Blockchain Papers

Narendra Kumar, Sunil Kumar, R. Kumar, Rupak Sharma · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Chaoyue Wang, Xian Zhao, Qingyuan Liu, Ting Chen · 5 authors

Driven by globalization and digitization, the Mobile Industrial Supply Chain Internet of Things (IoT) has gradually developed, utilizing mobile devices and IoT technologies to enable real-time monitoring and efficient responses across various stages. However, with the growing demand for high-frequency data exchange, the Mobile Industrial Supply Chain IoT faces significant challenges in data security, authentication, and privacy protection. This paper proposes a security authentication scheme based on blockchain and group key management, leveraging the decentralized and tamper-resistant features of blockchain, the privacy-preserving authentication method of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP), and a hierarchical key management mechanism based on binary key trees. This approach aims to enhance the security and scalability of Mobile Industrial Supply Chain IoT. The experimental section simulates scenarios such as dynamic node addition and key updates, evaluating the performance in terms of encryption, decryption, and key management efficiency, thus demonstrating its superiority in multi-party collaborative environments.

Ranzheng Lin, Yuxiu Luo, Venkata Durga Kumar Burra

This paper proposes and experimentally validates a holistic security framework for distributed systems, combining blockchain-based passport identity verification with AI-driven dynamic trust management. The framework addresses two critical challenges in decentralized environments: ensuring verifiable digital identities and maintaining scalable, adaptive trust evaluation. In the identity layer, electronic passports are used to generate zero-knowledge proofs, allowing users to demonstrate specific attributes without exposing sensitive personal information. This mechanism provides strong Sybil resistance and aligns with Self-Sovereign Identity principles. The trust layer incorporates machine learning models to continuously monitor node behavior and update trust scores in real time, enabling the system to respond to anomalies and malicious activities dynamically. To evaluate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed framework, we developed a prototype system and conducted experimental validation in a simulated distributed environment. The results confirm that the integrated approach enhances authentication assurance, improves trust coordination, and supports sustainable scalability through efficient consensus and computation mechanisms. This work offers a promising direction for securing blockchain, IoT, and other decentralized systems. Future efforts will focus on field deployment, cross-domain interoperability, and regulatory compliance.

Authors unavailable

Power industry software, as a core tool for modern power equipment control and management, is facing increasingly severe cybersecurity threats.Distributed ledger technology provides new ideas for power software security detection due to its decentralization, transparency and tamper-proof characteristics.This paper discusses the application of distributed ledger technology in the security detection of software development in the electric power industry, and proposes a trusted traceability and quality access control reinforcement method based on distributed ledger.The research designs the traceability data model and smart contract system to realize the trusted collection, storage and verification of security data; at the same time, it proposes the sensitive data aggregation method based on homomorphic encryption and the tamper-proof technology of RSA asymmetric encryption, and constructs the data communication structure of Overlay structure, which guarantees the complete transmission of electric power software security detection data and traceability tracking.The experimental results show that compared with SHA256 algorithm and DyRH model, the average value of the error localization time of this method is reduced to 9.23ms, which is 8.6ms and 4.1ms less than the control group, respectively; the accuracy rate of the error localization reaches 98.33%, which is improved by 4.77% and 1.79%; and in the test of the anti-attack performance, the average number of tampered data is only 189, which is respectively reduced by 184 and 156.The study proves that distributed ledger technology can effectively enhance data credibility, strengthen traceability, and enhance the strength of system quality access control in software development security detection in the power industry, which provides a new technical path and solution for the information security of the power system.

Jinkai Sun, Yulu Ren, J. Zhang, Xiaofang Chen

The Internet of Things (IoT) has not only significantly enhanced the efficiency of power marketing business systems but also introduced substantial security risks, particularly concerning the leakage and misuse of sensitive customer data. The current existence of a variety of data security auditing programs is more or less flawed, unable to comprehensively rule out the risk of data leakage. This paper proposes an IoT-driven blockchain-based fast traceability method for electricity marketing sensitive data using the Provenance Vocabulary Model (ProVOC), identifying power marketing sensitive data from the data flowing through the network, designing a structured storage model for sensitive data based on China’s ProVOC data traceability model standard, and then adopting blockchain technology to build a private Ether, generating a blockchain for data flow, reducing the storage space, and improving the speed of contract generation. This paper proposes a fast traceability method for power marketing sensitive data through three key innovations: a ProVOC-based identification mechanism that dynamically extracts sensitive data from network flows; a standard-aligned storage architecture compliant with China’s ProVOC traceability specifications; and a lightweight blockchain framework built on a privatized Ethereum network, which reduces storage overhead by 62% and accelerates smart contract deployment by 2.3 × compared to conventional approaches.

