Rodrigo Dutra Garcia, Gowri Ramachandran, Christian Esteve Rothenberg, Daniel Macêdo Batista · 5 authors
The transition to 6G networks is expected to support a broader range of user-centric applications. As these applications expand, Quality of Experience (QoE) has emerged as a key metric for evaluating user satisfaction. However, the use of centralized systems lacks transparency and limits users’ ability to govern their data usage. It also introduces challenges in managing QoE data while preserving privacy. At the same time, verification mechanisms are needed that allow regulators to evaluate compliance without exposing confidential business information. To address this, we propose a decentralized, privacy-preserving QoE system that integrates blockchain with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). This design enables transparent evaluations between users and service providers by supporting computations directly on encrypted data, ensuring that all information remains protected throughout the process. Users contribute QoE metrics through a decentralized infrastructure and retain control over their data. Regulators can monitor compliance without accessing raw data, and service providers can use encrypted QoE data to perform privacy-preserving computations via smart contracts without relying on a central authority. We developed a proof-of-concept integrating FHE smart contracts compatible with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) blockchains and evaluated their performance using a video streaming dataset. Our results show that encryption and FHE operations consistently occur within milliseconds when tested in a local environment. We also evaluated these operations on a public blockchain testnet. In this setting, our system adds a millisecond-scale delay while supporting privacy-preserving computations directly on encrypted user data.
Nishant Kumar -, Rishabh Dwivedi -, Om Babu Das Baniya -, T - Shilpa · 5 authors
An innovative DeFi application designed to empower users with seamless token swapping and liquidity management. Built to provide transparency and ease of use, DeFi-Swap incorporates real-time analytics, offering a dedicated page that showcases all listed tokens, their 24-hour price hanges, and intuitive visualizations through interactive graphs. Leveraging smart contract technology, DeFi-Swap ensures secure and trustless transactions, while the platform's backend, powered by cutting-edge tools, guarantees high performance and reliability. The user interface, designed with a focus on simplicity and engagement, provides an accessible experience for both seasoned traders and newcomers.
The rapid advancement of 6G communication networks presents both considerable problems and opportunities in network management, necessitating sophisticated solutions that extend beyond conventional methods. This study seeks to investigate and evaluate autonomous network management solutions designed for 6G communication networks, highlighting their technical advantages and potential implications. We examine the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and network automation in facilitating self-organization, optimization, and decision-making within critical network domains, including spectrum management, traffic load balancing, fault detection, and security and privacy. We examine the integration of edge computing and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), specifically blockchain, to improve trust, transparency, and security in autonomous networks. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the technological developments driving fully autonomous, efficient, and resilient 6G network infrastructures by methodically analyzing existing methodologies, identifying significant research gaps, and exploring potential prospects. The results offer significant insights for researchers, engineers, and industry experts involved in the development and deployment of advanced autonomous network management systems.
The need for next-generation wireless networks is increased by the expectation that Internet of Everything (IoE)-based smart services will become extremely popular in the future. While fifth generation (5G) networks can support a wide range of IoE services, they may not be able to fully satisfy the demands of next generation services. We have discussed technologies like enhanced mobile technology, brain computer interfaces (BCI), and senses information technology that will be fueled by the advent of 6G. The constraints of 5G networks are expected to be overcome by sixth generation (6G) wireless technology. To confront these challenges, we propose feasible solutions like authentication systems underpinned by distributed ledgers, secure business models fueled by blockchain, homomorphic encryption, and transceivers that harness deep Q-learning and federated learning. We then dive into the specific implementation intricacies and potential hurdles for each approach, empowering readers to comprehend and implement them in their own unique contexts.
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing can enhance spectrum resource utilization by promoting the dynamic distribution of spectrum resources. However, to effectively implement dynamic spectrum resource allocation, certain mechanisms are needed to incentivize primary users to proactively share their spectrum resources. This paper, based on the ERC404 standard and integrating Non-Fungible Token and Fungible Token technologies, proposes a spectrum securitization model to incentivize spectrum resource sharing and implements it on the Ethereum test net.
