Blockchain Papers

Thabet Bakheet Thabet, Charilaos Mertzanis

No abstract is available for this record.

Remy Jonkam Oben, Aliya Zhakanova Isiksal, Faisal Faisal

No abstract is available for this record.

Sadeq Aladeeb, Fatima Zohra Sossi Alaoui

The advent of blockchain technology has introduced new alternatives to traditional banking systems, providing a decentralized, secure, and transparent framework. However, its adoption is still complex and uneven for many reasons. This study provides a comprehensive mapping of the intellectual trajectory, thematic structure, and development of blockchain technology research in the banking sector. Using a hybrid literature review methodology that combines bibliometric analysis and systematic content review, the study analyzes 389 peer-reviewed publications retrieved from Scopus (2015–May 2025). VOSviewer was employed to conduct performance analysis and science mapping, including co-authorship, co-citation, keyword co-occurrence, and bibliographic coupling analyses. In parallel, qualitative thematic analysis identified six clusters: (1) blockchain in banking and financial intermediation to enhance operational efficiency, (2) decentralized finance and cryptocurrencies, (3) integration of blockchain with other digital innovations, (4) trust-related dimensions, (5) institutional and regulatory aspects, and (6) strategies for modernizing banking business models. The findings reveal a steady rise in research output, regional disparities in collaboration, and thematic evolution from early conceptualization to recent signs of diversification of applied research. By integrating quantitative and qualitative insights, this study highlights key research gaps, offers directions for future work, and provides guidance for academics, practitioners, and policymakers on the transformative potential and challenges of blockchain in banking.

J. Rekha J. Rekha, N. Soujanya N. Soujanya, R. Sai Deepthi R. Sai Deepthi, S. Praveen Kumar S. Praveen Kumar · 6 authors

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations and individuals store, process, and manage data by offering scalable and cost-effective solutions over the internet. However, despite its widespread adoption, cloud computing faces critical challenges related to data security, privacy, trust, and centralized control. Centralized cloud architectures are highly susceptible to cyber-attacks, unauthorized access, and data breaches, which can compromise sensitive information. To address these issues, this project proposes a blockchain-integrated cloud system called Cloud Chain, which leverages Ethereum blockchain technology to enhance security and trust in cloud environments.The proposed system utilizes smart contracts to automate access control and ensure secure data transactions. Blockchain provides an immutable and decentralized ledger, making it nearly impossible to alter stored data without detection. This system enables secure file storage, transparent data access, and efficient verification mechanisms. By integrating blockchain with cloud computing, the project enhances data integrity, reduces dependency on centralized authorities, and improves overall system reliability. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system provides a more secure and scalable solution compared to traditional cloud systems.

Thotakura Meghana, Patan Hazira Bi, Katteda Moulika, Kolla Sailesh Kumar · 5 authors

Traditional philanthropic frameworks often struggle with financial opacity and a relianceon centralized intermediaries, which frequently leads to an erosion of donor trust andsystemic mismanagement. This paper proposes a Decentralized Charity Fund ManagementSystem that mitigates these risks by encoding the complete donation lifecycle withinEthereum smart contracts, ensuring transparency and accountability by design. Utilizing agovernance model inspired by Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), thesystem grants donors proportional voting rights based on their contributions, empoweringthem to collectively oversee fund disbursement. Capital is released to campaign organizersonly after a majority of donors approve specific withdrawal proposals, which must besupported by cryptographic expenditure proofs hosted on the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS). Additionally, the system features an autonomous refund mechanism that activatesif a campaign fails to reach its financial target by a set deadline, allowing for the directreclamation of funds without central intervention. Implementation via a React-baseddecentralized application (DApp) and validation through Hardhat-based testing confirmthat this frameowrk enforces all governance rules deterministically, effectively eliminatingthe need for centralized authority in the charitable ecosystem.

