This paper argues that India's Goods and Services Tax Network has already produced, through tax incentive rather than cryptographic consensus, the supply chain properties — traceability, transparency, fraud reduction, and audit trail — that the blockchain literature proposes to deliver through distributed ledger technology. The argument is not that blockchain does not work. It is that the mechanism that produces tamper-resistance is the incentive, not the technology, and India already has that mechanism at national scale. The paper's original theoretical contribution is a two-player simultaneous-move game formalizing the bilateral incentive structure that the VAT self-enforcement literature has assumed in prose but never derived from primitives. The unique Nash equilibrium (F,D) — formal supplier, demanding buyer — is obtained by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies and sustained by a single precise condition: τv > c_B, the input tax credit exceeds the buyer's cost of sourcing from a registered alternative. No audit is required at the transaction level. The ITC does the work that enforcement cannot. The upstream formalization cascade — empirically documented by Patnaik (2026) as a doubling of effects over five years — follows directly as this equilibrium applied iteratively upstream, tier by tier, without government intervention at each stage. To the author's knowledge, this micro-foundation does not appear elsewhere in the VAT literature. Pomeranz (2015), Kleven et al. (2011), and de Paula and Scheinkman (2010) treat the self-enforcement intuition as motivation or derive aggregate implications; none writes down the strategic form game or states the equilibrium condition in falsifiable form. The empirical case rests on scale. FY2024-25 gross collections of Rs. 22.08 lakh crore (approx. USD 263 billion). April 2025 single-month record of Rs. 2.37 lakh crore (approx. USD 28 billion). 1.51 crore active registered taxpayers. Six phases of e-invoicing threshold reduction from Rs. 500 crore to Rs. 5 crore, directionally toward universal pre-validated coverage. GST 2.0 implemented September 22, 2025. The Production Linked Incentive scheme disbursing billions to Apple's contract manufacturers on the basis of GSTN-verified production data — the sovereign proof that the infrastructure is trusted for the highest-stakes commercial verification the government performs. The implication for Indian FMCG, pharmaceutical, and logistics firms is direct: private blockchain consortia built to solve domestic supply chain transparency problems are solving a solved problem at non-zero cost.
This paper argues that India's Goods and Services Tax Network has already produced, through tax incentive rather than cryptographic consensus, the supply chain properties — traceability, transparency, fraud reduction, and audit trail — that the blockchain literature proposes to deliver through distributed ledger technology. The argument is not that blockchain does not work. It is that the mechanism that produces tamper-resistance is the incentive, not the technology, and India already has that mechanism at national scale. The paper's original theoretical contribution is a two-player simultaneous-move game formalizing the bilateral incentive structure that the VAT self-enforcement literature has assumed in prose but never derived from primitives. The unique Nash equilibrium (F,D) — formal supplier, demanding buyer — is obtained by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies and sustained by a single precise condition: τv > c_B, the input tax credit exceeds the buyer's cost of sourcing from a registered alternative. No audit is required at the transaction level. The ITC does the work that enforcement cannot. The upstream formalization cascade — empirically documented by Patnaik (2026) as a doubling of effects over five years — follows directly as this equilibrium applied iteratively upstream, tier by tier, without government intervention at each stage. To the author's knowledge, this micro-foundation does not appear elsewhere in the VAT literature. Pomeranz (2015), Kleven et al. (2011), and de Paula and Scheinkman (2010) treat the self-enforcement intuition as motivation or derive aggregate implications; none writes down the strategic form game or states the equilibrium condition in falsifiable form. The empirical case rests on scale. FY2024-25 gross collections of Rs. 22.08 lakh crore (approx. USD 263 billion). April 2025 single-month record of Rs. 2.37 lakh crore (approx. USD 28 billion). 1.51 crore active registered taxpayers. Six phases of e-invoicing threshold reduction from Rs. 500 crore to Rs. 5 crore, directionally toward universal pre-validated coverage. GST 2.0 implemented September 22, 2025. The Production Linked Incentive scheme disbursing billions to Apple's contract manufacturers on the basis of GSTN-verified production data — the sovereign proof that the infrastructure is trusted for the highest-stakes commercial verification the government performs. The implication for Indian FMCG, pharmaceutical, and logistics firms is direct: private blockchain consortia built to solve domestic supply chain transparency problems are solving a solved problem at non-zero cost.
