Distinguishing between benign and poisoned gradients hidden behind cryptographic masks is a critical challenge in privacy-preserving federated learning (FL). Existing robust aggregation defenses suffer from two primary limitations: (1) susceptibility to manipulation, where adversaries induce deviations from standard protocols to bypass statistics-based defenses (e.g., mean or median), and (2) limited detection granularity, where the reliance on coarse statistics under encryption fails to identify subtle or coordinated poisoning behaviors. To address these issues, we propose RankFL, a poison-robust and privacy-preserving FL scheme that leverages order sorting over ciphertext gradients. RankFL utilizes an efficient Paillier-based two-party comparison protocol to construct a joint order tree, facilitating quartile-driven filtering of malicious updates without compromising individual gradient privacy. Furthermore, we introduce RankFL-Extend, which incorporates zero-knowledge proof-of-knowledge and bidirectional verification to secure the ranking process against active adversaries. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis to establish the scheme's privacy, indistinguishability, and convergence guarantees. Extensive experiments across diverse datasets and attack scenarios demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves a$3\%$accuracy improvement over state-of-the-art defenses under poisoning attacks.
Crypto currency has emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations in modern financial history. Beginning with the introduction of Bitcoin in 2009, decentralized digital currencies have challenged traditional financial systems by enabling peer-to-peer transactions without centralized intermediaries. This paper examines the impact of cryptocurrency on global financial systems, including banking, monetary policy, financial inclusion, cross-border payments, and regulatory structures. It explores both opportunities—such as decentralization, efficiency, and innovation—and risks, including volatility, regulatory uncertainty, financial crime, and systemic threats. The study also analyses the rise of decentralized finance (DeFi) and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) as responses to the growing influence of blockchain-based financial models. The research concludes that while cryptocurrencies present transformative potential, their long-term integration into financial systems will depend on regulatory clarity, technological scalability, and macroeconomic stability.
Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have emerged as important innovations in the global financial system. Cryptocurrency is a digital form of money that uses cryptographic techniques to ensure secure financial transactions. Blockchain technology acts as a decentralized and transparent ledger that records all transactions in a secure manner. The rapid growth of digital payments, financial technology, and global connectivity has increased the importance of cryptocurrency and blockchain in modern finance. This research paper examines the role of cryptocurrency and blockchain in transforming financial markets, improving transparency, and reducing transaction costs. The study is based on secondary data collected from financial reports, academic journals, and international organizations. The analysis indicates that blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize financial systems by increasing efficiency, security, and accessibility in financial transactions.
The global financial landscape is experiencing significant transformation driven by technological advancements and evolving market dynamics. Moreover, blockchain technology has become a pivotal platform with widespread applications, especially in finance. Cross-border payments have emerged as a key area of interest, with blockchain offering inherent benefits such as enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency compared to traditional banking systems. This paper presents a novel framework leveraging blockchain technology and smart contracts to emulate cross-border payments, ensuring interoperability and compliance with international standards such as ISO20022. Key contributions of this paper include a novel prototype framework for implementing smart contracts and web clients for streamlined transactions and a mechanism to translate ISO20022 standard messages. Our framework can provide a practical solution for secure, efficient, and transparent cross-border transactions, contributing to the ongoing evolution of global finance and the emerging landscape of decentralized finance.
The preservation of historical records is critical for maintaining cultural heritage and providing future generations with accurate historical insights. Traditional storage methods are vulnerable to tampering, loss, and unauthorized access, presenting challenges in safeguarding document authenticity. This paper proposes a hybrid blockchain-based document management system, utilizing Quorum as a private, permissioned blockchain for authorized modifications by trusted historians and institutions, and Ethereum as a public blockchain for immutable record verification. By integrating the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized storage and employing smart contracts to enforce access control, this system ensures secure modification and transparent public access for document verification. Can be developed in collaboration with entities such as the International Historical Research Consortium (IHRC) and the Indian Council of Historical Research, the proposed architecture facilitates a trustworthy digital archive that meets academic standards for historical document preservation.
