Blockchain Papers

Yining Li

No abstract is available for this record.

Edmilson Silva Dias, André Luís Rocha de Souza, Thayse Santos da Cruz, Érica Ferreira Marques · 7 authors

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo discutir as estratégias de tokenização para a proteção de direitos autorais no contexto das ICTs. A tokenização é uma técnica criptográfica utilizada para criar ativos digitais exclusivos, como obras de arte, música e livros, que podem ser negociados em plataformas blockchain. No entanto, a utilização de estratégias de tokenização em ICTs também suscita questões complexas sobre a proteção dos direitos autorais. Para examinar a literatura sobre direitos autorais e estratégias de tokenização, foi realizada uma pesquisa com finalidade exploratória, de natureza bibliográfica, com uma abordagem descritiva. Identificou-se que um dos principais desafios dos direitos autorais no Brasil é atualizar-se incorporando os aspectos tecnológicos e o avanço do ambiente cibernético, bem como as relações digitais e as diversas transações no contexto da internet. Por fim, conclui-se que os Non-Fungible Tokens - NFTs representam uma estratégia promissora para a proteção de ativos intangíveis, considerando a capacidade de garantir a autenticidade e exclusividade de um objeto digital, o que pode ser usado como complemento aos processos legais vigentes no país, proporcionando transparência, confiabilidade e rastreabilidade agregada.

Authors unavailable

Blockchain has shown great potential in various fields due to its technical advantages such as peer-to-peer, timestamp, consensus algorithm and encryption. In blockchain, the protection method of transaction data or copyright is crucial and cryptographic digital signature technology has been applied as one of the copyright protection methods. The multi-signature scheme provides higher security than single-signature schemes, enhances the transparency of transactions and contracts, and is widely used in distributed systems utilizing distributed ledger technology in blockchain. Multisignature requires multiple parties to cooperate in order to produce a valid signature, reducing the risk of exposing the entire system to a single point of failure when compared to single-signature schemes. This is an important role in transactions or contracts that require consensus among multiple parties, where each party can sign to implement the agreement, increasing transparency and preventing disputes. However, the cryptographic digital signature is resource consuming and inefficient because the verification of the signature consumes lots of computational resources and excessive number of communications. Therefore, we have proposed an efficient multi-signature scheme based on Schnorr for copyright protection on Ethereum.

Péter Mezei, Marianna Foerg

No abstract is available for this record.

Stephen M. McJohn, Lorie Graham

No abstract is available for this record.

Rosario La Rocca, Riccardo Mancini, Marco Benedetti, Matteo Caruso · 11 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Nathanaël Denis

Pour un internet des objets sécurisé et respectueux de la vie privée basé sur le contrôle d'usage et les registres distribués Les objets connectés représentent l'une des principales cibles de la cybercriminalité. Les raisons en sont multiples : d'abord, pour limiter le coût de la sécurité, les fabricants peuvent vendre des produits vulnérables avec des failles de sécurité. Deuxièmement, de nombreux objets connectés sont soumis à des contraintes de performance et ne disposent pas de la puissance nécessaire pour exécuter des logiciels de sécurité. Enfin, l'hétérogénéité des applications, du matériel et des logiciels élargit la surface d'attaque.Pour parer à ces menaces, l'Internet des Objets (IoT) a besoin de technologies de sécurité et de préservation de la vie privée sur mesure.En ce qui concerne la protection de la vie privée, le contrôle d'usage donne aux utilisateurs la possibilité de spécifier comment leurs données peuvent être utilisées et par qui. Le contrôle d'usage étend le contrôle d'accès classique en introduisant des obligations, c'est-à-dire des actions à effectuer pour obtenir l'accès, et des conditions qui sont liées à l'état du système, comme la charge du réseau ou le temps.Cette thèse vise à apporter des réponses aux défis de l'internet des objets en termes de performance, de sécurité et de respect de la vie privée. Pour cela, les registres distribués (DLT) constituent, de par leur caractère décentralisé, une solution prometteuse aux contraintes de l'internet des objets, en particulier pour les micro-transactions. Cela se traduit par trois contributions:1. un ensemble de technologies pour des transactions sans frais préservant la vie privée, conçu pour passer à l'échelle;2. une méthode d'intégration du contrôle d'usage et des registres distribués pour permettre une protection efficace des données des utilisateurs;3. un modèle étendu pour le contrôle d'usage dans les systèmes distribués, afin d'y ajouter le contrôle de flux décentralisé et les aspects liés à l'internet des objets.Une preuve de concept de l'intégration (2) a été mise en place pour démontrer la faisabilité et effectuer des tests de performance. Elle s'appuie sur IOTA, un registre distribué qui utilise un graphe orienté acyclique pour son graphe de transactions au lieu d'une blockchain. Les résultats des tests de performance sur un réseau privé montrent une diminution d'environ 90% du temps nécessaire pour effectuer des transactions et pour évaluer des politiques de contrôle d'usage, dans le cas où ce dernier est intégré au réseau.