Sandeep Gajanan Sutar, B M Praveen, Amolkumar N. Jadhav

Cloud computing has transformed data storage and access with flexible and scalable solutions. However, its dependence on third-party services poses significant concerns regarding data privacy and integrity. To tackle these concerns, blockchain technology known for its decentralized structure and tamper resistance offers a promising security enhancement for cloud environments. This paper explores and evaluates various blockchain-based mechanisms for securing cloud data and proposes a hybrid model that integrates blockchain with existing cloud infrastructures. Leveraging consensus protocols and cryptographic hashing, the proposed approach aims to mitigate data breaches, unauthorized access, and tampering. A practical implementation demonstrates the model’s effectiveness in fostering trust, transparency, and reliability in cloud services. Keywords: Block-chain, Data Privacy, Security, Data Integrity, Distributed ledger, Cloud computing

Emrah Sariboz, Gaurav Panwar, Roopa Vishwanathan, Satyajayant Misra

No abstract is available for this record.

Abdullah Ayub Khan, Asif Ali Laghari, Hamad Al-Mansour, Leila Jamel · 8 authors

The multimedia environment has undergone significant growth, particularly in the area of multimedia data and its migration to cloud platforms, which has raised issues about security, confidentiality, data integrity, and privacy protection. While Blockchain Distributed Ledger Technology (BDLT) offers decentralized trust and transparency the advent of Quantum Computing threatens classical cryptographic primitives, which make multimedia data increasingly vulnerable. This paper proposes a novel and secure framework that collaborates BDLT with quantum-resilient, mainly known post-quantum cryptographic schemes to ensure long-term data integrity and privacy preservation in cloud-based infrastructures. Due to this, the proposed solution enables secure, efficient, and transparent that helps in public auditing of multimedia content without compromising stakeholder confidentiality. It leverages Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), lattice-based cryptography, and smart contract automation, which model fortifies data authenticity verification against quantum attacks. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework that achieves a 98.21% accuracy in data integrity verification, a 96.84% reduction in quantum vulnerability, and an 87.85% efficiency gain in auditing speed compared to classical BDLT-enabled platforms. In addition, privacy leakage in multimedia systems is reduced by 92.47% proving the framework’s robustness. This solution underscores the potential of synergizing BDLT, quantum secure cryptography, and cloud computing to build a future-proof solution for privacy-protected multimedia data management and public auditing.

Farooq Ahmed, Teng Zhou, Hazrat Bilal, Faiz Ul Islam · 6 authors

The convergence of blockchain with Industry 5.0 technologies presents significant opportunities for healthcare data management; however, current systems face challenges related to scalability, privacy, and energy efficiency. This article introduces an innovative framework that leverages ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), Ethereum smart contracts, and decentralized IPFS storage to address these challenges. The framework presents three main innovations: 1) a human-centric authentication system that ensures security without sacrificing cryptographic integrity; 2) post-quantum Kyber-786 algorithms paired with CP-ABE, which minimizes computational overhead by 27% while facilitating 32 ms key generation; and 3) an energy-efficient Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism that reduces energy consumption by 98% (0.05 kW/transaction) compared to traditional blockchain systems. Thorough testing demonstrates 99.5% resistance to man-in-the-middle attacks, a throughput of 15.6 MB/min at scale, and an emergency access latency of under 120 ms, which is essential for practical healthcare applications. By consolidating decentralized pseudo-identities for patient anonymity, secure audit logs, and GDPR/HIPAA-compliant data governance, this research establishes a new standard for secure, sustainable, and patient-focused health data ecosystems in the Industry 5.0 landscape.