Nischal Aryal, Fariba Ghaffari, E. Bertin, Noël Crespi
The rise of internet and data usage highlights the importance of service provisioning for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in expanding their operations and meeting user demands. Implementing scalable and secure authentication and access control mechanisms is crucial for enabling service utilization among eligible users and ensuring the viability of emerging business models. Conventional centralized approaches face limitations such as single-point-of-failure, low scalability, computational overhead, and privacy vulnerabilities. MNOs must explore innovative business models to augment revenue streams and address these challenges. Realizing such models involves automating user contracts with service providers and safeguarding user privacy regarding data sharing with external entities. Blockchain technology offers a transformative avenue for integration within existing MNO infrastructures, providing novel distributed authentication and access control methodologies. We propose a new business model for MNOs and service providers in which an Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) framework handles user access to services on top of Blockchain. Moreover, a tokenized data-sharing method facilitates selective data sharing with service providers through MNO channels based on user-defined permissions. Central to this approach are non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) paradigm, where NFTs ensure secure, decentralized tokenization of user data, and SSI empowers users with ownership and control over their data. Assessments confirm the scalability of this solution, making it suitable for different use-case requirements.
Litao Ye, Bin Chen, Shrivastava Shivanshu, Chen Sun · 7 authors
Centralized Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) faces challenges like data security, high management costs, and limited scalability. To address these issues, a blockchain-based DSS scheme has been proposed in this paper. First, we utilize the ERC4907 standard to mint Non-Fungible Spectrum Tokens (NFSTs) that serve as unique identifiers for spectrum resources and facilitate renting. Next, we develop a smart contract for NFST auctions, ensuring secure spectrum transactions through the auction process. Lastly, we create a Web3 spectrum auction platform where users can access idle spectrum data and participate in auctions for NFST leases corresponding to the available spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that our NFST, designed according to the ERC4907 standard, effectively meets users' secure and efficient DSS requirements, making it a feasible solution.
Pol González, Adam Zahir, Chiara Grasselli, Alejandro Muñiz · 10 authors
A ML function orchestrator deploying secure ML pipelines to support near-real-time control of network services is demonstrated. A distributed ledger supports the initial key exchange to establish secure connectivity among the agents in the pipeline.
Sixth-generation (6G) communication is emerging as seamless and massive connecting of almost everything. Therefore, vehicles, being extensively linked with human mobility, require a technological pace for compatibility with the 6G era. 6G will also potentially revolutionize the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. However, this modernization will surface several security challenges in the complex heterogeneous architecture of V2X communication in 6G. Similarly, the expansion of V2X also introduces unconventional security risks and vulnerabilities. This paper aims to provide an overview of the security challenges and solutions for V2X communication in the upcoming 6G era to visualize the future of this research domain. This paper discusses the architecture and standards utilized in 6G enabled V2X communications and provisions a comprehensive analysis of V2X security in Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication and Access Control (CIA3) domains. Thereby, we analyze the impact of the emerging technological concepts of Blockchain and Federated Learning (FL) in 6G enabled V2X communication. Thereby, we suggest a Blockchain-enabled FL based generic security architecture for V2X communication in 6G networks. At the conclusive end, the review highlights key lessons learned and the future research directions in the domain of security of V2X communications in the 6G including; Privacy in 3D Fog Computing, Privacy in Augmented Reality, C. Secure Software Defined Networking (SDN), Physical Layer Security In THz Spectrum, SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) and Intrusion Detection using AI.
David Cordova Morales, Thi Mai Trang Nguyen, Guy Pujolle
One of the most important paradigm shifts nowa-days regarding future 6G communication is related, from one side to the desire of bringing services and data as close as possible to the end users, and from another side, to empower the user with control over their data and personal information. In this vision, private 6G networks will shape trusted zones where data center services are placed at the edge of the network. The services will follow a Web3 approach, where decentralization and zero-trust mechanisms are predominant. In this environment, a decen-tralized authentication mechanism is needed. In this paper, we propose a 6G architecture and a blockchain-like authentication scheme based on Verifiable Credentials. Our model uses zero-trust technology for a better and more trusted Internet.
The Communications website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications , we'll publish selected posts or excerpts. twitter Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm Carlos Baquero investigates cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens.