This research paper explores the application of blockchain technology in supply chain management. Traditional supply chains face issues such as lack of transparency, inefficiency, and risk of fraud. Blockchain provides a decentralized and secure system that enables real-time tracking, improved traceability, and enhanced trust among stakeholders. The paper discusses key concepts of blockchain including distributed ledger, cryptographic hashing, and consensus mechanisms. It further highlights real-world use cases of blockchain in industries such as logistics, healthcare, and retail. Additionally, the study analyzes the advantages of blockchain in reducing operational costs, improving efficiency, and ensuring data integrity. Challenges such as scalability, high implementation cost, and regulatory concerns are also discussed. The research concludes that blockchain has significant potential to transform supply chain systems by making them more transparent, secure, and efficient.
The development of human resource quality through the Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) constitutes a manifestation of the constitutional responsibility of the welfare state in guaranteeing the fulfillment of the right to food for future generations. However, the implementation of this policy in Indonesia still faces fundamental challenges in the form of a weak juridical foundation that still rests at the level of Peraturan Presiden and a high fiscal burden that places centralized pressure on the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses in the legal basis and fiscal governance of the MBG program in Indonesia through a comparison with the school nutrition system in India. This study used a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and functional comparative approaches, with India’s school nutrition system serving as the main point of comparison. The results showed that India’s success in managing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme is supported by a strong legal framework through the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 as well as the implementation of a proportional cost-sharing scheme between the central government and state governments. Based on these findings, this study offers the “Desentralisasi Asimetris Kesejahteraan” model as a reconstruction of the system in Indonesia through budgetary collaboration between the central and regional governments, which requires revision of the Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah to designate nutrition affairs as a mandatory basic service function. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that strengthening the legal foundation and decentralizing financing are important prerequisites for ensuring the sustainability of the MBG program in a holistic and accountable manner, while also providing a conceptual contribution to the development of food and welfare policy in Indonesia.
Proof of Concept on the β-Catenin/TCF4 Interface in Wnt-Driven Oncogenesis and Gardner Syndrome Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) govern nearly every biological signalling pathway, yet their large, flat contact surfaces have resisted conventional drug design for decades. Existing computational approaches either require prohibitive molecular simulation resources or prior knowledge of a reference inhibitor—barriers that have left many therapeutically important targets inaccessible. This repository presents GeoSol-αα, a two-stage computational pipeline that generates macrocyclic drug scaffolds against PPI surfaces from first principles—without molecular dynamics simulation, without a crystallographic inhibitor reference, and without prior chemical knowledge of the target. The engine couples deterministic rigid-body SO(3) Fibonacci sampling with directed chemical evolution (genetic algorithms). In milliseconds, the pipeline successfully converged on a novel: 15-atom macrocyclic scaffold (1,4-dioxacyclopentadecane) that achieves a thermodynamic optimum with zero desolvation penalty against the β-catenin interface. This repository establishes formal prior art for both the identified chemical entity and the underlying high-throughput methodology.