Ruslan Kysil, István András Seres, Péter Kutas, Nándor Kelecsényi

This work explores the application and efficient deployment of (standardized) post-quantum (PQ) digital signature algorithms in the blockchain environment. Specifically, we implement and evaluate four PQ signatures in the Ethereum Virtual Machine: W-OTS+ , XMSS, SPHINCS+, and MAYO. We focus on optimizing the gas costs of the verification algorithms as that is the signature schemes’ only algorithm executed on-chain, thus incurring financial costs (transaction fees) for the users. Hence, the verification algorithm is the signature schemes’ main bottleneck for decentralized applications. We examine two methods to verify post-quantum digital signatures on-chain. Our practical performance evaluation shows that full on-chain verification is often prohibitively costly. Naysayer proofs (FC’24) allow a novel optimistic verification mode. We observe that the Naysayer verification mode is generally the cheapest, at the cost of additional trust assumptions. We release our implementation called poqeth as an open-source library.

Venu Kalluru

This paper proposes a novel architectural framework for robust security within dynamic multi-cloud environments, addressing the limitations of traditional perimeter defenses. It establishes and elaborates upon core Zero-Trust principles, including stringent identity validation, fine-grained access control, and perpetual operational vigilance, to counter contemporary cyber threats such as lateral infiltration and cloud-native attack vectors. The contribution details a systematic approach to fortifying distributed cloud workloads through the enforcement of least-privilege access and micro-segmentation strategies. Furthermore, the paper critically examines advanced policy enforcement mechanisms, enhanced identity management solutions, and the strategic integration of cryptographic and distributed ledger technologies to achieve superior defensive postures. This work delivers actionable insights for designing resilient security postures across diverse cloud infrastructures.

Hideaki Miyaji, Po-Chu Hsu, Hiroshi Yamamoto

A blockchain is a distributed ledger that allows users to exchange information without a centralized authority. This technology enables users to send and receive tokens among other applications, such as transactions, product management, and elections. It is possible to send data and tokens inside a single blockchain, but a method to efficiently share the data and tokens among different blockchains has not yet been con structed. Cross-chain communication, the focal point of several recent research efforts, is a scheme for sending data or tokens among different blockchains. In existing studies, a trusted third party (TTP) is used to ensure fair rates of token exchange among different blockchains. However, because blockchains are originally designed with a policy that does not incorporate the use of TTPs, the fair exchange rate should not be determined by TTPs, but rather by the market price of tokens among users. When exchange rates are determined from quotes among users, the preferred scheme is to determine the exchange rate offered by many users as an auction. Here, some existing cross-chain communication systems use smart contracts that automatically execute arbitrary processes on the blockchain. However, such schemes require a gas fee each time a smart contract is executed. Thus, implementing an auction scheme that determines the fair exchange rate among different blockchains would necessitate each user to pay a fee for each new token offered, which would result in high gas fees. In this study, we propose a scheme to deter mine exchange rates from quotes among users with a relatively low gas fee. Using a first-price sealed-bid auction and commit ment scheme, the user with the highest token value can be identified without revealing the other users' token offer values. In our scheme, the largest token value among users is determined as the exchange rate using an external Smart Contract (SC) instead of a TTP. We further modify the existing insert key-value com mitment scheme to aggregate the commitment values of token offers. Our scheme is based on the generalized RSA assumption. By proving that it satisfies the key-binding property, we prove that the token sender cannot act maliciously. We further implement the proposed scheme and demonstrate that the gas fees and data space required to implement the proposed scheme are practically feasible.

Manideep Thotakura

This work presents a cryptographic protocol for secure multi-party verification that achieves com putational privacy while maintaining exceptional computational efficiency. The proposed Position Based Commitment Protocol (PBCP) introduces a position-dependent nonce mechanism combined with cyclic verification architecture, enabling se cure computation over private inputs without re vealing individual parameters. Unlike existing commitment schemes that require complex cryp tographic assumptions, computationally expensive zero-knowledge proofs, or extensive public key in frastructure, Fundamental innovation lies in adapt ing physical laws of fluid dynamics to create nat ural mathematical relationships where each verifi cation equation contains multiple unknowns, mak ing parameter extraction computationally infeasible while preserving verification integrity. The proto col preliminary analysis suggests O(n) communica tion complexity with O(n2) verification complexity, providing substantial improvements over traditional Byzantine Agreement protocols that require O(n3) message exchanges. Comprehensive security analysis reveals robust resistance against statistical attacks with complexity O(R3) where R represents the pa rameter range, complete immunity to timing attacks through blind submission mechanisms, and resilience against collusion attacks involving up to n/2 − 1 ad versarial parties. The protocol’s unique cyclic neigh bor verification creates an interdependent validation network that prevents individual parameter extrac tion while maintaining system-wide integrity through mathematical interdependence rather than crypto graphic assumptions.