Aldin Čimpo

Der Übergang zu neueren Technologien ist immer schwierig, das zeigt die erste Kryptowährung namens Bitcoin. Es bietet eine Möglichkeit Finanztransaktionen zu schaffen, indem es als Geld und Zahlungsmittel unabhängig von einer Person, Organisation oder Einrichtung fungiert. Bald darauf kreiert man neue Blockchain-Technologien die mehr als nur Finanztransaktionen abwickeln. Ethereum ist die erste Kryptowährung, die über eine Turing-komplette Programmiersprache zum Schreiben von Smart Contracts verfügt. Dies eröffnet Informatikern die Möglichkeit, auf dieser Grundlage weiterzuentwickeln, um Geschwindigkeit, Stabilität und Dezentralisierung zu verbessern. Trotz all dieser ausgefeilten Technologie enthält sie neue Schwachstellen, von denen täglich neue auftauchen und Schäden in Millionenhöhe verursachen. Diese Arbeit basiert auf den Erfindungen wie Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana und Near-Protocol. Die Funktionalitäten und die Unterschiede dessen sind zusammengefasst. Anschließend sind die Sicherheitskonzepte im Allgemeinen beschrieben, wobei die einzige Unterscheidung die Konsensmechanismen sind. Der praktische Teil wird mit React und dem Anchor-Framework entwickelt, und es werden sowohl die Front-End-als auch die Back-End-Implementierungen gezeigt. Mit diesen Technologien wird eine öffentliche, anonyme Plattform für den Austausch von Nachrichten entwickelt, beider eine Person einen zufälligen Namen erhält und gegen eine geringe Transaktionsgebühr Meinungen mit dem Rest der Welt teilen kann. Der Schwerpunkt liegt jedoch auf der Erstellung eines sicheren Smart Contracts und der Verbindung des Smartcontracts mit dem Frontend unter Verwendung der Solana Web3 Application Programming Interface (API)s. Darüber hinaus wird ein Smart-Contract-Audit mit Hilfe von Websites durchgeführt, die automatische Smart-Contract-Audit-Tools bereitstellen, und es wird gezeigt, dass der Smart Contract sicher ist. Deswegen wird, basierend auf einer Liste von bekannten Verhaltensregeln, in einem Abschnitt anhand von Code-Beispielen erklärt, wie man sicheren Smart-Contract-Code schreibt. Zu guter Letzt wird ein kurzer Überblick darüber gegeben, wie die Anwendung erweitert werden könnte, indem erklärt wird, wie die österreichische Regierung ihre politischen Wahlen digitalisieren könnte.

Kohei Ichihara

In 2022, the Japanese government is strongly proposing to focus on developing the Web3 industry. The government is exploring the use of NFTs to commercialize content such as Japanese animations and games as Web3 businesses. NFT (Non-Fungible Token) means "unique and non-substitutable data unit recorded in blockchain". NFT indicates the owner of digital content by linking the NFT with digital content such as image or audio data. On the other hand, NFTs are constructed using complex technologies such as “blockchain” and “smart contracts”. For this reason, many people do not understand the technical mechanism of NFTs. There are also aspects of excessive expectations for NFTs based on misunderstandings. I think that the bubble caused by excessive expectations negatively affects the development of technology. Therefore, in this research, I investigated what kind of value people find after understanding the mechanism of NFTs. Also, based on the survey, I find the functions desired for NFTs. Specifically, I made a video for non-technical people to easy to understand how NFTs work. And I showed the non-technical people the video with a demonstration of NFT tampering. After showing the video to the viewers, I surveyed them to investigate how their understanding of NFTs and the perceived value of NFTs changed. As a result, people understood that NFTs were not used as keys to access contents, but rather as a way to brag about what the holders had.

Y. S. Chen, Chih‐Chien Wang, Yean‐Fu Wen

No abstract is available for this record.

