This research paper provides an exhaustive and multi-dimensional analysis of the relationship between financial literacy and the investment behaviors of the teenage demographic (ages 13–19). In the contemporary era, characterized by the "fintech revolution" and the ubiquitous nature of digital assets, traditional barriers to entry in financial markets have largely disintegrated. Consequently, adolescents are now engaging with highly complex and volatile financial instruments, including fractional equities, cryptocurrencies, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), often before they have attained a basic understanding of economic principles. This study identifies a critical "literacy-participation gap" that exposes young investors to unprecedented risks. Utilizing a qualitative-descriptive meta-synthesis, the paper integrates perspectives from behavioral economics, social learning theory, and adolescent neurobiology to evaluate how varying levels of financial knowledge influence risk perception, asset selection, and long-term financial health. The findings suggest that while high levels of financial literacy correlate with diversified portfolios and risk-mitigation strategies, the "gamified" architecture of modern trading platforms and the influence of social media "finfluencers" often override rational decisionmaking processes. The paper concludes with an urgent call for a paradigm shift in financial pedagogy, advocating for the integration of digital media literacy and behavioral psychology into standard secondary education to foster a more resilient generation of investors.
The civil law consequences of the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in mass multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) as a special type of multimedia products are studied. The analysis focuses on the social relations arising from the tokenization of in-game objects, the issuance, circulation, acquisition, and use of NFTs within the gaming environment, as well as the determination of the rights of participants in these relations. Special attention is given to the delineation of rights to the token itself as a record in a distributed ledger, rights to the associated digital object, exclusive rights to elements of the multimedia product, and the obligations of users resulting from licensing and user agreements. The study also addresses the place of NFTs in the system of property rights, their relationships with digital rights, virtual assets, and other civil law constructs. Method, methodology of the research. The formal-legal, systemic, comparative-legal, and doctrinal methods have been employed. Provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, regulations on digital financial assets, academic literature, user agreements of gaming projects, and foreign approaches have been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to licensing constructs and the differentiation of obligation and intellectual rights. It is advanced by the author that NFTs within MMORPGs should not be automatically classified as digital rights in the sense of Article 141.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, nor as digital financial assets, nor as things in the classical sense. It is proposed by the author to regard them as a special virtual asset— a unique record in a distributed ledger, certifying control over the token by a particular entity and capable of being linked with a digital object or a contractually defined scope of possibilities for its use. It is shown that acquiring an NFT does not in itself lead to the transfer of exclusive rights to the associated content, and the scope of user rights is primarily determined by user and licensing agreements. The results can be used for the legal qualification of in-game digital assets, the preparation of contractual models, judicial arguments, scientific qualification of similar objects, and the improvement of multimedia product regulation.
Markets for cultural goods require intermediaries who construct the shared conventions, quality signals, and reputational infrastructure through which cultural value is assessed and stabilized. Non-fungible token (NFT) platforms assumed intermediary functions without this institutional apparatus, a condition we term unconventionalized intermediation. Drawing on cultural production scholarship and paradox theory, we analyze Reddit discourse related to NBA Top Shot, a prominent NFT platform, to examine how NFT cultural markets persist under this structural condition. Our analysis reveals three aggregate paradoxes structuring collector participation – precious precarity (disrupted value construction), enslaved freedom (disrupted governance), and resonant isolation (disrupted meaning circulation) – each arising from a specific failure of the cultural production processes that conventionalized intermediaries normally perform. We further identify six management mechanisms through which collectors and platforms collaboratively navigate these tensions. Our findings extend strategic marketing scholarship on digitally mediated cultural markets and offer practical implications for artists, art market institutions, and platform operators.