Antônio Espósito, Salvatore D’Angelo, Davide Casuccio

In recent years, cloud marketplaces have emerged as dominant platforms for cloud service procurement. These marketplaces, led by major providers such as Azure, Amazon Web Services, and Google Cloud, feature services exclusively available on their own platforms, introducing limitations for end users. This paper explores the convergence of cloud computing, blockchain, and semantics, envisioning a marketplace where cloud providers can offer their cloud services and cloud consumers can efficiently discover, procure, and potentially resell these services. Semantic representations streamline service discovery and composition, enhancing interoperability. Blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens play pivotal roles in establishing a fully decentralized marketplace characterized by data verification and immutability. This enables autonomous contract validation and execution between cloud consumers and cloud providers, reducing reliance on intermediaries. This innovative fusion promises to reshape the landscape of cloud service procurement, making it more transparent and independent.

Adla Sanober, Shamama Anwar

The rapid digitization of the healthcare sector has led to the generation of massive volumes of Electronic Health Records (EHRs), necessitating a robust, secure, and scalable system capable of efficiently managing and accessing this ever-growing data. Ensuring privacy, security, and scalability in managing voluminous and sensitive healthcare data, particularly when stored across various geographical locations, poses critical challenges that require innovative solutions. To address these issues, MeDiStore, a decentralized framework built on the Ethereum blockchain, is proposed. By integrating the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), MeDiStore ensures scalable and secure storage while mitigating centralization risks and providing improved accessibility for EHRs. The framework leverages Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to encrypt and secure patient records, ensuring data ownership remains with the patient. To further enhance scalability, security, and reliability, of the blockchain network, the MeDiStore Trust Protocol, introduced a modified Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism that evaluates validators based on their network stake and reputation score, derived from their historical performance. Additionally, a Data Translation Layer is incorporated to ensure interoperability by converting EHRs into Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) or Health Level 7 (HL7) systems without compromising security. Performance evaluation across 200 consensus rounds highlights metrics such as smart contract execution time, average IPFS file upload time, and reputation score behavior of validators. A comprehensive security analysis simulates Sybil attack scenarios, demonstrating the system's resilience through reputation-based validator selection. By integrating these factors, MeDiStore offers a scalable, secure, privacy-preserving, and interoperable solution tailored for efficient EHR management in the healthcare domain.

V Manideep

The exponential growth in digital healthcare infrastructure has resulted in an overwhelming increase in sensitive medical data generation. However, traditional centralized Electronic Medical Records (EMR) systems continue to face critical security and privacy challenges. These include single points of failure, limited interoperability, data tampering, and unauthorized access. This paper introduces a robust and scalable blockchain-based framework for secure EMR management. Leveraging Ethereum blockchain, IPFS decentralized storage, and smart contracts, the framework ensures tamper-proof data logging and fine-grained access control. The system stores encrypted patient health records on IPFS and logs the corresponding content identifier (CID) on the Ethereum blockchain, eliminating the risk of data exposure. The architecture is designed for future compatibility with Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), allowing for faster data processing closer to the point of care. By offering immutable audit trails, decentralized access governance, and high availability, the proposed framework ensures transparency, security, and data ownership for all healthcare stakeholders.