This paper presents the first formally documented implementation of post-quantum cryptographic infrastructure within a production-grade institutional compliance enforcement system. It addresses a structural vulnerability endemic to the entire regulatory technology industry: every compliance record generated today under RSA or ECC encryption is potentially exposed to "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" (HNDL) attacks — a documented, operationally active collection strategy confirmed by NSA, CISA, ENISA, and BSI — and will remain so until quantum computers capable of running Shor's algorithm at scale become available, currently projected between 2030 and 2035. Given mandatory regulatory retention periods of 5–30 years under DORA Art.10, GDPR Art.5(e), FinCEN BSA 31 CFR §103.33, Swiss OR Art.958f, and Solvency II, compliance records created today under classical cryptography will still exist — and may be decryptable — within their own legally mandated retention window. This paper documents the complete architectural response: the deployment of CRYSTALS-Kyber-1024 (NIST FIPS 203, 2024) as the primary cryptographic primitive for all compliance ledger operations in the immo.quick Core Machine Law Engine, combined with: A hybrid encryption architecture providing quantum security with full backward compatibility A Merkle Tree Batching scheme reducing post-quantum storage overhead by 99.99% (from 4.67 PB/year to 0.35 TB/year at Tier-1 clearing volumes) A multi-region HSM key hierarchy (EU/CH/US/UK) with Shamir Secret Sharing (3-of-5) and zero-downtime rotation A Zero-Knowledge Proof integration (Groth16, PLONK, Cairo zk-STARK) that resolves the structural contradiction between GDPR Art.17 erasure rights and immutable ledger requirements — by placing zero personal data on the ledger A crypto-agility policy engine enabling algorithm migration without application code changes or audit trail disruption Complete regulatory compliance mappings to DORA, GDPR, BSI TR-02102-1, and NIST FIPS 203 The immo.quick Core platform is presented as the first operational implementation of this architecture across fourteen regulatory frameworks and five institutional sectors (Real Estate, Banking, Insurance, Government, Cloud/FinTech). This paper is a standalone technical specification and supplements the immo.quick Core architecture series (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19301212 through 10.5281/zenodo.19457223). It provides the first focused, formally structured academic documentation of CRYSTALS-Kyber-1024 deployment within a deterministic gate enforcement environment with hardware TEE attestation and bi-temporal legal state management. The central argument: Post-Quantum cryptography is not a feature request for 2030. It is a structural prerequisite for any compliance system intended to produce legally defensible evidence chains beyond the quantum threat horizon. The architecture to achieve this exists, is formally specified, and is operationally deployed.
Maritime shipping carries over 80% of global trade by volume, yet the information systems underpinning this vast network remain fragmented, proprietary, and mutually distrustful. This paper presents the Cascading Visibility Model (CVM), a theoretical framework formalizing how a single upstream data failure propagates non-linearly through carrier, port, customs, warehouse, and trucking handoffs. We introduce the Entropy Amplification Index (EAI) as a normalized measure of information loss per handoff layer, with estimated values exceeding 0.6 at the carrier-to-port boundary and approaching 0.8 at port-to-customs. We further characterize the Multi-Layer Trust Deficit as a maritime-specific prisoner's dilemma in which rational data hoarding by individual actors produces collectively catastrophic coordination failures. To address these failures, we propose the Distributed Vessel Trust Pool (DVTP), a protocol-layer architecture enabling multi-party vessel verification without requiring raw data disclosure. The DVTP uses physical impossibility detection anchored to third-party-generated port event timestamps that vessels cannot falsify, combined with zero-knowledge proof logic to trigger automatic cascade holds across interconnected ports. Three adversarial scenarios are analyzed theoretically. We compare the DVTP with the Portbase model and TradeLens failure to derive governance lessons. We also present a formal research agenda of eight hypotheses for empirical validation through discrete-event simulation. This paper is a theoretical framework and research agenda contribution. The EAI estimates presented are model-derived under stated assumptions; the DVTP architecture and its adversarial analysis are theoretical proposals; and the simulation design is specified for future execution.
The agricultural sector is essential for global food security but continues to face challenges in supply chain management, including lack of transparency, traceability, and data integrity. This study proposes AgroChain, a blockchain-based framework designed to enhance governance and trust in the Agricultural Supply Chain (ASC). The system is built on the Quorum blockchain platform, an enterprise version of Ethereum, which integrates Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols to ensure data privacy while maintaining secure and transparent transactions. AgroChain introduces a scalable process model that separates the registry of agricultural records from the actual data, enabling efficient data handling. Smart contracts are used to automate key supply chain operations such as record creation, validation, transfer, and deletion, allowing end-to-end traceability from farm to consumer. The framework also incorporates rolebased access control for stakeholders including farmers, distributors, retailers, and consumers. Experimental results indicate that AgroChain improves transparency, accountability, and interoperability, demonstrating the potential of blockchain technology to transform agricultural supply chain governance.