Togzhan Barakbayeva, Soroush Farokhnia, Amir Kafshdar Goharshady, Sergei Novozhilov

International audience

Y Liu, Zedan Zhao, Boyu Zhao, Na Wang · 6 authors

Decentralized identity (DID) is a key infrastructure for Web3, granting users sovereign control over their private identity data. While existing DID systems like FADID-TT (WWW'25) realize anonymity and traceability within a single domain, the Web3 ecosystem is a multiverse of independent domains like DeFi, GameFi, and DAO. This multi-domain reality presents critical issues for current DID solutions. First, most existing solutions are built on the monolithic committee architecture, facing severe scalability bottlenecks as the committee size grows. Second, most existing solutions cannot offer strong cross-domain anonymity, where frequent cross-domain interaction inevitably exposes the user's privacy. Third, existing methods for tracing the identities of malicious users are inefficient.

Surya Bahadur Kathayat, Magnus Svendsen, Brage Hagemann Brataas

Web3 applications strive to enable decentralization and user sovereignty, but often remain inaccessible to mainstream users due to complex onboarding and unfamiliar interaction paradigms. This study presents a Web2-inspired onboarding solution that integrates an embedded custodial wallet with OpenID Connect (OIDC) authentication via Vipps, a Norwegian bank-backed identity provider with over 4.6 million verified users. The proposed approach abstracts wallet management and removes the need for seed-phrase setup while introducing real-world identity assurance into the Web3 environment. A blockchain-based Battleship proof-of-concept was developed to demonstrate the approach, aiming to make Web3 interactions more intuitive and trustworthy. A mixed-method evaluation, combining usability testing and semi-structured interviews, revealed that integrating familiar login flows with verified identities improves usability, conceptual understanding, and both peer and ecosystem trust. The findings suggest that leveraging centralized identity providers can act as a pragmatic bridge between Web2 and Web3, potentially lowering initial onboarding barriers.

Hongxu Su, Mingzhe Liu, Jie Xu, Xiaohua Jia · 5 authors

ERC-4337, the Ethereum account abstraction standard, simplifies account management and transaction fee payment in decentralized applications by introducing programmable smart contract wallets and gas sponsorship via paymasters. However, its heavy reliance on on-chain validation and frequent state updates incurs substantial gas overhead, leading to performance bottlenecks and limiting scalability in large-scale deployments. To mitigate these issues, we propose GasLiteAA, a framework that optimize ERC-4337 by offloading paymaster logic to Trusted Execution Environments (TEE). GasLiteAA delegates the secure execution of stateful gas sponsorship logic and user quota management to TEE, enforcing validation rules off-chain while anchoring their integrity on-chain via lightweight cryptographic attestations. This verifiable offloading architecture significantly reduces on-chain computation and storage costs without sacrificing verifiability or decentralization. Experimental results demonstrate that GasLiteAA substantially lowers transaction fees, while remaining fully compatible with Ethereum Layer 1. By balancing security, efficiency, and deployability, GasLiteAA provides a practical and scalable approach to gas sponsorship for account-abstraction-based decentralized applications.