Jakub Wyczik

This article addresses the lack of comprehensive studies on Web3 technologies, primarily due to lawyers' reluctance to explore technical intricacies. Understanding the underlying technological foundations is crucial to enhance the credibility of legal opinions. This article aims to illuminate these foundations, debunk myths, and concentrate on determining the legal status of crypto-assets in the context of property rights within the distributed economy. In addition, this article notes that the intangible nature of crypto-assets that derive value from distributed registries, and their resistance to deletion, makes crypto-assets more akin to the autonomy of intellectual property than physical media. The article presents illustrative examples from common law (United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand) and civil law (Germany, Austria, Poland) systems. Proposing a universal solution, it advocates a comprehensive framework safeguarding digital property - data ownership - extending beyond the confines of Web3. This article presents a comprehensive, multi-layered approach to the analysis of tokens as digital content and virtual goods. The approach, universally applicable to various of such goods, scrutinizes property on three distinct layers: first, the rights to the virtual good itself; second, the rights to the assets linked to the virtual good; and third, the rights to the intellectual property intricately associated with the token. Additionally, the paper provides concise analysis of the conflict of laws rules applicable to virtual goods. It also delves into issues concerning formal requirements for the transfer of intellectual property rights, licensing, the first sale (exhaustion) doctrine, the concept of the lawful acquirer, and other crucial aspects of intellectual property in the realm of virtual goods, particularly within the emerging metaverse.

Owen Grant

Non-Fungible Tokens NFTs are digitally scarce, non-exchangeable cryptographic tokens that represent an underlying work such as a picture or video and exist on a blockchain, mostly used to trade in digital art and collectibles. They are the most recent blockchain development and offer a great deal of promise for the future in numerous sectors. Despite this they are unregulated and suffer from a bad reputation and illegitimacy that exists across current public blockchains and cryptocurrency, due to fraudulent actors and misconceptions of what is owned with an NFT. In this paper I posit that NFTs could be used to upgrade Digital Rights Management (DRM) through two possible solutions; a copyright register on a blockchain or moving DRM to blockchain – Distributed Digital Rights Management (DDRM). The objective of these solutions is to solve the ongoing problem of digital piracy, which DRM has never been successful in stopping through present-day encryption or content-blocking services. The other benefit is for authors to be guaranteed fair remuneration for their works by cutting out some unnecessary intermediaries and issuing licences through smart contracts. I consider that if successful, these solutions constitute an evolution of digital copyright protection, though they must first overcome legal, practical, and logistical problems. For either solution to be successful, smart contracts must be able to constitute valid legal contracts with binding obligations as all NFTs contain these to execute terms set by the person creating the token (minter). I show that under current Scots law and under England and Wales contract law smart contracts can satisfy formation requirements of a contract, but they still must overcome the challenges presented by blockchain and a lack of intermediaries such as an established dispute resolution mechanism. I demonstrate in this paper that current digital copyright protection could be upgraded with the use of NFTs, specifically in giving authors direct control over the following DRM functions for which previously they were beholden to intermediaries: Assignment; Licensing; Royalty payments; and Registration. Despite this I outline that each solution must overcome some significant challenges, leading me to conclude that a blockchain copyright register utilising NFTs is not likely to be attempted in the near future but could offer huge benefits for exploiters as well as authors. DDRM is a solution already being developed by RAIRtech and is by its nature an idea that numerous companies can compete to develop best. In the final analysis I conclude that despite their issues NFTs <em>are </em>the evolution of digital copyright protection. The bar has been set relatively low with current DRM, meaning an improvement would constitute an evolution, which is evidenced by the lack of reliable ownership information, authors’ options for revenue, and present-day piracy statistics. <em>This working paper is a part of the "Outstanding LLM Dissertations 2022".</em>

Xu Zhong, Wen Wang, Shuo Yang, Zhenyu Chai · 5 authors

In the field of supply chain, due to the involvement of multiple business entities, incomplete credit mechanism and information asymmetry have been the difficulties in supply chain that need to be solved. With the development and advancement of blockchain technology, the core technology in blockchain - smart contracts - has attracted much attention. The technology automates the execution of contracts on the blockchain in the form of code, allowing trusted transactions to take place without a third party, which are traceable and irreversible. The technology involves collaboration between different fields such as computer science and laws, but most traditional professionals lack programming skills, resulting in the current application of smart contracts can not meet cross-industry demand. This paper propose a method to generate smart contracts automatically. Users can model the contract by OWL(Web Ontology Language) and write SWRL(Semantic Web Rule Language) semantic rules to describe contract. Then use recursive descent analysis to implement a LL(1) syntax parser that recognises SWRL and generates the corresponding smart contract code based on the semantic rules of SWRL. The contract management module allows users to generate, install and manage smart contracts directly from the front-end page, which lowers the threshold for users to manage the blockchain network. We validate the usability of the contract generation and management module using the compliance inspection of RMC (ready-mixed concrete), which is based on HyperLedger Fabric. The system can generate smart contract code that corresponds logically to the quality specification.