The rapid expansion of IoT in smart hospitals enables continuous patient monitoring, automated diagnosis and real-time clinical decision support. However, centralized healthcare data systems remain vulnerable to unauthorized data modification, single points of failure and poor audit transparency threatening patient safety and regulatory compliance. This paper proposes a Block-chain-IoT (BC-IoT) framework built on a three-tier hierarchical architecture. The first tier connects heterogeneous medical devices (ECG monitors, glucose sensors, infusion pumps, pulse oximeters) through a lightweight IoT sensor layer. The second tier applies AI-based anomaly detection at edge computing nodes. The third tier employs a dual-block-chain approach, combining the IOTA Tangle protocol for feeless micro-transactions with a permissioned Hyperledger Fabric network for enterprise-grade data governance. Medical data is encrypted using AES-256 and TLS 1.3, screened for anomalies at edge nodes and stored on an immutable distributed ledger. Smart contracts enforce role-based access control, ensuring only authorized personnel can access or modify patient records. The Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) handles decentralized storage of large medical files, with cryptographic content identifiers stored on-chain for full traceability. Evaluation on a simulated smart hospital testbed with 350 IoT nodes across five department’s demonstrated strong results: 42ms transaction latency, 1,250 transactions per second, a 99.7% tamper detection rate and a 99.98% data integrity score outperforming existing block-chain-IoT healthcare systems across all key metrics. The BC-IoT framework offers a scalable, energy-efficient and standards-compliant solution for securing digital health infrastructure.
Smart contracts, self-executing agreements programmed on blockchain networks, represent a technological innovation with profound implications for contract law. India's existing legal framework, the Indian Contract Act of 1872 and the Information Technology Act of 2000, was not designed to accommodate such digital instruments. This chapter examines the legal recognition and enforceability of smart contracts within this dual framework, identifies significant challenges, and explores emerging prospects for regulatory adaptation. The analysis reveals that while India possesses foundational provisions recognizing electronic contracts and digital signatures, the explicit statutory recognition of smart contracts remains absent. Key challenges include the absence of legal personhood for autonomous smart contracts, liability attribution problems, evidentiary uncertainties and jurisdictional ambiguities. This chapter argues that targeted legislative amendments integrating blockchain technology provisions, coupled with judicial interpretation of existing provisions, could facilitate smart contract recognition while preserving consumer protection standards. This balanced approach offers India an opportunity to position itself as a global leader in fintech innovation, without compromising legal certainty.
We present DSKAG-IT-SIG, a family of information-theoretic transaction signature schemes that achieve unconditional existential unforgeability under adaptive chosen-message attack by computationally unbounded adversaries. The construction derives per-transaction MAC keys through DSKAG, a deterministic symmetric key agreement protocol requiring no key transmission, no handshake, and no public key infrastructure. We prove (Theorem 1) that the forgery advantage of any unbounded adversary making q queries is at most q * 2^{-128} in standard mode, reducing to the statistical uniformity of DSKAG-derived keys and the pairwise independence of HMAC-SHA256 under a uniform key. We prove (Theorem 2) that cross-domain forgery advantage is at most 2^{-128} + negl(lambda), reducing to the statistical key isolation of DSKAG across policy domains. Both bounds are unconditional and independent of any computational hardness assumption. Standard-mode signatures are 30 bytes, a 97.8% reduction versus Falcon-512 (666 bytes) and compatible with ISO 20022 SWIFT message fields without re-engineering. The NexusKey composite policy digest binds asset class, jurisdiction, KYC level, and chain identity into the key derivation path; policy bypass is cryptographically equivalent to key forgery. A four-layer UltraHonk zero-knowledge proof system (143,802 gates, no trusted setup, 16 KB proof) enables permissionless on-chain compliance verification, deployed on Ethereum Sepolia and Arbitrum Sepolia. Version 2.2. 17 pages, 7 tables. Three independent academic institutions validated the construction: no structural attacks found.