B. Siva Ganesh, Aditya Basantia, Soumya Sambit Mishra, Jagdish Behera · 5 authors
Healthcare systems are essential for patient care and data management but face persistent challenges with data security, interoperability, and transparency. Traditional centralized storage models increase data breach risks and limit patients’ control over personal health information, complicating seamless data sharing across providers. However, centralized storage systems still lack the security and interoperability required for robust data sharing. To address this, our study proposes a ZKP-based verification system integrated with NFT blockchain technology, aimed at enhancing identity verification while ensuring data privacy and patient control. In our method, NFTs serve as unique digital identifiers linked to patient records, while zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) confirm data ownership without disclosing sensitive information. Our findings indicate that this approach mitigates identity fraud risks, strengthens data security, and offers a patient-centered system for selective data access. Beyond patient records, our solution supports transparency in clinical trials and pharmaceutical supply chains, combating counterfeiting and improving quality control. In our paper, we proposed a ZKP-based verification system integrated with NFT blockchain technology to improve identity verification in healthcare, offering a robust, patient-centered approach to data security and integrity.
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
The proliferation of misinformation in real-time digital media demands innovative solutions for verifiable journalism. This paper introduces SolanaNet-Journal, a pioneering framework leveraging Solana's high-throughput blockchain and multi-agent AI networks to enable immutable, real-time news dissemination with embedded credibility assurance. Autonomous agents, specialized in sourcing, cross-verification, and provenance tracking, collaborate via Solana smart contracts to process breaking stories at over 2,000 verifications per second, achieving sub-second finality unattainable on legacy blockchains. Key innovations include a hybrid proof-of-history consensus fused with agent Byzantine agreement, cryptographic hashing for tamper-evident content streams, and a dynamic credibility scoring model that adapts to evolving narratives using stake-weighted incentives. Implemented on Solana devnet, the system demonstrates 92% accuracy in fact-checking live datasets from global events, outperforming centralized tools by 4x in latency and resilience to adversarial inputs. Evaluations across scalability, security, and real-world case studies affirm its robustness against deepfakes and viral falsehoods. By decentralizing trust, SolanaNet-Journal redefines journalistic integrity in hyper-dynamic media landscapes, paving the way for ethical, scalable AI-blockchain hybrids in inclusive communication ecosystems.
By 2026, India's urban transition is no longer a gradual demographic shift it has become the central axis of national economic stability. Cities are now the primary engines of growth, employment, and productivity. Yet the financial architecture that supports them remains structurally weak. The 16th Finance Commission (2026–2031), chaired by Arvind Panagariya, faces a defining challenge: redesigning fiscal federalism at a moment when urban India is expanding faster than its capacity to finance itself. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) stand at the heart of this tension. Although cities contribute a growing share to India's GDP, their financial autonomy remains constrained. The combined budget of India's 4,500+ ULBs amounts to roughly 1.3% of GDP, while their own-source revenue (OSR) generation is only about 0.6%. This gap reflects a deeper structural imbalance between expenditure responsibilities and revenue-raising powers. The weakness is most evident in property taxation the cornerstone of municipal finance worldwide. In India, property tax collections hover around 0.2% of GDP. In comparison, the OECD average stands at 1.08%, while countries like the United Kingdom (3.11%) and Canada (3.05%) demonstrate the fiscal potential of robust property tax systems. India's "property paradox" is rooted in valuation gaps, outdated rent control regimes, and extensive exemptions. Despite rising real estate values, tax realization remains minimal. At the same time, climate change has moved from a distant threat to a measurable economic variable. Heatwaves, floods, and water stress now erode an estimated 4–6% of GDP annually through productivity losses and infrastructure damage. In this context, fiscal reform must evolve into what can be called "Green Federalism" a framework that embeds climate performance within intergovernmental transfers. With the operationalization of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency-led Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, alongside the sovereign AI initiative BharatGen, Ind...