[Purpose/Significance] The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence technologies from dialogue-based generation to autonomous task execution marks a paradigm shift with profound implications for library services. A new generation of AI agents, exemplified by the open-source project OpenClaw, can independently plan multi-step tasks, invoke external tools, operate computer interfaces through visual perception, and deliver structured work products with minimal human intervention. The shift from "answering questions" to "completing tasks" fundamentally challenges the traditional library service model. The model has long been based on the idea that librarians serve as the primary connection between information resources and users. Libraries worldwide are facing an increasing structural tension: their collections are expanding while their staffing levels are remaining constrained, resulting in unmet knowledge service demands. Agent technologies, with their capabilities for autonomous planning, tool invocation, environmental perception, and persistent memory, offer a potential pathway to address this gap. However, the library community currently lacks a systematic analytical framework through which to understand how this technology paradigm intersects with existing service architectures, governance requirements, and organizational structures. This study addresses this gap by providing both a conceptual framework for analyzing agent technologies in the library context and practical guidance for their implementation and governance, contributing to the broader discourse on intelligent library transformation as articulated in national science and technology development strategies. [Method/Process] This study employs a multi-method research design with OpenClaw as the primary analytical lens. The technical architecture analysis involves systematic examination of OpenClaw's publicly available documentation, GitHub source code repository, and official technical publications. Four core mechanisms are deconstructed in detail: the Computer Use Agent paradigm, which enables vision-driven interface operation through periodic screen capture, multimodal language model interpretation, and simulated mouse and keyboard actions; the local-first architecture with model-agnostic design, which maintains data sovereignty through a decentralized gateway-node topology while supporting flexible switching among multiple large language models; the Heartbeat mechanism, which transforms the agent from a passive responder into a proactive monitor through a condition-triggered self-inspection cycles; and the Model Context Protocol, an open standard for tool integration that enables any MCP-compliant agent to invoke standardized service capabilities. Case comparison analysis evaluates two contrasting platform approaches for supporting agent deployment in libraries - FOLIO Eureka, representing the next-generation Library Service Platform pathway with its microservice architecture, API gateway, and event-driven communication, and the Cloud Alliance's A-LSP, representing an agent-native design philosophy that positions intelligent agents as the core organizational principle of library service platforms. Policy document analysis examines the IFLA Guide on the Introduction of AI in Libraries, China's New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan, the Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law, as well as regional policy experiments in agent technology promotion. Security incident case studies draw from the ClawHavoc supply chain attack, which compromised over 21 000 active instances; Cisco Talos security audits, which revealed prompt injection vulnerabilities; and CrowdStrike threat assessments, which identified misconfiguration risks that could transform agents into attack vectors. [Results/Conclusions] The study proposed a critical distinction between "narrow OpenClaw" (the specific open-source product and its derivative ecosystem) and "broad OpenClaw" (the agent technology paradigm it represents), arguing that libraries must engage strategically with both dimensions while avoiding the twin pitfalls of conflating technology trends with product procurement decisions or dismissing an entire paradigm based on the limitations of a single product. The narrow application analysis identified three viable deployment scenarios - personal productivity tools for librarians, information collection and subject monitoring, and reader-facing service prototyping - while documenting associated risks in technical stability, supply chain security, and regulatory compliance. The broad paradigm analysis revealed five structural impacts on libraries: diversification of service entry points through embedded integration, transformation from reactive response to proactive push services, evolution of reader information behaviors from search to delegation, disruption of commercial ecosystems including usage-based pricing models, and fundamental repositioning of libraries as knowledge infrastructure in the AI ecosystem. Four architectural prerequisites for agent deployment were identified: API openness, event-driven capabilities, permission governance, and observability, with insufficient system openness identified as the primary bottleneck that constrains implementation. Three differentiated implementation pathways were proposed with corresponding phased strategies. A comprehensive governance framework has been constructed encompassing six dimensions: system security with defense-in-depth measures, data governance and privacy protection aligned with national legislation, ethical standards addressing algorithmic bias and hallucination risks, copyright compliance addressing the ambiguity of agent-mediated access under existing licensing agreements, human-agent collaboration through a tiered oversight system, and standardization initiatives including library-specific MCP tool standards. The study also proposed institutional innovations such as "agent sandbox zones" that allow controlled experimentation in isolated environments. The research concluded that the highly structured and process-oriented nature of library workflows makes libraries a particularly suitable domain for agent technology adoption, but successful implementation depends on the coordinated advancement of technical readiness, governance maturity, and organizational change capacity. Limitations of this study include the nascent stage of actual agent deployment in libraries, which means the proposed frameworks await empirical validation. Future research directions include conducting empirical studies of library agent deployments, developing standardization pathways for cross-library agent collaboration, investigating copyright licensing adaptation mechanisms for agent-mediated access, and examining the long-term impact of agent technologies on the library profession and library science education.