Declaration PI. Les DOIs comme actifs financiers verifiables. Un portefeuille de DOIs = capital garanti par timestamp CERN. ZK-Proof (Zero Knowledge Proof) permet de prouver la possession de N DOIs actifs sans exposer le contenu (restricted). Impossible a falsifier: timestamp CERN, ORCID, Zenodo. Zero faux documents, zero faux comptes, zero fraude documentaire. Le DOI remplace le releve bancaire. La banque verifie sans voir. Le createur prouve sans exposer. Living Key appliquee a la finance. All Rights Reserved.
We propose CAPPAA — a multiplicative, domain-pointed framework for measuring and predicting the capacity of any human-enabler pair to produce executable domain intelligence. CAPP (Curiosity × Attitude × Passion × Persistence) captures irreplaceable human qualities measured via behavioral proxies, not self-report. A(domain) captures authentic lived domain knowledge. A(enabler) captures amplification — which may be a school teacher, mentor, community, book, or AI system. All axes are domain-pointed: the same human may have CAPPAA=648,000 in one domain and CAPPAA=600 in another. The formula is multiplicative — zero in any axis collapses output. Enablement is a mesh, not a chain: each new enabler raises the value of all existing nodes — bidirectional edges, dormant nodes that activate when the mesh reaches sufficient density, emergent nodes, and cycles. CAPPAA is measurable before and after enablement; the delta is the Transformation Score — quantifiable proof that an enabler moved the needle. We demonstrate the framework through TraitOS, show that expertise can reduce CAPPAA (the Expert Paradox), prove that the 90% of humanity outside current AI systems have high domain-specific CAPPAA, and identify CAPP as the structural boundary between human and AGI intelligence. AGI cannot have authentic CAPP because it cannot give up — and persistence is only meaningful when stopping is a real option.
Este artigo analisa estratégias de otimização de gas em Ethereum a partir de duas dimensões principais: o custo dos opcodes da EVM e as escolhas de estruturas de dados em Solidity. A tabela de opcodes da EVM e a evolução do gas schedule mostram que operações de armazenamento e acesso externo, como SSTORE, SLOAD, CALL, BALANCE e EXT*, estão entre as mais caras, especialmente após EIPs como a 2929, que aumentaram o custo de acessos “frios” a contas e slots de storage para refletir melhor seu impacto na execução e na camada de armazenamento. Estudos recentes sobre custos de armazenamento evidenciam que uma escrita em SSTORE pode custar cerca de 22.100 gas para 32 bytes (aprox. 690 gas/byte), enquanto leituras via SLOAD também são significativamente caras, motivando pesquisas sobre técnicas como SSTORE2 e mecanismos para corrigir “overcharge” em leitura/escrita de storage, com ganhos médios de até 30–32% em fees para certos padrões de uso. Boas práticas de otimização de gas em Solidity incluem reduzir o número de acessos a storage movendo valores frequentemente lidos para variáveis em memória, empacotar variáveis em slots de 32 bytes (storage packing), preferir tipos fixos a dinâmicos quando possível, evitar cópias desnecessárias de arrays de storage para memória e desenhar estruturas de dados que minimizem gravações em storage. A literatura e guias de otimização indicam que a escolha entre arrays, mappings, structs e padrões de layout impacta diretamente o custo de execução, especialmente em loops que interagem com storage ou estruturas dinâmicas. Conclui‑se que a otimização de gas em Ethereum é um problema tanto de engenharia de baixo nível, ligado ao custo de opcodes e ao modelo warm/cold de acessos, quanto de design de dados e algoritmos, com implicações econômicas diretas para usuários, protocolos DeFi e estratégias de design de L2s.<br>
Muhammad Ahmad, Hua Zhou, Tanzeela bibi, Haider Ali
In today's digital environment, the swift advancement of interconnected technologies has raised significant worries about data safety, privacy, and reliability. The Internet of Things (IoT), networking systems, and cloud services produce and transfer large quantities of sensitive information, leaving them susceptible to cyber threats and other security risks. This research offers a detailed evaluation of how cryptography, network protection, and digital forensics work together, highlighting their combined impact on securing communication, safeguarding data integrity, and ensuring effective investigation methods. The approach to research relies on a thorough examination and combination of available literature, with a focus on major developments in cryptographic methods, network defense strategies, and forensic analysis frameworks. Particular focus is given to Homomorphic Encryption (HE), which allows processing to occur directly on encrypted information without the need for decryption, thus increasing privacy