Existing high performance blockchains verify one signature per transaction on the critical path, which creates O(N) verification cost, high hardware pressure, and difficult post quantum migration. This paper presents ACE Runtime, a ZKP native execution layer built on identity authorization separation. We replace per transaction signature checks with lightweight HMAC attestations in the hot path, then generate one aggregated zero knowledge finality certificate per block in an asynchronous prove stage. The system is organized as an Attest Execute Prove pipeline with two tier finality: soft finality from BFT voting and hard finality from proof verification. Under standard cryptographic assumptions, we provide formal arguments for attestation unforgeability and hard finality irreversibility. We also define a two phase timeout and backup proving path with witness availability gossip for liveness under builder failure. Quantitative results combine analytical modeling with reference implementation measurements. The prototype shows low CPU orchestration overhead, while model driven analysis projects constant per block verification cost, lower validator hardware requirements for non builders, and better bandwidth efficiency than per transaction signature designs. These results indicate that identity authorization separation is a practical architecture for sub second cryptographic finality with a clear path toward stronger post quantum components.
Blockchain technology is a somewhat new approach to finding the integrity and chain of digital evidence in various industries, including law enforcement, forensic investigations, supply chain management, and judicial proceedings. Although traditional evidence-keeping systems are prone to manipulation, loss, and inefficiency, blockchain offers an immutable, transparent, and decentralized ledger that securely records and validates every evidence-related transaction. Blockchain technology increases reliability in handling both physical and digital evidence. It uses distributed consensus, intelligent contracts, and cryptographic hashing to eliminate human error and backdoor intervention by assuring immutability, accountability, and automation. This study offers a model blockchain (Chain of Digital Evidence) based on the Ethereum blockchain to guarantee integrity and authenticity in the chain of digital evidence. Ethereum&s;s decentralization ensures that digital evidence is free from manipulation, transparent, and easily verifiable. The study discusses other challenges and prospects for integrating the Ethereum blockchain into the digital evidence chain.
Materi ini membahas kerangka penilaian kehalalan aset kripto menurut pendekatan Muhammadiyah dengan menekankan pemisahan antara teknologi blockchain sebagai infrastruktur dan aset kripto sebagai objek transaksi. Kripto diposisikan sebagai harta (māl mutaqawwām) sehingga hukum asal pemanfaatannya adalah mubah muqayyad, yaitu boleh tetapi terikat syarat-syarat syariah. Kehalalan transaksi kripto ditopang oleh dua pilar utama, yakni keabsahan objek dan kehalalan mekanisme transaksi. Pada sisi objek, aset dinilai layak apabila memiliki fungsi nyata, seperti penyimpanan nilai, utilitas, tata kelola, atau dukungan terhadap infrastruktur teknologi; sebaliknya, aset yang terkait ekosistem haram, skema penipuan, perjudian, atau token tanpa utilitas yang murni spekulatif dinilai tidak memenuhi syarat. Pada sisi mekanisme, transaksi spot atas aset yang halal pada dasarnya dibolehkan, sedangkan futures, margin, leverage, short selling, pump-and-dump, dan crypto lending berbasis imbal hasil tetap dipandang bermasalah karena mengandung unsur riba, gharar, maysir, atau penjualan atas barang yang tidak dimiliki. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa beberapa praktik Web3 memerlukan pembedaan hukum yang lebih rinci, seperti liquidity providing, staking pools, native validator staking, dan airdrop, yang statusnya bergantung pada struktur akad, sumber imbalan, serta substansi aktivitas yang difasilitasi. Pada akhirnya, materi ini menegaskan pentingnya literasi, kehati-hatian, dan kepatuhan terhadap hukum negara dalam aktivitas kripto, termasuk pembatasan penggunaan kripto sebagai alat pembayaran. Kata kunci: aset kripto, hukum Islam, Muhammadiyah, Web3, DeFi, staking, transaksi syariah
The rapid convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and decentralized finance (DeFi) is reshaping the digital economy by enabling autonomous, trustless, and value-driven interactions among connected devices. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the emerging paradigm that combines IoT's pervasive sensing and communication capabilities with DeFi's programmable financial infrastructure. We first discuss the motivation behind this convergence and explore key opportunities, including autonomous machine-to-machine (M2M) payments, decentralized data marketplaces, and trustless IoT service provisioning. Despite its potential, IoT-DeFi integration introduces significant security and privacy challenges related to smart contract vulnerabilities, consensus protocol risks, oracle manipulation, and constrained device capabilities. We review existing mitigation approaches such as lightweight cryptography, secure contract design, and decentralized identity management, and critically assess their limitations in heterogeneous, resource-limited environments. Building on this analysis, identify research gaps and propose future directions emphasizing formal verification of IoT-integrated smart contracts, robust oracle design, interoperability frameworks, and privacy-preserving trust models. This survey systematically maps opportunities, threats, and open issues. In doing so, it guides researchers and practitioners toward building secure, scalable, and energy-efficient IoT-DeFi ecosystems for next-generation decentralized applications.