Two accounts of reality compete for authority. What measurement produces and what experience carries. When they conflict, and they do, in doctor's offices, classrooms, courtrooms, boardrooms, everywhere consequence is at stake, the demand has always been to choose. Pick the data or pick the feeling. The choice was presented as epistemological necessity. It was not. It was the consequence of a missing category. This whitepaper names the missing category. Proxy Knowledge, computational pattern recognition at scale, producing representations of both scientific and experiential domains while accessing neither, has been operating without a name since the first algorithm was trusted to govern what it could only approximate. Without a name it could not be seen. Without being seen it could not be refused. It occupied the space between what you felt and what you were told, wearing the authority of science while carrying none of its standing, and the binary it forced was never real. Three knowledge types, not two. Scientific Knowledge holds standing through methodological submission to independent verification. Lived Knowledge holds standing through first-person access and consequence. Proxy Knowledge holds utility without authority basis — it informs, it cannot govern. The formula that integrates them: Sovereign Knowledge = Recognizing(Scientific Knowledge, Lived Knowledge; Proxy Knowledge). The semicolon is not notational. It is protective. Proxy surrounds both standing-bearing inputs at institutional scale. Without structural placement, the conflation reconstitutes inside the integration itself. Two proofs establish the formula's necessity. The Sovereign Knowledge Proof derives that legitimate integrated authority requires both Scientific and Lived Knowledge — each bounded, each insufficient alone, neither reducible to the other. The Proxy Knowledge Proof derives that proxy cannot achieve legitimate authority under any framework requiring a basis for authority. Correlation is not access. Prediction is not understanding. No third basis exists. The operation that integrates them, Recognizing, is conjecture. The proofs establish what the operation must achieve. Whether any specific instantiation achieves it under institutional pressure, cognitive bias, and power asymmetry remains empirical. The Rhythm Intelligence Foundation holds the standard and supports the field in finding what works. The stakes are not academic. When the classification is missing and proxy governs without constraint, the consequences are documented and irreversible. Lives ended. Futures made invisible. Decades of warning dismissed. The harm was real. The category was absent. The fog was never confusion. It was category absence producing the only rational response available. The categories have arrived. The fog clears.
Wang Yishun, Wenkai Li, Xiaoqi Li, Zongwei Li · 6 authors
Smart contracts are self-executing programs that manage financial transactions on blockchain networks. Developers commonly rely on third-party code libraries to improve both efficiency and security. However, improper use of these libraries can introduce hidden vulnerabilities that are difficult to detect, leading to significant financial losses. Existing automated tools struggle to identify such misuse because it often requires understanding the developer's intent rather than simply scanning for known code patterns. This paper presents LibScan, an automated detection framework that combines large language model (LLM)-based semantic reasoning with rule-based code analysis, identifying eight distinct categories of library misuse in smart contracts. To improve detection reliability, the framework incorporates an iterative self-correction mechanism that refines its analysis across multiple rounds, alongside a structured knowledge base derived from large-scale empirical studies of real-world misuse cases. Experiments conducted on 662 real-world smart contracts demonstrate that LibScan achieves an overall detection accuracy of 85.15\%, outperforming existing tools by a margin of over 16 percentage points. Ablation experiments further confirm that combining both analysis approaches yields substantially better results than either method used independently.
This paper examines the transformations in finances in the developing markets such as India due to digital money, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain technology. It pays attention to what makes people desire to access such services, what dangers they believe they pose, and how prepared the governmental regulation is (Davis, 1989; Schueffel, 2016). The researchers completed the survey which questioned 420 Indian retail shoppers and fiscal experts about digital finance. They then analyzed the data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS -SEM). They discovered that individuals tend to move to such services when they believe that it is useful, easy to utilize, reputable and with adequate regulation. People fear to take risks and will be less willing to use them (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000; Zhang et al., 2022). The actual use can also be predicted by the intention to use, and individuals who are knowledgeable of contemporary trends, including DeFi, tokenisation, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), are even more eager to use useful services (Rogers, 2003; Auer et al., 2022). These findings provide practical suggestions to regulators and banks interested in promoting sound innovation and broader adoption of digital and blockchain finance in India.
Highlights • Identifying threats that cannot be countered by theoretical security based on STRIDE threat analysis of an existing provable data possession (PDP) system • Designing a PDP system with practical security features to counter threats that cannot be addressed with theoretical security alone • Presenting the implementation of the proposed PDP system, PRISM, which is also provided as an open-source software • Validating security properties through property-based fuzz testing with 10,000 randomized test runs per security property • Demonstrating PRISM’s key strengths through comprehensive experiments, including basic performance, trade-offs between processing time and data auditing efficiency, and capabilities for detecting data anomalies Digital platforms are increasingly recognized as a cornerstone for advanced virtual spaces such as smart cities and the metaverse, where vast amounts of data are aggregated, analyzed, and utilized to make critical decisions. These platforms rely on data fusion to integrate diverse sources of information, encompassing individual behavior, urban dynamics, and system states. Through auditing against data tampering, loss, and substitution, enabling the detection of such threats is critical to building a highly reliable system. This paper introduces PRISM (Provable and Immutable Storage Mechanism), an Ethereum-based Provable Data Possession (PDP) system designed to integrate data reliability and security with decentralized auditing. PDP, a cryptographic protocol that enables data integrity in untrusted cloud storage, has seen extensive research focusing on theoretical security and computational efficiency. PRISM extends this foundation by addressing practical security concerns, including the integration of authentication and authorization, data immutability, data uniqueness, data freshness, and state management, to ensure a robust system implementation. Experiments on processing costs and parameter analysis reveal a trade-off between the costs and detection accuracy and demonstrate that PRISM provides efficient data auditing.
