and localized volatility shocks, we derive a universal square-root geometric invariant (ℓmarket). We provide an intuitive translation of this threshold, explicitly dissect the failure of VaR during the May 2010 Flash Crash, and map the invariant across both traditional equities and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Automated Market Makers (AMMs). Finally, we present a hardware-aware (FPGA) blueprint for Active Liquidity Throttling (ALT), acknowledging systemic implementation risks and regulatory hurdles.
Kenneth Richard Dike, Ugbari Augustine, Martha Ozohu Musa
Delays and security remain major issues in traditional manual voting, while in the emerging electronic voting, trust and privacy remain issues in its adoption. This research presents the design and development of a secure electronic voting protocol that combines biometric verification of a standard identity with cryptography to preserve election integrity. This research follows the Design Science Research Methodology, producing the protocol as an artefact, beginning with quick work on it and iteratively improving it during development. The proposed architecture uses a combined National Identity verification and Liveness detection procedure for user authentication, ensuring voter uniqueness and preventing impersonation. It also integrates the RSA blind signature protocol to prevent direct linking of votes to their voters. It uses Paillier encryption to safeguard votes both in transit and at rest, and this encryption scheme has a homomorphic property that enables aggregation of encrypted votes and decryption of the final tally. It uses the SHA-256 cryptographic hashing algorithm, the HMAC authentication technique and the AES-GCM encryption to secure the integrity of data. It also uses zero-knowledge proofs to demonstrate the correctness of encrypted votes and decrypted tallies. Testing showed that it prevented a photo spoofing attempt and also blocked authentication using a person’s mother’s identity data. Also, when the blinded vote is compared with the unblinded, via local logs on the development system, there is no direct link. The whole system shows a secure electronic voting protocol that is easy to use and can be trusted.
This paper examines the critical role of education in fostering decentralized finance (DeFi) and cryptocurrency literacy. Drawing on qualitative interviews with industry professionals and educators, the study explores how formal education, online learning, and peer-to-peer knowledge sharing shape public understanding of DeFi systems. The findings highlight that limited access to structured educational resources hinders the adoption of crypto technologies, especially in emerging economies. Interviewees emphasized the importance of learning environments that not only teach technical concepts but also explain the risks, use cases, and ethical dimensions of decentralized technologies. While online communities and social media platforms offer learning opportunities, they also expose users to misinformation and hype-driven content. The paper advocates for integrating blockchain topics into academic curricula and promoting accessible digital literacy initiatives to support inclusive participation in the evolving financial ecosystem. It also suggests that governments and educational institutions partner with fintech innovators to create standardized, multilingual, and culturally adaptive learning content. By improving blockchain literacy through both formal and informal educational channels, the industry can close the knowledge gap, increase responsible adoption, and reduce the digital divide in the global financial system (Prajapati, 2025). This research contributes to the understanding of how knowledge dissemination strategies influence technology adoption in disruptive finance sectors.
In classical electrodynamics, complex constitutive parameters encode both dispersive and dissipative behavior of matter under electromagnetic excitation. The real component of the permittivity governs reversible polarization and energy storage, while the imaginary component governs irreversible transfer of field energy into microscopic degrees of freedom. This work presents an interpretive clarification: the imaginary component may be read as a structural ledger of irreversible participation already embedded within the electromagnetic response formalism. Without modifying Maxwell’s equations, conservation laws, or thermodynamic principles, this perspective makes explicit that dissipation and irreversibility are not appended phenomenologically but arise directly from constitutive closure in linear response theory. The analysis further distinguishes between the magnitude and the spatial distribution of irreversible participation, introducing a participation-ratio diagnostic to characterize whether dissipation remains distributed or becomes localized under constraint. This distinction clarifies how coherent structure may persist despite finite loss, and why structurally localized dissipation can lead to instability or transition even when total energy loss is unchanged. The contribution is strictly interpretive, providing a conceptual bridge between electromagnetic response theory and constraint-based descriptions of persistence and irreversibility within established physics.