This article examines how a decentralized digital approach can support employment generation in the public sector. It introduces the idea of a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and explains the DAONATION model as a decentralized workforce system built on distributed ledgers, smart contracts and verified digital identities. The study uses a straightforward analytical approach based on available talent baselines, participation assumptions and sensitivity checks to estimate the employment potential of the model. A 19-month implementation plan is described, covering the design stage, the pre-production phase and pilot testing in selected government departments. Important elements such as identity verification, treasury management and data protection are included as core parts of the system. By linking the indicators from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) framework with the functional features of DAO architecture, the article shows how the model can be useful for policy planning. Overall, the DAONATION model indicates that decentralized systems can help improve transparency, reliability and inclusion in public-sector employment programmes.
Web3, the notion of a decentralised internet powered by blockchain technology, has introduced new scams that are masked in legitimacy and perpetrated through social media. Drawing on interviews and social media data, the study reveals that Web3 fraud thrives among African youth due to economic hardship and weak regulatory oversight. It contends that Web3's ethos feeds a population embroiled in the quest for survival, creating an avenue for manipulation in a largely unregulated space. Here, two kinds of fraud thrive: the use of Web3 as a smokescreen by fraudsters and 'community as bailout' coupled with the 'fear of missing out' (FOMO) as an entrapment, thus revealing how 'communities' become exploitative tools within digital economies of trust. It stresses the need for increased Web3 literacy and clearer oversight as essential to addressing fraud, and situates 'Satoshi-Pablo' as a framework for understanding how innovation and exploitation co-exist in Nigeria's digital landscape.
Smart contracts are fundamental components of blockchain ecosystems; however, their security remains a critical concern due to inherent vulnerabilities. While existing detection methodologies are predominantly syntax-oriented, targeting reentrancy and arithmetic errors, they often overlook logical flaws arising from defective business logic. This paper introduces SmartGraphical, a novel security framework specifically engineered to identify logical attack surfaces. By synthesizing automated static analysis with an interactive graphical representation of contract architectures, SmartGraphical facilitates a comprehensive inspection of a contract's functional control flow. To mitigate the context-dependent nature of logical bugs, the tool adopts a human-in-the-loop approach, empowering developers to interpret heuristic warnings within a visualized structural context. The efficacy of SmartGraphical was validated through a rigorous empirical evaluation involving a large dataset of real-world contracts and a large-scale user study with 100 developers of varying expertise. Furthermore, the framework's performance was demonstrated through case studies on high-profile exploits, such as the SYFI rebase failure and farming protocol flash swap attacks, proving that SmartGraphical identifies intricate vulnerabilities that elude state-of-the-art automated detectors. Our findings indicate that this hybrid methodology significantly enhances the interpretability and detection rate of non-trivial logical security threats in smart contracts.
Optimizing asset exchanges on blockchain-driven platforms poses a novel and challenging graph query optimization problem. In this model, assets represent vertices and exchanges form edges, recasting the graph query task as a routing problem over a large-scale, dynamic graph. However, the existing solutions fail to solve the problem efficiently due to the non-linear nature of the edge weights defined by a concave swap function. To address the challenge, we propose PRIME, a two-stage iterative graph algorithm designed for the Token Graph Routing Problem (TGRP). The first stage employs a pruned graph search to efficiently identify a set of high-potential routing paths. The second stage formulates the allocation task as a strongly convex optimization problem, which we solve using our novel Adaptive Sign Gradient Method (ASGM) with a linear convergence rate. Extensive experiments on real-world Ethereum data confirm PRIME's advantages over industry baselines. PRIME consistently outperforms the widely-used Uniswap routing algorithm, achieving up to 8.42 basis points (bps) better execution prices on large trades while reducing computation up to 96.7%. The practicality of PRIME is further validated by its deployment in hedge fund production environments, demonstrating its viability as a scalable graph query processing solution for high-frequency decentralized markets.