Jong-Ho Kim

전 세계적으로 NFT라 불리는 ‘대체 불가능 토큰(Non-Fungible Token)’이 인기를 끌면서 국내에서도 NFT 시장이 점차 확대되고 있지만 이와 관련한 확립된 정부의 정책이나 법적 규제는 전무한 상태이다. 비트코인과 같은 암호자산들은 ‘특정금융정보법’의 시행과 함께 가상자산으로 규정돼 법적 정의는 마련된 상황이나 NFT는 아직 명확한 정의가 마련되지 않은 상황이다. 우리나라 상황과는 달리 일본에서는 2017년 4월 시행된 개정 자금결제법에 따라 암호자산(암호화폐)에 해당하는 토큰의 취급에 대해 암호자산교환업의 등록이 필요한데 이 시장의 진입장벽의 높이 때문에 스타트업 기업이 블록체인 사업을 영위하기 위해서는 암호자산교환업의 등록을 필요로 하지 않는 사업설계를 모색하는 것이 일반적인 상황이다. 이러한 상황에서 암호자산교환업의 등록을 필요로 하지 않는 블록체인 사업으로서 NFT를 취급하는 사업이 최근 주목받고 있다.BR NFT는 ‘대체 불가능한 토큰’ 등으로 번역되며 대체성이 없는 고유한 가치를 지닌 디지털 데이터를 블록체인 기술을 사용하여 전전 유통할 수 있도록 한 것이다. 비트코인(BTC) 다음으로 지명도를 갖는 암호자산인 이더리움(ETH) 구조를 이용한 블록체인 기술규격인 ‘ERC 721’이라는 규격으로 작성되는 경우가 많으며, 구체적으로는 온라인 게임 내 아이템과 캐릭터를 NFT화하는 것이 대표적인 사업의 사례이며, 그 외에도 회화(디지털 일러스트)나 회원권 등에서 실용화되고 있다. 본고에서는 우리 보다 먼저 법적 규제와 정책마련을 마친 일본에서의 NFT에 관한 여러 법률문제와 논의에 대해서 개략적인 정보를 검토하였다.BR 본고에서는 NFT에 대한 기본지식에서부터 NFT 사용의 장점 및 향후 잠재력에 이르기까지 광범위한 주제를 검토했다. 유감스럽게도 국내시장의 불확실성으로 인하여 일본에서의 논의를 중심으로 검토를 실시했다. 필자의 생각으로 NFT는 오늘날 예술과 게임의 세계에서 주로 사용되고 있지만 시장은 앞으로 더 확대될 것으로 예상한다. 앞으로 비즈니스와 같은 분야로 확장될 가능성이 높으며 NFT가 우리 삶에서도 필요할 것이다. 많은 기업과 유명 인사들이 이미 NFT 시장에 진입했기 때문에 앞으로 NFT가 어떻게 활용 될지 여부는 아직 정확히 알 수 없다. 또한 NFT가 빠르게 발전했지만 법률 제정은 아직 따라잡지 못했다. 회색지대 상태에서 NFT가 발행되더라도 법안이 아직 제정되지 않았기 때문에 법을 위반하지 않는 경우가 있다. 따라서 NFT와 관련된 문제가 발생할 때 재판이 발생할 가능성이 상당히 높다. 이러한 NFT 관련 사기를 다루는 법안은 앞으로 주요쟁점이 될 것이다. 연구자들의 관심과 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다.BR 우리 민법상 권리의 객체인 물건을 유체물 및 전기 기타 관리할 수 있는 자연력이라고 규정하지만, ‘디지털 소유권’이라는 권리는 데이터와 같은 무기체(無機體)에는 부여되지 않는다. NFT는 블록체인 상에서 발행된 토큰에 불과하며, NFT를 이전한다고 블록체인 밖에서 이루어지는 권리의 이전, 즉 당사자 간 합의(계약)의 성립을 의미하는 것도 아니다. 애초에 ‘NFT의 매매’라고는 하지만, 도대체 무엇을 (무엇에 관한 권리를) 거래하고 있는지조차 명확하지 않은 경우도 적지 않다. 이와 같이, NFT를 활용한 비즈니스는 급속히 발전하고 있는데 NFT의 법적 위치설정이나 NFT의 거래와 관련된 법적 규제 및 권리관계의 정리는 충분히 따라잡지 못하고 있다. 따라서 NFT의 해킹이나 NFT아트의 저작자와 구매자 사이에 권리관계를 둘러싸고 분쟁이 생기는 등 전혀 예기치 못한 사태가 발생할 경우 큰 혼란이 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본고에서는 NFT의 사법 및 금융규제상의 위치에 대해 정리함과 동시에 NFT를 활용한 대표적인 비즈니스 모델을 소재로 하여 NFT의 거래에 관련된 저작권법상의 권리관계 그 외의 법적 논점이나 계약에 있어서의 주의점 등 실무상의 유의점에 대해 논의하였다.