The inheritance of distributed ledger technology (DLT)-based digital assets – such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and tokenized claims – poses a formidable challenge to traditional civil law succession frameworks. Unlike conventional property, these digital assets are characterized by decentralization, pseudonymity, immutability and self-custody, features that complicate both their legal classification and their practical transmission upon death. This article critically examines whether and how European civil law systems can adapt to the inheritance of such assets. The study begins by defining DLT-based digital assets and situating them within the broader spectrum of digital property, before turning to their unique technological features and implications for patrimonial law. Two core succession modalities – testate and intestate inheritance – are assessed, revealing both structural limitations and procedural blind spots in dealing with blockchain-based assets. Traditional wills often fail to provide adequate access instructions, while smart contracts and blockchain-based estate planning mechanisms remain legally unrecognized and technologically immature. The article also evaluates the limits of current EU regulation, particularly Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR), which, despite offering robust oversight for crypto-asset services, remains silent on inheritance, leaving the issue to divergent national regimes. Ultimately, the article calls for doctrinal and regulatory recalibration to align succession law with the operational realities of decentralized technology, ensuring digital patrimony can be effectively transmitted in the 21st century Résumé: L’héritage des actifs numériques fondés sur la technologie des registres distribués (DLT) – tels que les cryptomonnaies, les NFT et les droits tokenisés – pose un défi majeur aux cadres traditionnels du droit civil de la succession. Contrairement aux biens conventionnels, ces actifs se caractérisent par leur décentralization, leur pseudonymat, leur immutabilité et leur autodétention, autant de traits qui compliquent à la fois leur qualification juridique et leur transmission effective au décès du titulaire. Cet article examine de manière critique si, et comment, les systèmes de droit civil européens peuvent s’adapter à la transmission de tels actifs. L’étude débute par une définition des actifs numériques basés sur la DLT et les situe dans le spectre plus large des biens numériques, avant d’analyser leurs caractéristiques technologiques spécifiques et leurs implications pour le droit patrimonial. Les deux modalités principales de succession – testamentaire et ab intestat – sont analysées, révélant des limites structurelles et des angles morts procéduraux face aux actifs blockchainisés. Les testaments traditionnels omettent souvent de fournir les informations nécessaires à l’accès, tandis que les contrats intelligents et autres dispositifs successoraux numériques demeurent juridiquement non reconnus et technologiquement immatures. L’article évalue également les limites de la réglementation européenne actuelle, en particulier MiCAR, qui, bien qu’elle encadre rigoureusement les services liés aux crypto-actifs, reste silencieuse sur la question successorale, la renvoyant aux régimes nationaux. En conclu l’étude appelle à une révision doctrinale et réglementaire afin d’aligner le droit des successions sur les réalités opérationnelles des technologies décentralisées, et de garantir la transmissibilité effective du patrimoine numérique au XXIᵉ siècle. Zusammenfassung: Die Vererbung von digitalen Vermögenswerten auf Basis von Distributed-Ledger-Technologie (DLT) – wie Kryptowährungen, NFTs und tokenisierten Forderungen – stellt eine erhebliche Herausforderung für die traditionellen zivilrechtlichen Erbrechtsordnungen dar. Anders als konventionelles Eigentum zeichnen sich diese digitalen Vermögenswerte durch Dezentralisierung, Pseudonymität, Unveränderlichkeit und Selbstverwahrung aus – Eigenschaften, die sowohl ihre rechtliche Einordnung als auch ihre praktische Übertragbarkeit im Todesfall erschweren. Dieser Beitrag untersucht kritisch, ob und wie sich die zivilrechtlichen Systeme Europas an die Vererbung solcher Vermögenswerte anpassen können. Die Analyse beginnt mit einer Definition DLT-basierter digitaler Vermögenswerte und ordnet sie in das weitere Spektrum digitaler Eigentumsformen ein, bevor sie deren technologische Besonderheiten und deren Auswirkungen auf das Vermögensrecht beleuchtet. Die zwei zentralen Erbformen – testamentarische und gesetzliche Erbfolge – werden analysiert und offenbaren sowohl strukturelle Schwächen als auch verfahrensrechtliche