in unreliable settings such as cloud services and IoT environments. Moreover, the research includes new strategies in blockchain-centered forensics, featuring automated cost management that aligns with regulations, mapping wallet interactions, and utilizing non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as reliable audit references to enhance transparency and responsibility. The results show that cryptographic methods ensure safe data transfer, while network security strategies defend systems against unauthorized access, misuse, and cyber intrusions. At the same time, digital forensics offers a scientifically supported method for finding, preserving, and examining digital proof, tackling key evidentiary issues in today's cyber landscape. The integration of blockchain forensics and NFTs further boosts auditability, traceability, and trust, especially within decentralized finance (DeFi) setups and intricate digital transactions. In summary, the alignment of cryptography, network protection, and digital forensics creates a strong and forward-thinking security framework that improves data safety, helps with regulatory adherence, and enhances the overall durability of contemporary digital systems.
Набір даних містить матеріали для відтворення емпіричного аналізу, опублікованого у статті «Крипторинок як асиметрична дуополія: комплементарність і конкуренція між Bitcoin і Ethereum». Він включає аналітичний скрипт R, похідні табличні результати та рисунки, що відтворюють усі таблиці й графіки, представлені у статті. Аналіз охоплює щоденні ціни закриття та обсяги торгів для біткоїна (BTC-USD) та ефіріуму (ETH-USD), отримані з Yahoo Finance, за період з 1 січня 2017 року до 20 березня 2026 року. Емпірична модель перевіряє наслідки моделей цінової конкуренції Бертрана та кількісної конкуренції Курно, а також оцінює три гіпотези: цінове лідерство біткоїна (H1), кількісну рівновагу Курно (H2) та часткову комплементарність активів (H3).
The value of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies critically depends on miners having incentives to follow the protocol. However, the Bitcoin mining protocol proposed by Nakamoto (2008) and implemented in practice is well known not to constitute an equilibrium: Eyal and Sirer (2018) construct a profitable deviation called ``selfish mining'' which relies on strategically delaying disclosure of newly mined blocks rather than publishing them immediately. We propose inertial mining, a novel mining protocol. When miners follow inertial mining, they produce the outcome intended by Nakamoto, i.e., a single longest chain. But unlike the Bitcoin mining protocol, inertial mining constitutes an equilibrium (assuming no miner controls more than half of the mining power). Indeed, neither selfish mining nor any other deviation is profitable. Furthermore, inertial mining only changes miners' behavior in the event of off-path forks, and can be implemented in Bitcoin without any changes to its consensus mechanism or blockchain architecture.
The correct and resilient operation of distributed systems—spanning global financial ledgers, decentralized autonomous organizations, and peer-to-peer energy microgrids—depends fundamentally on the correctness of their underlying consensus mechanisms. These protocols must guarantee agreement on shared state among a collection of potentially faulty or adversarial nodes, upholding the dual properties of safety and liveness even under hostile conditions. Despite the growing diversity of consensus algorithms, from classical crash-fault tolerant approaches such as Paxos and Raft to modern Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) variants and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based structures, the research community lacks a unified architecture for their systematic, cross-platform evaluation. This paper proposes a modular, extensible framework called the Consensus Evaluation and Resilience Framework (CERF) to fill this gap. CERF integrates five core components: a high-fidelity network emulation layer, a pluggable system-under-test (SUT) adapter, a fault injection engine (FIE) capable of simulating both benign and Byzantine failure modes, a multi-dimensional performance monitoring unit (PMU), and a formal consistency checker. By decoupling the testing infrastructure from protocol implementation, CERF enables fair comparisons of throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and scalability. The proposed architecture draws on insights from seminal benchmarking works including BlockBench, Jepsen, and ByzzBench, and extends evaluation criteria to address modern challenges in IoT environments, post-quantum security, and DAG-based ledgers. Graph-theoretical principles are incorporated at the topology design stage to model network vulnerabilities and guide adversarial scenario construction.