The development of blockchain technology encourages the use of smart contracts as digital contract instruments that are automatic and cannot be changed, especially in cross-sector commercial transactions. This study aims to analyze the legal status of blockchain-based smart contracts as well as evaluate the possibility of their integration in legally recognized commercial contract dispute resolution mechanisms. This research uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual and case legislation approach conducted through a literature study of laws and regulations, legal doctrine, as well as relevant decisions and cases. This study does not involve respondents or informants because it focuses on the analysis of legal norms and concepts. The data was analyzed qualitatively juridically through interpretation methods and legal arguments. The results of the study show that smart contracts can in principle be integrated in the settlement of commercial contract disputes as an instrument for the implementation and proof of contracts, but have not been able to fully replace the role of conventional dispute resolution mechanisms due to their limitations in handling legal interpretation, the application of the principle of good faith, and certain conditions such as non-technical defaults. This study concludes that the integration of smart contracts requires a hybrid model that combines technology-based automated execution with a law-based dispute resolution mechanism to ensure legal certainty and substantive justice in commercial contract practice.
The development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as a new form of automated commercial agreement. Smart contracts are self-executing programs that perform contractual obligations when predetermined conditions are met, reducing the need for intermediaries and increasing efficiency in commercial transactions. Their growing use raises important legal questions regarding their validity and enforceability under existing legal systems, particularly under U.S. commercial law. This article examines the legal nature and enforceability of smart contracts within the framework of United States commercial law. It analyzes whether smart contracts satisfy the essential elements of contract formation, including offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual assent. The article also explores the applicability of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and its role in recognizing electronic and automated agreements. The article concludes that smart contracts can be legally enforceable under U.S. commercial law if they meet traditional contract requirements. Existing legal principles are flexible enough to accommodate smart contracts, making them a reliable tool for modern digital commerce.
This paper provides a theoretical and methodological basis for aligning digital tax control technologies with tax policy principles in Russia and Tajikistan. This study’s value and innovation stem from tax control’s digital shift and linking tech to tax system principles. The object of the study is tax relations and tax administration practices in the digital transformation of public administration in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The subject of the study is the theoretical and methodological foundations for aligning digital tax control technologies, such as big data, AI, distributed ledgers, the Industrial Internet of Things, and analytical platforms, with the fundamental principles of state tax policy. The research aims to develop the conceptual contours of the theoretical and methodological study and a mechanism for aligning digital tools and tax policy principles, as well as to identify the institutional, legal, axiological, and process conditions that determine the feasibility and limits of integrating digital control tools into the tax systems of Russia and Tajikistan. The study employed abstract and conceptual analysis, a source review and synthesis, theoretical modeling, and generic scientific methods . The author focused on analyzing and assessing digital tools’ compliance with legal, neutral, transparent, predictable, efficient, and fiscally sustainable principles. The work’s finding is a conclusion: there are methodological limitations in the digitalization of tax control. The author presented a conceptual system, highlighted research areas, and called for framework development. This study covers boosting strategic digital tax solutions, tax policies, the digital transformation of tax authorities, and digital tax control systems.
The article presents a comprehensive study of the transformation of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Ukraine under the dual influence of the fiscal decentralization reform of 2014–2020 and the unprecedented wartime shock of 2022–2025, alongside the emergence of a donor-conditional post-war reconstruction architecture. The author delineates the basic categories: intergovernmental fiscal relations, fiscal federalism, fiscal and budgetary decentralization. The author substantiates the thesis that the Ukrainian reform implemented predominantly budgetary rather than fiscal decentralization due to the dominance of shared taxes without local control over the base and rate. The impact of Law No. 3428-IX, which redirected the «military» personal income tax to the state budget from 1 October 2023, and the freezing of the reverse subvention is analyzed as an institutional precedent that distorts horizontal equalization. Growing territorial disparities are identified between the capital (39 % of municipal-level revenues in 2024), western agglomerations, and frontline communities that lost up to 45 % of revenues. The article reveals the risks of a «two-channel» community financing system through the Ukraine Facility of 50 billion euros for 2024–2027, the World Bank SURGE programme, and the European Investment Bank instruments. The author proposes a hybrid model of transformation of intergovernmental fiscal relations involving a differentiated PIT allocation rate depending on the status of the community, the replacement of the reverse subvention with a territorial solidarity fund based on a multifactor distribution formula, and an integrated project cycle with external donor instruments. Six substantive theses concerning the further architecture of the system are formulated with reference to the fiscal rules of the European Union and the subsidiarity principle of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Particular attention is paid to the institutional strengthening of the meso-level following the Polish experience of establishing regional accounting chambers and associations of self-government.