Mahmoud Hafez, Eman Ouda, Mohammed A. Mohammed Eltoum, Khaled Salah · 5 authors
Aircraft engine blade maintenance relies on inspection records shared across manufacturers, airlines, maintenance organizations, and regulators. Yet current systems are fragmented, difficult to audit, and vulnerable to tampering. This paper presents BladeChain, a blockchain-based system providing immutable traceability for blade inspections throughout the component life cycle. BladeChain is the first system to integrate multi-stakeholder endorsement, automated inspection scheduling, AI model provenance, and cryptographic evidence binding, delivering auditable maintenance traceability for aerospace deployments. Built on a four-stakeholder Hyperledger Fabric network (OEM, Airline, MRO, Regulator), BladeChain captures every life-cycle event in a tamper-evident ledger. A chaincode-enforced state machine governs blade status transitions and automatically triggers inspections when configurable flight hour, cycle, or calendar thresholds are exceeded, eliminating manual scheduling errors. Inspection artifacts are stored off-chain in IPFS and linked to on-chain records via SHA-256 hashes, with each inspection record capturing the AI model name and version used for defect detection. This enables regulators to audit both what defects were found and how they were found. The detection module is pluggable, allowing organizations to adopt or upgrade inspection models without modifying the ledger or workflows. We built a prototype and evaluated it on workloads of up to 100 blades, demonstrating 100% life cycle completion with consistent throughput of 26 operations per minute. A centralized SQL baseline quantifies the consensus overhead and highlights the security trade-off. Security validation confirms tamper detection within 17~ms through hash verification.
Joel Lidin, Amir Sarfi, Erfan Miahi, Quentin Anthony · 9 authors
Recently, there has been increased interest in globally distributed training, which has the promise to both reduce training costs and democratize participation in building large-scale foundation models. However, existing models trained in a globally distributed manner are relatively small in scale and have only been trained with whitelisted participants. Therefore, they do not yet realize the full promise of democratized participation. In this report, we describe Covenant-72B, an LLM produced by the largest collaborative globally distributed pre-training run (in terms of both compute and model scale), which simultaneously allowed open, permissionless participation supported by a live blockchain protocol. We utilized a state-of-the-art communication-efficient optimizer, SparseLoCo, supporting dynamic participation with peers joining and leaving freely. Our model, pre-trained on approximately 1.1T tokens, performs competitively with fully centralized models pre-trained on similar or higher compute budgets, demonstrating that fully democratized, non-whitelisted participation is not only feasible, but can be achieved at unprecedented scale for a globally distributed pre-training run.
This paper tackles the discovery of tMEV, that is, the Maximal Extractable Value on blockchains that arises from Token smart contracts. This scope differs from the existing MEV-discovery research, which analyzes application-layer contracts or attacker contracts, but ignores the wide and diverse range of token contracts. This paper presents a pipeline of techniques for tMEV discovery, including tSCAN, a static analysis tool for identifying non-standard supply-control functions in token contracts, and tSEARCH, a searcher that uncovers profitable tMEV opportunities by generating, refining, and solving token-specific constraints. By replaying real-world transactions, this paper demonstrates both the profitability of tMEV strategies and existing searchers' unawareness of them: the proposed tSEARCH extracts $10\times$ more profit than observed MEV activity on Ethereum. The practicality of tMEV searching is demonstrated through a prototype built on Slither, showing high effectiveness with low performance overhead.