Ravindra Chopparapu, Sai Vamsi Chennupati, Sree Pranathi Pallela
The payment and settlement systems existing between nations are plagued by constant high costs of transactions, slow speed of the processes and also lack of transparency after the transactions touch other parties. The study suggests a safe and scalable blockchain platform that will support cross-border financial transfers. The architecture uses hybrid consensus integration of proof-of-stake and Byzantine fault tolerance to improve security and provide efficiency. A layered modular design supports interoperability between various financial institutions and regulatory regimes, and smart contract-based automation supports transparent settlement and compliance verification. Scalability is realized by sidechain integration and use of sharding algorithm which help it achieve high transaction throughput without jeopardizing security. The system proposed here eliminates reliance on third parties, settlement risks and offers confirmation of transactions with an audit trail in near real-time. The joint focus of the framework on trust, speed, and compliance means that it is a complete solution that supports any strategy to modernize global payment ecosystems, including in ways that can lead to financial inclusion and more efficient cross-border trade finance.
The rapid proliferation of cloud storage services necessitates robust mechanisms for verifying data integrity without requiring complete data retrieval. Traditional Provable Data Possession schemes face significant challenges in achieving simultaneous decentralization, privacy preservation, and efficient dynamic data handling. We present a novel framework that integrates blockchain technology with zero-knowledge cryptography to comprehensively address these limitations. Our approach employs Ethereum smart contracts for decentralized verification orchestration, Groth16 zk-SNARKs for privacy-preserving proof generation, and IPFS for distributed metadata management. The system architecture features a hierarchical Merkle tree authentication structure combined with BLS signature aggregation, achieving logarithmic verification complexity that is independent of the dataset size. By leveraging blockchain's immutable ledger properties, we eliminate single points of failure inherent in centralized third-party auditor models while ensuring complete audit trail transparency. The protocol supports dynamic data operations, including insertions, deletions, and modifications, through efficient cryptographic re-authentication mechanisms. We implement homomorphic encryption to enable verification on encrypted data, ensuring cloud providers never access plain-text information. Experimental evaluation on realistic datasets demonstrates a 43% reduction in computational overhead, a 67% decrease in communication costs, and 99.9% verification accuracy compared to existing approaches. When processing 10,000 data blocks totalling 1 GB, our system achieves a 2.3 -second average verification time with only 1.2% storage overhead. Formal security analysis proves correctness, soundness under computational hardness assumptions, and zero-knowledge privacy guarantees.
Location privacy insparseInternet of Vehicles is difficult to ensure due to limited anonymity, predictable mobility, and prolonged tracking windows. Existing silent-period and pseudonym-based schemes generally assume dense traffic and thus degrade under low-density conditions. This work proposes ZK-V2XChain, a lightweight privacy-preserving framework that integrates a Random Silent Period (RSP) mechanism with blockchain-based Identity Token (IT) authentication and Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) validation. The framework explicitly models sparse-network behavior and enables adaptive, verifiable privacy without compromising efficiency. We design a privacy-preserving IT issuance process using simulated smart contracts and implement decentralized IT verification through RSU–blockchain interaction. Using SUMO mobility traces, ns-3.45 simulations, and MATLAB-based privacy analytics, results show that ZK-V2XChain achieves higher entropy than SAP, RFPM, GLS, and CPS, and approaches the performance of OBS. The maximum anonymity-set size reaches 10.88, and communication overhead remains low (940 bytes). Ablation studies highlight the complementary roles of RSP, ZKP, and blockchain in balancing uncertainty, responsiveness, and issuance stability.