DR.B.MOHAN BABU DR.B.MOHAN BABU, B.MALLESHWARI B.MALLESHWARI, D.PRANAV SAI D.PRANAV SAI, E.BHARATH E.BHARATH · 5 authors

Forensic evidence management in real-world environments presents numerous challenges such as data tampering, unauthorized access, lack of transparency, and inefficiencies in maintaining the chain of custody. In this project, we propose a robust system for managing forensic evidence using blockchain technology by integrating both traditional database methods and decentralized ledger mechanisms. The proposed system utilizes blockchain features such as cryptographic hashing, distributed storage, and consensus protocols along with smart contracts to securely store, verify, and track forensic evidence throughout its lifecycle [1]. A comprehensive forensic dataset consisting of digital evidence records is used to conduct extensive experiments. The system is evaluated by combining blockchain storage with off-chain databases to efficiently handle large volumes of data while ensuring integrity through hash references stored on the blockchain. Multiple configurations of storage and verification techniques have been tested to identify the most effective approach for secure evidence management. The analysis of results indicates that the hybrid blockchain model integrated with smart contracts provides superior performance in terms of data integrity, transparency, and resistance to tampering [2]. The study also compares traditional centralized systems with blockchain-based approaches, highlighting the advantages of decentralization in handling real-world forensic data. The proposed system significantly improves the reliability and efficiency of evidence tracking even under challenging conditions, making it suitable for applications such as cybercrime investigation, digital forensics, and legal evidence management systems [3]. Keywords – Blockchain, Forensic Evidence Management, Cryptographic Hashing, Smart Contracts, Distributed Ledger, Data Integrity, Chain of Custody, Cybersecurity, Digital Forensics, Decentralization.