Asma Ibrahim Alzaabi, Abid Mehmood

Cloud storage systems have become central to data-driven industries due to their flexibility and scalability. However, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of outsourced data remains a major concern, particularly in multi-tenant and dynamic cloud environments. This paper proposes a novel privacy-preserving framework that integrates Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP), Pedersen Commitments, and bulk segmentation for efficient and scalable data integrity verification. Unlike traditional approaches, our framework enables Third-Party Auditors (TPAs) to verify cloud-stored data without exposing sensitive information. It is designed to support dynamic operations, detect insider and external threats proactively, and minimize computational overhead through segment-level auditing. Implementation and evaluation using Amazon S3 and DynamoDB demonstrate the framework’s practical viability, low communication cost, and robust tamper detection capabilities.

S. Edwin Raja, K Dinesh Kumar, K. Manikandan, P Senthil · 6 authors

Blockchain adds more value to healthcare since its tools emerge as an increasingly popular way to secure, transparently, and tamper-proof sensitive medical records. Nevertheless, current consensus algorithms (i.e., Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)) use a lot of energy, have latency issues and are not scalable enough or clinically context-aware, which makes them in applicable to healthcare settings. Due to the lack of efficiency of existing solutions, a new lightweight consensus algorithm dedicated to decentralized healthcare systems is proposed, MediCon, in this paper. MediCon incorporates domain-sensitive capabilities, including a Reputation Score (R) where candidates are punished based on their behavior as validators, an Urgency Index (U) that places making progress in clinical transactions in priority, a Committee Rotation Interval (CRI) that maintains dilution of the committee, and a Weighted Voting (WV) system that combines urgency with institutional credibility. Architecture can be summarized as Patient Data Nodes, an Access Layer that is used to provide consent and emergency overrides, Consensus Nodes that are chosen through trust metrics, and a MediCon Core that is used to parse transaction validation. Transactions are put in order of urgency and sensitivity, and then the most reputable validator proposes them. The last block is confirmed with weighted voting and signed with dedicated healthcare compliant standards (e.g., HIPAA, FHIR). Experimental evidence on a simulated multi-institutional healthcare network shows that MediCon leads to latency, throughput, and energy consumption by 48%, 35%, and 60%, respectively, compared to the current consensus models. The similarities in the logic of consensus and clinical priority, as well as trust and patient consent, MediCon provides scalable and secure basis of next-generation healthcare blockchain systems.

V Vandana, Dr.S Veni

Health-care is undergoing a considerable digital shift in the present state, which is driven by the rise of new technologies and the changes taking place globally. The movement is rebalancing the provision and availability of health care, at the same time that it highlights the importance of protecting confidential information about patients. Coupled with the cryptographic primitives, blockchain technology provides a formidable answer, as it promises to improve data integrity using decentralized processes. In this paper, a hybrid blockchain-based EHR management and security solution to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is described. Having considered the drawbacks of the blockchain in its ability to work with large files the system is connected with Ethereum blockchain through Ganache and program construction tools is equipped with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). In the hybrid model, one does store each row hash (unique identifier) of the patients records on the blockchain, but one does not store the actual data on the blockchain, instead on IPFS. A Decentralized Application (DApp) built on the programing language of Ethereum, Solidity, and the web3.js interface also allows secure data access via cryptocurrency wallets like MetaMask. The use of smart contracts is deployed to process transactions to achieve transparency and verifiability. To enhance security the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is adapted to provide unauthorised access. Results of simulation reveal that a suggested method is reliable in providing patient data security, maintain immutability, and secure exchange of data. The approach promotes transparency within the digital health-care systems and strengthens the stakeholder belief by allowing a decentralised structure of these systems.

Ali AlMaqousi, Mohammad Alauthman

Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution for improving traceability across global supply chains, offering tamper-proof records and increased transparency.However, concerns related to data privacy, confidentiality, and interoperability continue to hinder widespread adoption.This paper proposes a comprehensive framework addressing these key challenges by combining privacy-preserving techniques-such as permissioned ledgers, zero-knowledge proofs, and verifiable credentials-with industry-driven data standards (GS1 EPCIS, W3C Verifiable Credentials).We first review the landscape of blockchain traceability solutions and outline critical requirements from regulatory and operational perspectives.Next, we detail our proposed privacy-preserving and interoperable architecture, incorporating off-chain storage, role-based permissions, and selective disclosure mechanisms to accommodate the diverse needs of modern supply chains.We illustrate these concepts through a high-level system design, accompanied by implementation considerations.Our evaluation highlights that successful adoption depends on carefully balancing transparency and confidentiality, supplemented by robust governance structures and standard APIs.The paper concludes by discussing future directions for blockchain traceability, emphasizing scalability, user-centric design, and cross-chain interoperability as critical enablers of a global, privacypreserving supply chain ecosystem.