Defizite im Umgang mit blockchainbasierten Vermögenswerten. Herkömmliche Testamente bieten oft keine hinreichenden Zugangsanweisungen, während Smart Contracts und blockchainbasierte Nachlassmechanismen rechtlich nicht anerkannt und technisch noch unreif sind. Der Beitrag beleuchtet zudem die Grenzen der aktuellen EURegulierung, insbesondere MiCAR, die zwar robuste Aufsichtsstrukturen für KryptoDienstleistungen etabliert, aber zur Erbfolge schweigt und die Problematik nationalen Regelungen überlässt. Abschließend plädiert der Beitrag für eine dogmatische und regulatorische Neuausrichtung des Erbrechts, um den Anforderungen dezentraler Technologien gerecht zu werden und die effektive Übertragbarkeit digitalen Vermögens im 21. Jahrhundert sicherzustellen Resumen: La herencia de los activos digitales basados en tecnología de registros distribuidos (DLT), como las criptomonedas, los NFT y los derechos tokenizados, plantea un desafío formidable para los marcos tradicionales del derecho sucesorio civil. A diferencia de los bienes convencionales, estos activos digitales se caracterizan por la descentralización, la seudonimidad, la inmutabilidad y la autocustodia, rasgos que complican tanto su clasificación jurídica como su transmisión práctica tras el fallecimiento. Este artículo examina críticamente si, y de qué manera, los sistemas de derecho civil europeos pueden adaptarse a la herencia de tales activos. El estudio comienza definiendo los activos digitales basados en DLT y situándolos dentro del espectro más amplio de la propiedad digital, para luego analizar sus características tecnológicas únicas y sus implicaciones para el derecho patrimonial. Se evalúan dos modalidades sucesorias fundamentales – la sucesión testada y la intestada—, que revelan limitaciones estructurales y vacíos procedimentales en el tratamiento de los activos basados en blockchain. Los testamentos tradicionales a menudo no proporcionan instrucciones de acceso adecuadas, mientras que los contratos inteligentes y otros mecanismos de planificación sucesoria basados en blockchain siguen sin reconocimiento jurídico y se encuentran en una etapa tecnológica inmadura. El artículo también analiza los límites de la regulación vigente de la Unión Europea, en particular el Reglamento MiCAR, que, a pesar de ofrecer una supervisión sólida de los servicios de criptoactivos, guarda silencio respecto a la herencia, dejando la cuestión en manos de regímenes nacionales divergentes. En última instancia, el artículo aboga por una recalibración doctrinal y regulatoria que alinee el derecho sucesorio con las realidades operativas de la tecnología descentralizada, garantizando que el patrimonio digital pueda transmitirse de manera efectiva en el siglo XXI.
With the increasing demand for fair trading in the energy sector, the use of blockchain technology as a new model for energy trading has begun to come into the public eye. However, there are problems such as the lack of a third party to endorse, relatively low efficiency, and unreasonable distribution. The innovative integration of the dynamic proof of stake (PoS) mechanism and entropy regulation strategy in the energy trading sharding system was proposed to solve problems such as trust deficiency, low transaction efficiency and uneven energy distribution existing in traditional energy trading. In the optimized triangular model, verifiable random functions were adopted to select validators, and the staking weights were dynamically adjusted in combination with the real-time status of nodes and transaction activity. Quantify the distribution of equity using Shannon entropy and set a threshold to trigger redistribution. The Pareto frontier solution set for the three objectives of throughput, security and decentralization was solved through the NSGA. A mechanism was adopted to dynamically adjust the equity weight based on the real-time status of nodes and the activity level of energy transactions, effectively enhancing the efficiency and fairness of transaction verification. The regulation was introduced for quantification to reduce the uncertainty and chaos of the energy trading system, ensuring the rational allocation and efficient utilization of energy resources. The experimental results show that optimized system throughput and attack cost have been significantly improved. Meanwhile, the degree of decentralization has risen to 89%, and the overall performance has increased by 12.8 times. This scheme has advantages such as good transaction efficiency, security and energy conservation and consumption reduction, which is conducive to reducing energy transaction costs, enhancing the transparency and stability of the energy transaction market.