Sree Devi K

Abstract The one among primary source of Indian national GDP is MSME sector, presently functions under a “Compliance Paradox” though Goods and Service Tax (GST) has digitalized revenue collection, the dependence on batch-based processing and non-transparent algorithms facing major systemic inefficacy, periodic working capital lock-ups, contingent vendor liability, phantom notification burst. This article outlines a transformative roadmap powered by Autonomous Tax Administration (ATA) conceptual framework through Autonomous Jurisprudence in a real time by bridging synchronous Gateways to GSP-Edge to that of GST Suvidha Provider (GSP). ATA integrates three major cognitive layers (i) Cryptographic Invoice Provenance (for digital birthright we use Zero-Knowledge Proofs), (ii) Stability-Weighted Anomaly Detection (to mathematically distinguish clerical evasion errors) (iii) SHAP-based Explainable AI (XAI) for transparency. Finally I recommend Real-Time Credit Liquidity Protocol (RTCLP), which leverages a dynamic Autonomous Trust Index (ATI) to release Input Tax Credit (ITC) instantly upon generating invoice. This transforms a manual “sunk cost” tax compliance into real-time “liquidity assets”. 1.Introduction Background The current GST 2.0, is designed to serve for a 5 trillion economy which shows a structural maturation of a highly optimized fiscal architecture design for indirect tax regime of India. As of February 2026, the shift toward AI-powered “Agentic Automation” to harmonize India’s environment with international best practices, reform has transcended simple tax subsumption to address deep-seated inefficiencies in resources allocation, compliance equity and revenue resilience. Which insist Tech-driven fiscal transformation 2.Problem Statement MSME sector face a “Compliance Paradox “ despite successful digitalization of the tax base, Digitalization and Automation has created Aggressive Automated Compliance (widely described as “Notice Terrorism” in the trade circles) environment. Current batch-based systems trigger automated intimations, such as Form DRC-01B and DRC-01C, when deviations in tax liability or Input Tax Credit (ITC) cross prescribed risk thresholds. This retrospective type reconciliation often results in the immediate blocking of subsequent return fillings and the lock-up of critical working capital. 3.Research Objectives 1. To design a conceptual framework for an Autonomous Tax Administration (ATA) that replaces reactive enforcement with proactive facilitation 2. To develop a model that secures the digital birthright of transactions using cryptographic provenance. 3. To integrate real-time credit liquidity protocols into the existing digital public infrastructure (DPI). 4.Significance The Indian MSME sector remains the backbone of the economy, yet micro-firms have registered a lower average turnover growth (4.1%) compared to small and medium firms (8.9%) due to lower digital readiness. The ATA framework seeks to reallocate the 28.6 hours per month MSME sector currently spent on manual compliance back into productivity. Furthermore by providing “Logic Certificates” of cryptic notices, the ATA can reduce the backlog of over 14000 appeals currently pending in the nascent GST Appellate Tribunal system. 5.Research Questions 1. How can Gradient-Boosted AI differentiate between stochastic clerical errors and systematic evasion in the real-time? 2. Can an evolved GSP-led cryptographic provenance model eliminate vendor-chain liability without imposing new hardware costs on MSME sector? 6.Scope and Limitation The study focuses on the Indian MSME sector and assumes adoption of API-first ERP systems or GSP-Edge Gateways. It is limited by current legislative constraints regarding fully autonomous punitive adjudication and the digital divide in rural infrastructure. 7.Literature Review GST and MSMEs Post-GST turnover data suggests that larger SMEs are better positioned to leverage tax benefits due to professionalized digital accounting (Bhalla et al., 2023; Kumar & Kumar, n.d.). For smaller entities, ITC mismatches between GSTR-3B and GSRTR-2B remain the primary driver of administrative friction, with unresolved DRC-01C notices exposing businesses to recovery proceedings under Section 73 or 74 (Anantham, 2025; GSTR-3B & ITC Errors Leading to GST Notices, n.d.) Autonomous Tax Administration The OECD “Tax Administration 3.0” vision envisions tax compliance as seamless, automated by product of business activity. The model advocates for a “Connected once, comply everywhere” approach, where service providers manage the complexities of data transmission, allowing the tax authority to act as an invisible partner in commerce(taxguru_in & Goyal, 2023). Theoretical Framework The research introduce Autonomous Jurisprudence, which means a legal philosophy were AI act as a functional “agent” of the state, (AI handles the scale and speed of administrative interactions), but framework authority is strictly bound by a “human-in-the-loop” while human judiciary retains the moral and punitive finality. This framework prioritizes the Three pillars recognizing that particularly those of accountability and understandable by design, while AI can facilitate real-time interactions, administrative law necessitates that humans retain meaningful control over punitive adjudication to ensure fairness and avoid bias. Conceptual Framework for Autonomous Tax Administration (ATA) Core Principles of ATA framework operates on three pillars: Facilitation-First (prioritizing error correction over penalties), Real-Time Transparency (Using XAI to explain system decisions), Infrastructure Resilience (ensuring rural accessibility through store and forward logic). Key components GSP-Edge Gateway: This component leverages the existing network of GST Suvidha Providers (GSPs)- authorized intermediaries that connect taxpayers to GSTN. By evolving the GSP’s role into an “Edge Gateway,” the system performs cryptographic Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) at the GSP level rather than requiring expensive hardware at the MSME’s storefront. Gradient-Boosted Anomaly Detection: The “Intent Filter” that mathematically distinguishes stochastic clerical noise from systemic evasion patterns. Shap-based Explainable AI (XAI): The “Interpreter” that provides plain-English “logic certificates” for every system flag. Cryptography Invoice Provenance: The Cryptography Invoice Provenance performs the action of “Anchor” that digital birth right of every transaction, to regulate synthetic forgery Integration of Components The framework utilizes a Synchronous Bridge to authorized GSP hubs to connect with tax AI of MSME ERPs. Inspired by UPI Lite and Aadhar offline XML to accommodate rural infrastructure the framework adopts Store-and-Forward architecture, where Zero Knowledge Proofs is embedded with local time stamps during network drops asynchronously. Proposed workflow Event Trigger: MSME generates an invoice in an ONDC-compatible app or ERP. Integrity Anchor: The GSP-Edge Gateway performs a ZKP check to lock the digital birth right of the transaction. Cognitive Scoring: Gradient-Boosted models assign a real time ATI score Facilitation Loop: If a minor variance is found the SHAP module generates a Logic Certificate and an instant auto-correction prompt. Instant Liquidity: Once validated, the RTCLP activates, releasing ITC to the Electronic cash ledger in under 3 seconds. 8.Methodology Research Design The framework adopts a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology to create and evaluate ATA framework by tecno-legal artifact, this approach ensures the model is technically viable and legally sound through a couple of iterations. Data collection Empirical analysis of GSTN automated notice volumes (DRC-01B/C logs) and UPI transaction surges( e.g., the 14,000 cases identified in Karnataka) served as the primary data source for identifying systematic friction points. Analytical Tools Mathematical formulations were developed to simulate the Autonomous Trust Index (ATI): where V_a is the verification Authenticity, C_s is the compliance stability, L_g is the Ledger Governance and N_s is the network Stability. Expected Outcomes and impact Efficiency Gains Moving from “monthly filling” to invisible compliance, the ATA targets a near zero labour burden for MSMEs, reallocating valuable human hours back into the economy. Fiscal integrity Precision in identifying systematic evasion, thereby reducing audit load on honest tax payers. By eliminating synthetic surgery through ZKP anchors with projected 95% precision. Transparency The framework replaces black box algorithm with a citizen-centre charter that translate Jargon into clear public value: Technical term Citizen centric translation Benefit Stochastic error Simple Typo Instant correction no notice Lambda architecture Real time verification Instant ITC availability SHAP Logic Clear recent for flags Transparency in system actions ZKP Provenance Secure digital birthright Protection from vendor default 9.Discussion Theoretical implication The ATA framework redefines the “social contract” between the STATE and MSMEs through “Trust-by-Design”. By treating the governance as infrastructure, the system assumes compliance as a default state for high ATI actors. Limitations A critical legal anchor is the Guwahati High court ruling in construction catalyser Vs State of Assam (2024) which held that summary notice in DRC-01 are supplementary and cannot substitute a proper show cause notice authenticated by a proper officer. Furthermore, section 75(4) of the CGST act mandates a personal hearing before any adverse order is passed. Consequently, AI in the ATA framework act as investigator facilitator while human officers must remain in final Adjudicator for punitive actions to preserve