In the deployment of smart home IoT there is a critical security Loopholes that centralized management system are not able to solve. We present LiDIA, a lightweight Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) blockchain framework integrating Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) distributed storage and zeroknowledge authentication for residential IoT. we performed various simulation and result demonstrate end-to-end confirmation averaging 18 ms, throughput exceeding 1,200 Transactions Per Second (TPS), device-level energy reductions exceeding 99% over Proof-of-Work and AI-driven threat detection accuracy of 87.3% 92.5%, establishing a scalable and secure foundation for smart home environments.
O presente artigo analisa o estado atual da verificação formal de contratos inteligentes, com ênfase em ferramentas, métodos e limitações práticas para o ecossistema Web3. A verificação formal é compreendida como o emprego de técnicas matemáticas – entre as quais model checking, verificação baseada em SMT (Satisfiability Modulo Theories) e lógica de Hoare – para provar que propriedades especificadas são válidas para todas as execuções possíveis de um contrato, oferecendo garantias de segurança mais fortes do que aquelas proporcionadas por testes e auditorias manuais. Pesquisas recentes comparam ferramentas líderes voltadas à linguagem Solidity, a exemplo de solc-verify, SMTChecker, VeriSmart, ESBMC-Solidity e Certora Prover, destacando diferenças em expressividade de especificações, grau de automação, desempenho e taxas de falsos positivos e negativos. Surveys sistemáticos revelam ainda que, entre mais de duzentas ferramentas de análise e detecção de vulnerabilidades desenvolvidas entre 2018 e 2024, fração relevante adota métodos de verificação formal – especialmente model checking em nível de design e SMT em nível de implementação – mas que a adoção em esteiras industriais permanece limitada por fatores como complexidade de uso, custo e expertise especializada exigida. Casos práticos em protocolos de finanças descentralizadas (DeFi) demonstram que a verificação formal é capaz de detectar erros sutis, como bugs de arredondamento (rounding errors) que podem ensejar perdas de milhões de dólares, desde que invariantes de negócio e propriedades de segurança sejam corretamente especificados nas linguagens próprias de cada ferramenta. Conclui■se que, embora a verificação formal constitua peça crucial para elevar o patamar de segurança de contratos inteligentes críticos, ela enfrenta limitações de escalabilidade, cobertura de propriedades, dependência de especificações precisas e integração com ciclos ágeis de desenvolvimento, o que aponta para tendência de emprego combinado com auditoria manual, fuzzing e análise estática tradicional.
O presente artigo investiga como o tamanho do bloco afeta a propagação em redes blockchain, recorrendo à modelagem estocástica para quantificar os trade-offs entre throughput, segurança e descentralização. Estudos teóricos e empíricos indicam que blocos maiores elevam o tempo médio de propagação e a variância desse tempo, aumentando a probabilidade de forks e de blocos órfãos em mecanismos de consenso baseados em Prova de Trabalho (PoW) e variantes de Nakamoto. Modelos analíticos e de simulação demonstram que a relação entre o intervalo médio de geração de blocos e o atraso médio de propagação pode ser tratada por meio de sistemas de filas ou de processos de Poisson, nos quais a taxa de forks cresce quando o produto “taxa de blocos × atraso de propagação” se aproxima de um limiar crítico associado a um regime congestionado. Resultados de trabalhos de otimização de tamanho de bloco em PoW sugerem a existência de um tamanho “ótimo” que maximiza a eficiência econômica da rede – isto é, transações por segundo ponderadas pelo risco de órfãos –, e que esse ótimo depende fortemente da largura de banda média da rede e do grau de heterogeneidade entre nós. Evidências empíricas da rede Bitcoin mostram ainda que melhorias de protocolo, tais como Compact Blocks e redes de relay dedicadas, reduzem significativamente o impacto negativo de blocos maiores sobre a propagação, conquanto não eliminem o viés estrutural em favor de nós com melhor conectividade. Conclui-se que a modelagem estocástica do impacto do tamanho de bloco é fundamental para parametrizar blockchains de modo a manter a rede em regime funcional, minimizando taxa de forks e força centralizadora, ao mesmo tempo em que se atende à demanda por maior capacidade transacional na Web3.Blockchain