Sadly Syamsuddin, Salama Manjang, Muhammad Bachtiar Nappu, Ady Wahyudi Paundu
The increasing demand for sustainable and decentralized energy systems has driven the adoption of blockchain technology in microgrid networks. However, conventional consensus mechanisms, such as proof of work (PoW) and proof of stake (PoS), suffer from high energy consumption, limited adaptability, and fairness issues, which hinder their suitability for dynamic microgrid environments. This paper proposes a novel consensus mechanism, proof of dynamic influence and participation activity (PoDIPA), which integrates prosumers’ real-time participation activity and historical influence into the validator selection process. The proposed mechanism is evaluated through deterministic simulations and compared with PoW and PoS in terms of energy efficiency, transaction processing time, and security resilience. Simulation results demonstrate that PoDIPA significantly reduces average energy consumption and adapts more rapidly to network dynamics while maintaining security performance comparable to existing consensus mechanisms under majority attack scenarios. Although PoDIPA exhibits higher short-term variability due to its adaptive nature, the overall efficiency–stability trade-off remains favorable. These results indicate that PoDIPA is a promising consensus solution for supporting fair, energy-efficient, and decentralized energy trading in future microgrid systems.
إن التقدم التقني المعاصر، وما أحدثه من تقدمٍ في شتى المجالات غير خافٍ على أحد حيث تبع هذا التقدم الكثير من الابتكارات التقنية التي انتشرت بسرعةٍ رهيبةٍ، ومن هذه الابتكارات ما يُعْرف بالرموز الرقمية غير القابلة للاستبدال التي هي عبارة عن أصولٍ رقميةٍ تستخدم لإثبات الملكية الخاصة بالمحتويات الرقمية كمقاطع الفيديو والتغريدات والصور وغيرها، وتمتاز هذه الرموز بكونها غير قابلةٍ للاستبدال، فلا يمكن استبدال رمزٍ منها بآخر نظرًا لندرتها، كما تتمتع بالشفافية والأمان؛ لاعتمادها على تقنية البلوك تشين مما يمنحها قدرًا كبيرًا من الثقة، وقد تناولتُ في هذه البحث التعريف بالرموز الرقمية غير القابلة للاستبدال، وخصائصها، ومجالات استخدامها، ثم تحدثت عن التكييف الفقهي لهذه الرموز، من حيث كونها حقاً معنوياً، والأثر المترتب على هذا التكييف من حيث اعتبارها مالاً، أو عدم اعتبارها مالاً، ومن ثم حكم بيعها بصفةٍ عامةٍ، وبيعها إذا كان البيع بغرض استعمالها استعمالاً محرمًا، أو تكييفها باعتبارها وثيقةً لإثبات الملكية الرقمية، والأثر المترتب على هذا التكييف، ثم ذيلت البحث بخاتمةٍ بينتُ أهم النتائج والتوصيات التي توصلت إليها. The contemporary technological advancements and their impact on various fields are undeniable. This progress has been accompanied by numerous technological innovations that have spread rapidly. Among these innovations are non-fungible digital tokens, which are digital assets used to prove ownership of digital content such as videos, tweets, images, and more. These tokens are characterized by their non-fungibility; one token cannot be replaced by another due to their scarcity. They also possess transparency and security. Because it relies on blockchain technology, which grants it a high degree of trust, this research addresses the definition of non-fungible digital tokens, their characteristics, and their applications. It then discusses the jurisprudential classification of these tokens, considering them as intangible rights and the implications of this classification in terms of whether they are considered property or not. Consequently, it examines the ruling on their sale in general, and specifically the ruling on selling them for the purpose of using them in a prohibited manner. It also addresses their classification as a document for proving digital ownership and the implications of this classification. Finally, the research concludes with a summary of the most important findings and recommendations.
Cloud storage systems have become an integral part of modern data management by enabling users to store and access data remotely.However, traditional cloud storage architectures rely on centralized servers, which introduce several critical challenges such as single-point failure, redundant data storage, increased storage costs, and security vulnerabilities.In earlier systems, data was stored in centralized data centers where duplicate files were repeatedly maintained, leading to inefficient utilization of storage resources.Although basic deduplication methods were implemented, they often compromised data confidentiality and lacked transparency in metadata management.Furthermore, failure of the central server could result in permanent data loss.To overcome these issues, this research proposes the Blockchain-enabled Heuristic Optimized Deduplication Model (BHODM), which integrates blockchain technology, InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), Convergent Encryption (CE), and heuristic-based chunking techniques.In this model, files are divided into optimized chunks based on file size using a heuristic approach.Each chunk is encrypted using CE, where the encryption key is derived from the hash of the data itself, allowing secure deduplication without exposing plaintext data.Duplicate chunks are identified through hash comparison, ensuring that only unique data is stored.The encrypted chunks are stored in IPFS, a decentralized peer-to-peer storage network, while metadata such as file names, block numbers, and hash values are securely maintained in an Ethereum blockchain smart contract, ensuring immutability and transparency.The system is implemented using Django, Web3, IPFS API, and AES-CTR encryption.Experimental results based on storage utilization and computation time demonstrate improved efficiency over traditional approaches.