Radoslav Y. Radoslavov

This paper proposes a conceptual methodological framework based on a Dual-Domain Architecture mediated by a Zero-Knowledge Audit Proxy (ZKAP) to reconcile AI Act accountability with GDPR data minimization. Legal norms are polynomialized into R1CS constraints, transforming compliance into a formally verifiable computational property. For cognitively opaque exascale models, these invariants may be hardware-anchored through a Provable Arithmetic Logic Unit (pALU), ensuring determinism and resistance to algorithmic drift. For lower-risk or on-premise systems, ZKAP operates in a software-only configuration, enabling periodic asymmetric regulatory proofs without silicon-level integration. A calibrated threshold distinguishes admissible technical variance from structural divergence, triggering mandatory safeguards. The framework provides a proportional, scalable, and cryptographically verifiable oversight model applicable both to future non-explainable AI systems and to lighter local infrastructures. This Zenodo deposit contains both the original Bulgarian peer-reviewed version (version of record) and an unofficial English translation. The Bulgarian version was published in Artificial Intelligence Proceedings (ISSN 3033-2923 / 3134-1667), pp. 75–78, as presented at the XI International Scientific Conference "High Technologies. Business. Society", Borovets, Bulgaria, 23–26 March 2026.

Dr. G. V. Mahesh Naath

Due to the fast development of cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies, the field of financial innovation, data privacy, and legal regulation has become a complex area with a multi-faceted regulatory environment. In this paper, the authors discuss the critical problem of ensuring the rights to privacy of individuals and the necessity of an effective control over the regulatory framework in decentralized digital financial systems. Although cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have facilitated peer-to-peer payments, increased transparency, and financial inclusion, their pseudonymous and borderless characteristics have also brought serious concerns associated with money laundering, terrorist funding, market volatility, and consumer protection. In a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, the research assesses the current regulatory reactions and outlines the increasing role of international principles, constructed by the Financial Action Task Force. It contends that the conventional approaches to regulation, which were developed to deal with centralized financial institutions, cannot deal with the contingencies of decentralized ecosystems. In this regard, the paper will present a technology-based governance model that incorporates the use of law, institutional, and technological solutions to emerge with a harmonious regulatory strategy. This is highlighted in the study as the new technologies including blockchain analytics, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, and privacy protection tools like zero-knowledge proofs could be used to facilitate regulatory compliance without compromising user privacy. It also highlights the significance of risk-based, adaptive regulation, regulatory sandboxes and international collaboration in reducing regulatory arbitrage and global financial integrity. Finally, the paper argues that the future of cryptocurrencies regulation is in the creation of adaptable, innovation-oriented, and privacy-sensitive rules. A balance between law and technology can enable policymakers to create a secure, transparent, inclusive digital financial ecosystem and protect basic rights and the larger interest of society.