Haoxian Chen, Lan Lu, Brendan Massey, Yuepeng Wang · 5 authors

Smart contracts manage a large number of digital assets nowadays. Bugs in these contracts have led to significant financial loss. Verifying the correctness of smart contracts is, therefore, an important task. This paper presents an automated safety verification tool, DCV, that targets declarative smart contracts written in DeCon, a logic-based domain-specific language for smart contract implementation and specification. DCV proves safety properties by mathematical induction and can automatically infer inductive invariants using heuristic patterns, without annotations from the developer. Our evaluation on 20 benchmark contracts shows that DCV is effective in verifying smart contracts adapted from public repositories, and can verify contracts not supported by other tools. Furthermore, DCV significantly outperforms baseline tools in verification time.

Kyohei Shibano, Tohru Nakajima, Gento Mogi

The system proposed in this study uses zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to verify the traceability of wood recorded in a public blockchain. Wood is a byproduct of several states, ranging from standing trees to logs, lumber, and wood products (hereinafter ``wood objects''). The advantage of using the blockchain for record keeping is that participants can freely record the information at their discretion, without any restrictions. However, the openness of the blockchain may allow a malicious third party to introduce disinformation. In this study, we employ ZKP and near-field communication (NFC) chips to eliminate the possibility of disinformation introduction. ZKP is used to prove/validate changes in the state of wood objects, and the unique nonce associated with that state is encrypted and recorded on an NFC chip. The nonce is concealed and id of the wood object is defined as hash value of this nonce. We developed a prototype system based on an Android application and an Ethereum smart contract. We confirm that wood traceability and verification can be performed using the prototype system.

Youwei Huang, Sen Fang, Jianwen Li, Bin Hu · 6 authors

In recent years, research in software security has concentrated on identifying vulnerabilities in smart contracts to prevent significant losses of crypto assets on blockchains. Despite early successes in this area, detecting developers' intents in smart contracts has become a more pressing issue, as malicious intents have caused substantial financial losses. Unfortunately, existing research lacks effective methods for detecting development intents in smart contracts. To address this gap, we propose \textsc{SmartIntentNN} (Smart Contract Intent Neural Network), a deep learning model designed to automatically detect development intents in smart contracts. \textsc{SmartIntentNN} leverages a pre-trained sentence encoder to generate contextual representations of smart contracts, employs a K-means clustering model to identify and highlight prominent intent features, and utilizes a bidirectional LSTM-based deep neural network for multi-label classification. We trained and evaluated \textsc{SmartIntentNN} on a dataset containing over 40,000 real-world smart contracts, employing self-comparison baselines in our experimental setup. The results show that \textsc{SmartIntentNN} achieves an F1-score of 0.8633 in identifying intents across 10 distinct categories, outperforming all baselines and addressing the gap in smart contract detection by incorporating intent analysis.

Yue Duan, Xin Zhao, Yu Pan, Shucheng Li · 7 authors

We propose VetSC, a novel UI-driven, program analysis guided model checking technique that can automatically extract contract semantics in DApps so as to enable targeted safety vetting. To facilitate model checking, we extract business model graphs from contract code that capture its intrinsic business and safety logic. To automatically determine what safety specifications to check, we retrieve textual semantics from DApp user interfaces. To exclude untrusted UI text, we also validate the UI-logic consistency and detect any discrepancies. We have implemented VetSC and applied it to 34 real-world DApps. Experiments have demonstrated that VetSC can accurately interpret smart contract code, enable autonomous safety vetting, and discover safety risks in real-world Dapps. Using our tool, we have successfully discovered 19 new safety risks in the wild, such as expired lottery tickets and double voting.