Dr.B.Swathi Dr.B.Swathi, SAANIYA ARSHI, ARABOTHU ANVESH, MOHAMMED AYAAN AHMED · 5 authors
The quick adoption of blockchain technology and generative AI is a major factor in the world's electricity use, which raises concerns about their long-term environmental impact. To save energy, the first thing you need to do is figure out how much energy you are already using. But because blockchain and generative AI are both cloud-based services, it's not easy to understand how much energy they use when they're not at your site. This makes it harder for companies and organisations that want to improve the accuracy of calculating Scope 3 emissions. This study determines the energy consumption of these technologies at both the system level and per-use basis, comparing them to traditional services such as payment networks and web search engines. For instance, Bitcoin, which uses a Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain, uses about 121 TWh, or 0.43% of all the electricity used in the world. It also uses 720,000 times more energy per transaction than the Visa payment system. When Ethereum switched to Proof of Stake (PoS) in 2022, it used 99.988% less energy, showing how much more efficient things can be.Generative AI models also use a lot of energy, especially when they are being trained and used to make predictions. For instance, it took about 9,450 MWh of energy to train GPT-4, and it took more than 500 MWh of energy to do inference work every day. Inference, which is always powered by user activity, is often more resource-intensive than the training process. The authors say that we need to learn more about and lessen the environmental effects of these technologies right away. Possible solutions include energy-efficient consensus mechanisms or giving AIs the ability to better optimise their own lifecycle. The report is meant to help businesses think about how to use technology in a way that is good for the environment as part of a better or more complete Scope 3 emissions strategy.
P Praveen Kumar, Dudimetla Pravalika, B. S. Dileep Kumar, Gattu Akshitha · 5 authors
The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has introduced new possibilities for secure digital ownership and transparent fundraising through Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs).However, most existing charity platforms remain centralized, limiting transparency, accountability, and verifiable proof of donations.Donors often lack visibility into how funds are utilized, while reliance on intermediaries increases risks such as data manipulation, reduced auditability, and decreased trust.To address these issues, this work proposes a decentralized charity auction framework that leverages blockchain technology and NFT-based asset representation.The system is developed using the Django web framework integrated with Web3 infrastructure and smart contracts.In this model, each auction item is tokenized as a unique NFT, ensuring authenticity, traceability, and immutable ownership.The platform allows users to act as donors or auctioneers, enabling participation in NFT-based charity auctions.Users can place bids or contribute funds, with all transactions securely recorded on a blockchain ledger.At the end of each auction, NFT ownership is automatically transferred to the highest bidder or contributor, providing verifiable proof of participation.By removing intermediaries and incorporating a transparent, incentive-driven mechanism, the proposed system enhances donor trust and engagement.It ensures tamper-proof record-keeping and clear fund flow, strengthening accountability within charitable ecosystems.This framework demonstrates a scalable and efficient approach to modern fundraising, showcasing the potential of blockchain and NFTs in improving trust and transparency in charity applications.
ONU 2.0 is a next-generation global governance platform designed to coordinate publicpolicy, development projects, and multilateral philanthropy across BRICS+ member statesand international observer partners. Built on a hybrid architecture that combines traditionale-government systems with Web3 infrastructure and distributed artificial intelligence, itimplements a complete workflow of submission → GPS jurisdictional validation → multi-levelapproval pipeline → audited execution → on-chain anchoring.At the technical level, the platform is structured around seven architectural layers: GPSjurisdictional control, multi-level approval state machines, asynchronous message routing (AOprotocol), cryptographically chained audit ledgers, BRICS+ policy exchange, BitcoinOP_RETURN anchoring via Arkhe-Chain (Chain ID 2140), and Kuramoto oscillator-basednetwork coherence consensus. The AI module is implemented as a Bittensor fork — the ONU2.0 Subnet — with six specialized sub-networks for data validation, policy enforcement, auditsurveillance, subnet mining, sovereign identity, and ethical oversight.Philosophically, ONU 2.0 is grounded in the C/Z duality of the Arkhe(n) framework:governance as the projection of the field of possibility (C-domain: policy intent, legal norms,stakeholder consensus) into the field of actuality (Z-domain: executed transactions,immutable audit records, on-chain commitments). The Kuramoto coherence layeroperationalizes this philosophical premise — network governance achieves legitimacy whenthe synchronization of operator nodes crosses the critical threshold phi_c = 0.618.