본 연구는 스마트계약에 전통적인 계약에 적용되는 현행법을 적용할 수 있는지 계약성립에 관한 쟁점을 중심으로 고찰하였다. Quoine Pte Ltd v B2C2 Ltd 사건에서 컴퓨터 프로그램에 의해 자동으로 암호화폐를 거래하는 것은 인간의 개입이 없더라도 법적 구속력이 있는 계약으로 판단하였으므로 스마트계약에서 발생하는 분쟁에도 현행법을 적용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 영국법과 민법상 스마트계약은 코드를 공개하는 청약과 조건의 성취를 위한 행위에 의한 승낙으로 성립됨을 인정한다고 볼 수 있다. 코드의 설계와 이행에 대한 착오는 영국법상 공통착오와 일방착오로 구분하여 계약의 무효 여부를 판단하고, 민법에서는 표시착오, 내용착오, 동기의 착오로 구분하여 착오로 인한 취소 여부를 판단해 볼 수 있다.
This study aims to examine the development and structure of global research on Sharia finance through a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2024. Using bibliometric techniques and visualization tools such as VOSviewer, this study analyzes publication trends, collaboration networks among authors, institutions, and countries, as well as the thematic evolution of research topics in the field of Islamic finance. The results indicate that research on Sharia finance has grown significantly during the observed period, reflecting the increasing global importance of Islamic financial systems. The collaboration analysis shows that several key authors and institutions play central roles in connecting different research groups, while countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States emerge as important contributors to the global research network. Keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals that dominant themes include Islamic banking, Sharia compliance, financial institutions, and Islamic law. At the same time, emerging topics such as financial technology (fintech), blockchain, decentralized finance, and financial inclusion indicate a shift toward digital transformation and innovation in Islamic financial services. Furthermore, themes related to sustainable development, ESG, and waqf highlight the growing integration of Islamic finance with broader sustainability and ethical finance agendas. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure, collaboration patterns, and emerging research trends in Sharia finance, offering valuable insights for future academic research and policy development in the global Islamic financial industry.
We present APIS v2.0 (Agent Passport Issuance Standard), a cryptographic identity framework for autonomous AI agents operating across organizational boundaries and agentic frameworks. APIS v2.0 defines a credential chain grounded in legal mandate doctrine, hardware trust anchors (TPM 2.0), and DNS-anchored identity for cloud-hosted agents. Each agent receives a realm-scoped Decentralized Identifier (DID) and a signed Passport JWT binding the agent to a named principal, a scoped mandate, and a verifiable machine identity. The framework introduces a tiered trust model accommodating physical TPM (Tier 1) through DNS-registered identity (Tier 2.5), enabling CMMC Level 2 compliance for AI agent operations. We describe the APIS-APP provisioning protocol — an ACME-equivalent automated passport issuance mechanism — and demonstrate interoperability across OpenHands, Claude Code, Codex, and custom agent frameworks. A reference implementation is available at passportalliance.org.
Every standard signature scheme enforces one property: only the key holdercan sign. What the key holder signs is unconstrained. Policy enforcement-- spending limits, rate limits, access control -- lives in smartcontracts, middleware, or governance: layers that can be upgraded,bypassed, or exploited. We call this the software-layer assumption:compliance holds only if the enforcing code is correct and unmodified. We eliminate this assumption. We introduce behavior-bound signatures(BBS), in which a policy constraint delta(x) < epsilon is committed atkey generation and enforced inside the signature's zero-knowledge proof.If the action violates the policy, the ZK constraint system isunsatisfiable -- no witness, no proof, no signature. This is not asoftware check. It is a mathematical impossibility. No software canoverride. Unlike policy-based signatures (where an authority imposes policy onsigners), BBS is self-committed: the signer binds their own futurebehavior at key generation, and even the signer cannot later violate orrevoke this commitment. We formalize this as policy-soundness (PS-CMA), a security modelstrictly stronger than EUF-CMA, and prove it under standard assumptions(Pedersen binding, Poseidon CR, ZK knowledge soundness). From thissingle primitive, five independent consequences follow -- not as separatedesigns, but as necessary implications of one cryptographic root: (A) Compliance safety under f <= n-1 Byzantine faults, decoupled from honest-quorum assumptions.(B) O(1) verification and audit via a single ZK check and Pedersen homomorphic aggregation.(C) Elimination of the virtual-machine execution layer for policy-constrained transactions.(D) A gasless ledger: branch C removes metering, while ZK-encoded rate limits make spam mathematically nonexistent.(E) The first cryptographic guarantee that a compromised autonomous AI agent cannot exceed its authorized behavioral envelope. Moreover, the zero-knowledge property ensures that complianceverification reveals neither the signer's identity nor the transactionparameters -- achieving regulatory compliance without identitydisclosure, complementary to existing ZK-KYC frameworks that verifystatic identity attributes.