Han Liu, Xufei Wang, Bin Wang, Huixuan Zheng · 5 authors

The design of tokenomics, i.e., distribution and circulation mechanisms of cryptocurrency tokens, is a top priority for almost all Web3 applications which relates to their own economic systems via native cryptocurrency tokens. Unfortunately, while the sustainability of tokenomics largely determines the long-term development of a Web3 application, the tooling support for the design of it has been far too insufficient. A common practice at the time of writing is to specify tokenomics with a combination of documents, spreadsheets, code scripts etc.. In this paper, we introduce the TMI development platform for the modelling and analysis of Web3 tokenomics. TMI creates a domain-specific language and its graphical development environment for developers to succinctly model crypto-economic relations in a drag-and-drop way. Based on created models, TMI allows developers to formally analyse their tokenomics via checking fundamental economic properties, e.g., The core team of a project holds less than 20% of the project token in 36 months. A demonstration video of TMI is available at https://youtu.be/LDn-eRxPMTw.

Chaochen Shi, Yong Xiang, Jiangshan Yu, Keshav Sood · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Joshua Fairfield

Property law in the twentieth century moved from the law of things to the law of rights in things. This was a process of fragmentation: Under Hohfeldian property, we conceive of property as a bundle of sticks, and those sticks can be moved to different holders; the right to possess can be separated from the record ownership right, for example. The downside of Hohfeld’s model is that physical objects — things — become informationally complicated. Thing-ness constrains the extravagances of Hohfeldian property: although we can split off the right to possess from the right to exclude, use, destroy, copy, manage, repair, and so on, there is a gravitational pull to tie these sticks back into a useful bundle centered on the asset, the thing. Correspondingly, there has been an “informational turn” to property law, looking at the ways in which property law serves to limit property forms to reduce search costs, and to identify and celebrate the informational characteristics of thing-ness. The question of thing-ness came to a head in the context of digital and smart assets with the formation of non-fungible tokens. NFTs were attempts to generate and sell “things” a conceptually coherent something that can contain a loose bundle of rights. The project was an attempt to re-create thingness by an amalgam of cryptography, game theory, and intellectual property. This essay discusses thing-ness in the context of digital assets, how simulated thing-ness differs from physical thing-ness, and the problems that arise from attempts to reify digital assets.

Roberto Garcı́a, Ana Cediel, Mercè Teixidó, Rosa Gil

Recent initiatives related to the Metaverse focus on better visualization, like augmented or virtual reality, but also persistent digital objects. To guarantee real ownership of these digital objects, open systems based on public blockchains and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are emerging together with a nascent decentralized and open creator economy. To manage this emerging economy in a more organized way, and fight the so common NFT plagiarism, we propose CopyrightLY, a decentralized application for authorship and copyright management. It provides means to claim content authorship, including supporting evidence. Content and metadata are stored in decentralized storage and registered on the blockchain. A token is used to curate these claims, and potential complaints, by staking it on them. Staking is incentivized by the fact that the token is minted using a bonding curve. The tokenomics include the resolution of complaints and enabling the monetization of curated claims. Monetization is achieved through licensing NFTs with metadata enhanced by semantic technologies. Semantic data makes explicit the reuse conditions transferred with the token while keeping the connection to the underlying copyright claims to improve the trustability of the NFTs. Moreover, the semantic metadata is flexible enough to enable licensing not just in the real world. Licenses can refer to reuses in specific locations in a metaverse, thus facilitating the emergence of creative economies in them.

Andrés Guadamuz

Considering copyright licensing issues involving non-fungible tokens to manage creative works.

Hanjie Dong, Yaqiong He, Hongwei Tao, Qian-Heng Duan

The smart contract technology has drawn extensive attention in recent years. However, attributing to the immutability of blockchain, a smart contract cannot be altered once deployed on chain. Even a simple flaw in a smart contract can cause huge economic loss. Formal method can provide a reliable guarantee for the security of smart contracts. In this paper, we present a framework for formal transformation and analysis of smart contract code, aiming to facilitate the task of analyzing security issues of smart contracts. In addition, the transformation efficiency is tested and evaluated with different scales of code, which proves the practicality and effectiveness of the transformation framework.