H. Sameema Farhana, M. Mohamed Faisal

However, the centralized cloud storage poses a great threat to the security and privacy of the user. In the digital world, cloud storage is one of the most fundamental components of data storage and online services. In the traditional centralized approach, the data, including user information, credentials, and other access information, is stored centrally. This approach is highly vulnerable to attacks and data breaches. The main objective of the proposed research is to develop a system that improves the security, privacy, and control of the data, as well as providing a secure environment for storing and sharing digital assets. The system uses the Blockchain technology and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to provide secure and tamper-proof storage. In the proposed system, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is used to ensure the highest level of encryption using the smallest key sizes. In addition, the proxy re-encryption method is used to ensure the secure sharing of data among authorized users without revealing the original encryption keys. Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) is used to ensure the highest level of privacy by verifying the user's authorization without revealing the actual credentials. The combination of decentralized storage, blockchain-based verification, and advanced cryptographic techniques provides a robust solution for mitigating cloud security threats, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and transparency, and fostering a trustworthy environment for both individuals and organizations.

Okuzawa Yoshihaku

This paper focuses on the application of blockchain technology in the field of supply chain finance, with an emphasis on its supportive role in alleviating the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Through theoretical analysis and case study methods, it systematically elaborates how blockchain technology, leveraging its characteristics such as decentralization, traceability, and immutability, enhances the transparency and credibility of supply chain finance, reduces the risks associated with information asymmetry, and thereby improves the availability and efficiency of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises. Taking "Ant Duo-Chain" as an example, the paper analyzes the application effects of blockchain technology in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, concluding that this model not only enhances the efficiency of capital circulation but also provides a sustainable path for the stable development and value enhancement of the overall supply chain ecosystem.

Kashif Aman, Atiq Ur Rehman, Fahad Masood, Sikander Azam · 7 authors

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and IoT environment require decentralized platforms that can support a high number of transactions and provide high security and privacy assurance. This study suggests a reputation-aware, zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) based, dynamically sharded smart contract system that is able to process scalable and privacy-preserving transactions. The suggested architecture highly incorporates dynamic sharding, ZKP-based verification, decentralized smart contracts and reputation-based selection of leaders to jump over the scalability, trusting and performance limitations of traditional blockchain systems. There are also extensive experimental assessments that occur within 100-1000 transactions per second (tps) and batch sizes of 10, 30, 50, and 100. Findings indicate that the given framework demonstrates the ability to scale throughput linearly to about 1000 tps, and Enhanced Fabric and Ethereum reach throughput saturation at 140-150 and 15-20 tps, respectively. The proposed system has an average latency of less than 500 ms at an arrival rate of 1000 tps whereas at the same rate, baseline approaches have a latency of over 8000 ms with larger batch sizes. The success rate of the transaction is always above 97, which is due to the isolation of reputation and adaptive scheduling of shards. Moreover, the framework decreases 40-50% and 45-50% the computation overhead and the cost of communication respectively, over heavyweight baseline schemes. These results show that the synergistic implementation of ZKP, dynamic sharding, decentralized smart contracts, and reputation-aware control are a scalable solution with high throughput IoT and IoV applications that is efficient and secure.