Healthcare AI systems put a lot of importance on keeping medical data private because it is very sensitive. AI-driven diagnostic models could help doctors make better decisions, but they need a lot of different patient data sets, which are often kept separate from each other at different hospitals. Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralised way to solve this problem by letting multiple people train a model together without sharing data in one place. But conventional FL frameworks continue to encounter challenges related to trust, transparency, and data integrity. This paper puts forth a Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning Framework to facilitate secure, privacy-preserving, and auditable medical diagnosis across decentralised healthcare systems. This system uses blockchain's unchangeable nature and smart contract features to make sure that model updates can't be changed, contributions can be tracked, and trust between the entities involved is higher. This combination makes AI-driven diagnostics possible without putting patient privacy, regulatory compliance, or institutional integrity at risk.
Traditional digital card games rely on centralized servers, introducing catastrophic single points of failure, while decentralized Web3 alternatives fail to achieve real-time viability due to prohibitive block latency. This paper introduces Panoptes, an optimized, hybrid cryptographic engine that enforces low-latency decentralized consensus for peer-to-peer state channels. Assuming a highly hostile user-space environment, Panoptes treats the host application space and its underlying managed runtime as fundamentally compromised.A bifurcated architecture is detailed utilizing a hardened native airgap and direct OS-level memory mapping to process ciphertexts, bypassing standard and predictable libc allocators. To mitigate automated memory scrapers and frustrate asynchronous Direct Memory Access (DMA) attacks, Panoptes implements a multiplexed decoy memory topology (The Vault). This architecture relies on strict virtual page guarding, offline decryption, and temporal starvation via millisecond-scale execution windows. The protocol replaces commutative encryption with a deterministic Hand Commitment Payload, utilizing X25519 KEM, XOR- based Secret Sharing, and ChaCha20-Poly1305 to enforce Strict Zero-Trust Consensus.
Traditional digital card games rely on centralized servers, introducing catastrophic single points of failure, while decentralized Web3 alternatives fail to achieve real-time viability due to prohibitive block latency. This paper introduces Panoptes, a highly optimized, hybrid Zero-Trust cryptographic engine that enforces microsecond-latency decentralized consensus for the CoronaPoker peer-to-peer network. Assuming a strict Ring-0 adversary model, Panoptes treats the host operating system and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as fundamentally compromised. We detail a bifurcated architecture utilizing a hardened native airgap that leverages OS-level stealth allocators to process ciphertexts without leaving plaintext residue in the managed heap. To mitigate OS-level memory scrapers and hardware-based Direct Memory Access (DMA) attacks, Panoptes implements a multiplexed decoy memory topology (The Vault). It is secured by strict virtual page guarding against software introspection, and heavily relies on offline decryption with immediate sub-millisecond zeroization to temporally starve asynchronous hardware-level carving. The protocol entirely replaces traditional commutative encryption with the deterministic Hand Commitment Megapacket, a flat-buffer payload leveraging X25519 KEM, Additive Secret Sharing, and ChaCha20-Poly1305 to ensure Byzantine fault tolerance without majority voting. We present formal implementations of our micro-architectural defenses, including Mixed Boolean-Arithmetic (MBA) for constant-time execution, direct cross-platform syscalls bypassing libc, OS-level DACL lockdowns, PEB cloaking, and asynchronous SipHash-2-4 binary attestation. Furthermore, we introduce a multithreaded Deadman Switch to detect CPU cycle drift via RDTSC. Evaluated under an exhaustive 42-point "Total Siege" adversarial framework, the engine demonstrates unparalleled resilience against hardware breakpoints, kernel introspection, inline hooking, and temporal drift attacks.
В статье изучается, как технологические прорывы, в частности блокчейн и искусственный интел-лект, трансформируют краудфандинг в контексте цифровой перестройки финансовых рынков. Особое вниманиеуделяется тому, как эти технологии формируют современную краудфандинговую среду. Исследование демонстри-рует, что применение смарт-контрактов, инструментов анализа больших данных и систем цифровой идентифи-кации повышает прозрачность, минимизирует риски для инвесторов и укрепляет доверие между пользователямиплатформ. Рассматривается эволюция краудфандинга от классического коллективного финансирования к децен-трализованным финансовым моделям, таким как Web3, DeFi, токенизация активов и DAO. Подчеркивается, чтоинтеграция финтех-решений создает новую парадигму инвестирования, основанную на автоматизации, децентра-лизации и цифровой инфраструктуре. В заключение делается вывод, что дальнейшее развитие краудфандингабудет напрямую зависеть от технологических достижений и их интеграции в финансовые экосистемы