In high-speed rail (HSR) systems, federated learning (FL) enables cross-departmental flow prediction without sharing raw data. However, existing schemes suffer from two key limitations: (1) insufficient incentives, leading to free-riding and model poisoning; and (2) centralized aggregation, which introduces a single point of failure. We propose a secure and efficient framework SI-ChainFL that addresses these issues by combining contribution-aware incentives with decentralized aggregation. First, we quantify client contributions using a Shapley value metric that jointly considers rare-event utility, data diversity, data quality, and timeliness. To reduce computational overhead, we further develop a rare positive driven client clustering strategy to accelerate Shapley estimation. Moreover, we design a blockchain-based consensus protocol for decentralized aggregation, where aggregation eligibility is tied to Shapley incentives. This design motivates clients to submit high-quality updates and enables efficient and secure global aggregation. Experiments on MNIST, CIFAR 10 and CIFAR 100, and a HSR flow dataset show that SI ChainFL remains effective under 90% malicious clients in PA attacks, achieving 14.12% higher accuracy than RAGA. Theoretical analysis further guarantees an upper bound on performance
In post-quantum blockchain settings, objects that require validity proofs (e.g., blob roots, execution-layer or consensus-layer signature aggregates) must be broadcast through mempool and relay networks. Recursive STARKs have been proposed to aggregate such proofs so that each node forwards one proof per tick plus objects without proofs, capping per-node proof bandwidth at roughly 128 KB degree per tick. We observe that propagation does not inherently require validity proofs on the path-only a lightweight assurance that an object is eligible for relay. We present AR-ACE (ACE-GF-based Attestation Relay for PQC), in which relay nodes forward objects plus compact attestations (e.g., identity-bound signatures or commitments) and do not generate, hold, or forward any full validity proof. Only the builder (or final verifier) performs a single aggregated validity proof over the set of objects it includes. This proof-off-path design removes proof overhead from the propagation path entirely, yielding an order-of-magnitude reduction in proof-related relay bandwidth relative to proof-carrying propagation. When instantiated with ACE-GF-derived attestation keys, AR-ACE preserves a unified identity story with on-chain authorization and is PQC-ready. We specify a protocol model, state design goals and security considerations, define security games, and provide a structural bandwidth comparison with recursive-STARK-based propagation.
Control of encrypted digital assets is traditionally equated with permanent possession of private keys, a model that precludes regulatory supervision, conditional delegation, and legally compliant transfer at the cryptographic layer. Existing remedies (multi-signature schemes, threshold signatures, smart contracts, custodial delegation) require persistent key exposure, on-chain state mutation, or trusted intermediaries. We introduce Condition-Triggered Dormant Authorization Paths (CT-DAP), a cryptographic asset control method built on destructible authorization factors and parameterized by a root-derivable framework satisfying deterministic key derivation, context-isolated capability generation, and authorization-bound revocation. Under CT-DAP, control rights are dormant authorization paths composed of user-held credentials and administrative factors held by independent custodians; a path remains cryptographically inactive until all factors are simultaneously available. Upon verification of predefined conditions (e.g., user consent, inheritance events, time-based triggers), the corresponding factor is released, activating the path. Revocation is achieved by destroying factors, rendering the path permanently unusable without altering the cryptographic root. We formalize the threat model, define security games for unauthorized control resistance, path isolation, and stateless revocation, and prove security under standard assumptions (AEAD security of AES-GCM-SIV, PRF security of HKDF, memory-hardness of Argon2id, collision resistance of SHA-256). We instantiate CT-DAP using the Atomic Cryptographic Entity Generative Framework (ACE-GF) and evaluate performance, demonstrating sub-second activation latency with configurable security-performance trade-offs.
The rapid integration of Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled large-scale data storage, real-time analytics, and automation across a wide range of applications. Nonetheless, centralized architectures in Cloud-IoT integrations are subject to serious issues related to data security, trust, transparency, and automated access control. This paper introduces a smart contract framework based on blockchain to distribute data and implement a computerized system in Cloud-IoT securely. The proposed solution can be achieved through blockchain, which provides a decentralized, tamper-resistant architecture, thereby guaranteeing data integrity, non-repudiation, and a clear transaction log between heterogeneous IoT devices and Cloud services. Smart contracts enforce policies of data sharing, authentication, authorization, and service-level agreements without using trusted third parties. The framework enables access control at a fine-grain scale and dynamic policy enforcement, which allows a safe and effective process of data exchange in multi-stakeholder ecosystems. Moreover, the off-chain Cloud storage with on-chain verification will resolve the issues of blockchain scaling and storage capacity and ensure security assurances. A qualitative relationship results in the proposed architecture taking a long step in enhancing trust, minimizing operational overhead, and limiting the common security threats, including data manipulation, unauthorized access, and single points of failure. The proposed solution provides a strong foundation for next-generation Cloud-IoT systems in applications such as smart cities, healthcare, industrial automation, and intelligent transportation systems.