Claudia Njilla, Mika Kato

This paper examines cryptocurrency adoption among unbanked, underbanked, and fully banked households in the United States, using data from the 2023 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households; the first wave of the survey to include household-level information on cryptocurrency usage. We estimate a Probit model, supplemented by Logit and Linear Probability Model (LPM) specifications as robustness checks, to assess whether underbanked and unbanked households are more likely to adopt cryptocurrency than fully banked households, controlling for a range of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The results consistently show a statistically significant and positive association between underbanked status and the likelihood of cryptocurrency use across all model specifications. Specifically, underbanked households are 1.9 to 2.1 percentage points more likely to use cryptocurrency than their fully banked counterparts, suggesting that cryptocurrency functions as an alternative financial tool for the partially excluded. In contrast, unbanked households either show no statistically significant difference or exhibit a small negative association with cryptocurrency adoption, indicating that cryptocurrency is neither a substitute for formal financial services among the completely excluded nor widely adopted by the fully included. This suggests that those with full access to the financial system likely do not feel the need to seek alternatives. Cryptocurrency adoption is also shaped by key demographic and socioeconomic factors. Younger individuals, men, White respondents, those identifying with two or more races, and individuals with higher income and education levels are significantly more likely to adopt cryptocurrency. Overall, the findings highlight the nuanced role of cryptocurrency as a supplemental financial instrument for the underbanked, rather than a comprehensive solution to financial exclusion particularly for the unbanked.

Fahad Khayyam

Cloud-based SaaS platforms now run essential services across finance, healthcare, and government sectors. Many of these systems include automated agents and decision engines that operate at high speed and scale. Identity and access governance therefore serves as a central control layer. Traditional IAM models depend on fixed roles, centralized authorization servers, and periodic reviews. Such structures struggle in distributed, multi-tenant environments that process millions of access requests each day. Prior studies address adaptive authentication, Zero Trust security, decentralized identity, anomaly detection, and cloud resilience. However, these solutions often function separately rather than within a unified framework. This paper introduces a Resilient Identity and Access Governance Architecture that integrates real time risk evaluation, distributed policy enforcement, lifecycle governance for human and machine identities, and fault tolerance in a single design. The framework defines measurable targets for availability, detection time, throughput, and policy propagation. Risk scoring occurs during live authorization decisions, and enforcement spans multiple nodes. The result is a scalable identity governance model suitable for complex SaaS ecosystems that require high availability and consistent control.

Pratibha Vivekanand Kashid, Avinash Somatkar, Qingchang Guo, Sharayu Rinkal Kawale · 6 authors

The digital art blistering phenomenon has transformed the manner in which art is produced and contextualized in the art markets in the world, though it has occasioned concerns that border issues of ownership, authenticity and provenance which are horrifyingly questioned. Easy reproduction, editing and re transmission, and proving the authorship and protecting of the artists is difficult in digital art. The provided paper explores the possibility of the blockchain technology being a secure and open method of controlling the ownership of the digital art object and enhancing the authenticity records. Blockchain helps in the creation of verifiable histories of digital assets that cannot be changed and this is done by allowing decentralized ledger keeping, cryptographic hash and smart contracts to be used to create the records. The article also involves the research of blockchain-based systems in particular with the involvement of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as the embodiment of a unique digital piece of art. It proposes a theoretical model that entails artist registration, tokenization of artwork, ownership tracking, and verifications to ensure the safety of provenance and authenticity. The implementation plan will outline the process of the implementation of a blockchain-based tool, namely, the decentralized storage and the automation of smart contracts, which will allow facilitating an effective transaction and the payment of royalty. Furthermore, a comparison of the advantages of introducing blockchain-based systems over traditional models of art ownership is described in terms of the security, transparency, and accessibility. The paper does list such problems as scalability, regulatory uncertainty and environmental issues, despite these advantages. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that blockchain technology can change the digital art ecosystems which provide a reliable platform of ownership verification and empowering artists, and also emphasize the need to conduct further research and sustainable development.