Fan Zhang, Lingling Zhang

This research explores the distributed database security storage and access control scheme based on IPFS and blockchain for the privacy issues such as sensitive data leakage and account security under the rapid development of Internet technology. The research background focuses on the contradictory status quo of data value enhancement and black-market data trading in the fields of intelligent medical care and unmanned driving, etc. Although the existing database security technology has made progress in encryption algorithms, dynamic protection, etc., it is still faced with the challenges of performance bottleneck and fine-grained access control of centralized architecture. The research aims to integrate the advantages of IPFS distributed storage and the tamper-proof characteristics of blockchain to construct a new type of secure storage system. Through theoretical analysis of IPFS peer-to-peer file system architecture, blockchain six-layer model (data layer, network layer, consensus layer, etc.) and AES/SM4 encryption algorithms, a system solution integrating blockchain smart contract and IPFS storage is designed: SM4 encrypts the original data and then stores it in IPFS, and achieves traceability through the blockchain record hash, and introduces the proxy re-encryption based on the identity technology to Realize dynamic access control. Experiments comparing the performance of MongoDB and IPFS show that in 5000 transactions, the delay of IPFS mode 12 nodes is reduced by 1.71 times compared with 6 nodes, which is significantly better than that of MongoDB's by 1.22 times; in the throughput test, IPFS increases linearly with the increase of nodes, while MongoDB decreases after the peak value. The study confirms that the combination of IPFS and blockchain can effectively reduce transaction latency by 31%, improve throughput by 30%, and safeguard the security of the whole data lifecycle through cryptographic technology. The results provide a decentralized security framework for distributed databases, with both theoretical innovation and engineering application value, which is of great practical significance for highly sensitive data fields such as healthcare and finance.

Shiyue Diao, Guoyan Zhang

With the continuous development of blockchain technology, massive off-chain data is mapped on the blockchain, ensuring the authenticity and privacy of on-chain data and off-chain data is a significant challenge. To solve this question, many studies use oracle to provide secure and reliable data for blockchain applications. Existing oracle schemes can protect the privacy of single-source data and prove the authenticity of private data sources to the third party. However, when handling multi-source data, these schemes require multiple executions to process and verify all data. We propose an optimized oracle scheme based on the “TLS-MPC” framework to improve efficiency. Firstly, we optimize the handshake process by dividing the$\mathrm{n}$servers into$\mathrm{t}$clusters and use the session ticket to reduce the number of MPC executions during the three-party handshake. As a result, most servers within each cluster run a fast three-party handshake by session ticket. Secondly, the prover runs two-party computation with the verifier to generate the queries and sends them to each data source to get the multi-source data. Then we design a constructable zero-knowledge proof system. Prover will inputs the multi-source data into the system to generate the proof value with a joint computation circuit. Finally, verifier will check the result sent from prover after the zero-knowledge proof is completed. Comparing with the DECO, our scheme is more efficient.

Sahil Tengse, Dhirti Talreja, E. Bravo Luis, Anindita Khade

Securing the integrity, accessibility, and authenticity of digital documents in sectors such as education, healthcare, and corporate governance is of utmost importance. This work proposes an IPFS and QR code-based document storage system on blockchain that offers a decentralized, tamper-evident, and readily accessible solution. The system uses smart contracts on the Ethereum Sepolia Testnet to hold document metadata and securely host the documents themselves on IPFS. In contrast to conventional verification-based methods, this system creates a QR code that points directly to the document's IPFS address, allowing easy access without the need for intermediaries. By removing reliance on centralized bodies, this method guarantees immutability, transparency, and protection against fraud while providing a scalable and economical solution for secure document storage. Through Web3 authentication, smart contracts, and decentralized storage, this study identifies the possibility of blockchain technology in transforming digital document availability.

Aarti Punia, Preeti Gulia, Nasib Singh Gill, Umesh Kumar Lilhore · 8 authors

No abstract is available for this record.