Antonio José Marín Soto

We establish an information-theoretic lower bound on the prover overhead of any zero-knowledge proof system that verifies arbitrary neural network inference. We prove a minimum multiplicative overhead of 2x for general circuits, rising to 4x for neural networks with ReLU activations due to activation encoding, weight commitment, and layer dependency costs. We further prove that composing ZK with fully homomorphic encryption produces multiplicative overhead blowup, making ZK+FHE verification impractical beyond approximately 10^4 gates. We survey six contemporary proof systems and show their observed overheads are consistent with our bounds. Our results formalize the intuition that free verification of AI computation is impossible and provide concrete bounds for system designers.

Cheri Venkata Sai, Gurijela Pavan, Pittala Abhirameshwar, S. Suma

These come hand in hand with unprecedented levels of complexity in copyrighting and mon- etizing creations. In general, this protects the copyrights under the existing framework, which are cen- tralized, expensive, and beyond the reach of any independent creator. This paper presents an innovative blockchain-based framework for image copyrighting and social crypto monetization by using blockchain technologies such as Ethereum smart contracts and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). The proposed framework enables creators to publish digital images, calculate cryptographic proofs of image ownership with the SHA-256 hashing algorithm, store images in IPFS, and record metadata into the blockchain with unchanged timestamps. In addition, the platform supports “Like to Earn”, where public engagement for viewing is translated directly into rewarding creators with cryptocurrencies via smart contracts. The proposed framework adopts Web3 technologies to enable secure signing of all transactions with fraud prevention using the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) technique through MetaMask wallet authentication. Experimental evaluation of the proposed framework confirms that it can remove duplicate uploads, promptly verify image ownership, and enable social monetization of cryptocurrencies in a secured way.

Karan Kumar, Karnadeep Das, Hrithik Kumar Gupta

Abstract— The rapid growth of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology has significantly increased the demand for platforms that enable users to efficiently explore and verify blockchain transactions. This paper presents the design and development of an Ethereum Blockchain Explorer (Multi-Chain), a web-based platform that provides a centralized interface for accessing blockchain data such as transactions, wallet addresses, and block details. The system is implemented using modern web technologies, particularly React.js, to ensure a responsive and intuitive interface. It allows users to search blockchain records using transaction hashes, wallet addresses, or block numbers. By integrating multiple blockchain networks into a single platform, the system enhances accessibility and usability of blockchain information for developers, researchers, and general users. The proposed system demonstrates improved multi-chain support and provides a more user-friendly experience compared to traditional single-chain blockchain explorers. Keywords— Blockchain Explorer, Ethereum, Multi-Chain, Smart Contracts, RPC, Web3, React.js

Abdulilah I. Mubarak

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractCryptocurrency markets are highly volatile, making price prediction a complex yet essential task for investors, financial engineers, and institutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether Bayesian optimization of technical indicator parameters significantly improves the forecasting performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models compared to baseline configurations. The study used daily Bitcoin and Ethereum price data from January 2016 to September 2025. Six technical indicators representing trend, momentum, volatility, and volume-based technical indicators are constructed and dynamically optimized through Bayesian optimization. The optimized indicators are then used as inputs to an LSTM forecasting framework. The study found that the baseline LSTM model achieved moderate predictive accuracy, where Ethereum outperformed Bitcoin. After optimization, both models exhibited improved performance, reducing the forecasting error for Bitcoin by 36.4% and for Ethereum by 12.2%. LSTM model with Bayesian optimized indicators showed a higher forecasting accuracy as compared to the baseline model, with 32% and 18.6% improvements for Bitcoin and Ethereum, respectively. These findings suggest that combining optimized technical indicators with LSTM models enhances predictive power in cryptocurrency markets. The approach offers a robust forecasting framework for traders, analysts, and algorithmic systems in high-volatility environments.Acknowledgment“This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Project No. KFU261690].”

SVB Subrahmanyeswara Rao, Kanaka Durga Hanumanthu, P Siva Reddy, Venkata Naga Siva Kumar Challa · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.