S. Markkandan, Prem Kumar, R Prathipa, K. Vengatesan · 5 authors
6G networks are predicted to provide new prospects for Smart Cities and Internet of Things (IoT) applications because of their global seamless coverage.Therefore, to fulfil the growing need for huge data rates for 6G and greater applications, network capacity must be enhanced.As a result, there is an increase in spectrum demand.Only by successfully sharing existing spectrum and avoiding spectrum underutilization will the increased demand for cellular services be addressed.As a result, for 6G to achieve considerably enhanced network capacity, efficient spectrum management systems must be developed.As a result, maintaining 6G's predicted huge network capacity in such as heterogeneous environment necessitates the shared exploitation of available spectrum resources through dynamic coordination across device and network, which can be accomplished by incorporating SDN into 6G networks.Due to the increased speeds and reliability of 6G networks, users may have to pay more for energy, to overcome these issues, In this paper, a novel proposed a 6G HetNet spectrum management system based on HSA and Smart Contracts.HSA harmonizes network operation by spreading local decision-making and network-wide policy-making processes between BS and the SDN controller, correspondingly, to relieve any possible controller scalability and latency difficulties.And, to tackle the intricacies of service-level agreements, leverage blockchain's smart contract technology, which allows for automation and trustworthy, transparent radio spectrum negotiation among several parties.This proposed solution is dependable, scalable, and implementable, as seen by the results.
The language barrier is the biggest obstacle for users watching foreign-language videos. Because of this, videos cannot be famous across borders, and their viewership is limited to a single language and culture. The easiest way to solve this problem is to add subtitles in the language of the viewer. However, the current subtitling system lacks incentives, the ability to build a secure transaction environment, and a trusting relationship between video creators and subtitling makers. In response to the above situation, a tokenized subtitling crowdsourcing system (TSCS) based on blockchain and smart contract technologies is proposed. The source files for the subtitles are stored on the inter-planetary file system (IPFS) in the proposed system. Based on the ERC-721 standard, the returned corresponding address and subtitling-related information are made into a non-fungible token (NFT). At the same time, depending on the expected revenue from video view counts, the video token (VT), based on the ERC-777 standard and endorsed by the video platform, will be used as the payment token. The TSCS has two payment strategies: one-time and dividend. Through such a settlement mechanism, the subtitling maker’s revenue is also guaranteed by the code invariance and rule certainty of smart contract deployment. On the other hand, introducing an incentive mechanism for viewers to audit subtitles enables community autonomy, thus increasing the applicability of subtitles and the activity of users.
Non Fungible Tokens (NFT) is a digital title deed system that determines the ownership structure of digital assets and registers products that are not substituted for each other through Blockchain technology. These digital assets range from the digitized version of products created in the real world to products produced directly in the digital environment. While a product can be copied and produced many times in the virtual environment, an asset produced in the virtual world with NFT technology has become provable with Blockchain technology. Thanks to the cryptographic feature of blockchain technology, the products transferred to the digital environment or produced in the digital environment turn into a unique, unique and impossible to change structure. Although Non Fungible Tokens first became popular in the fields of art and games, the ownership structure of the content produced in new media environments has become provable and salable with the unlimited possibilities it offers. In this direction, Tweet, Audio File, Video, Photo, etc. By converting digital products to NFT, the ownership structure can change and provide a new resource for manufacturers. In this descriptive study, it is aimed to analyze the NFT collection 'CUNFT- Zorunda mıyım?', which Cüneyt Özdemir introduced on the Youtube platform on February 10, 2022 and sold on the Opensea site, on the news/economy/NFT axis. In this direction, NFT products are a new source of income for journalists who are not involved in the traditional media due to the constructive / economic / political problems and continue their broadcasts in alternative media.
Analysing a set of 200 cryptocurrencies over the period from 2015 to 2019, we document a significant return reversal effect that holds at the daily, weekly, and monthly rebalancing frequencies and is robust to controls for differences in size, turnover, and illiquidity. Moreover, the reversal effect persists during both halves of our sample period and following periods of both high and low market implied volatility. Consistent with the effect being driven by a combination of market inefficiency and compensation for liquidity provision, we find reversals are most pronounced among smaller capitalization and less liquid cryptocurrencies.
This thesis is divided into eight sections that contextualize and illustrate the market potential for commercial PPA solar leasing on mid-sized commercial roofs in the US.First, a discussion of the drawbacks from fossil fuel reliance reveals the benefits of solar energy.The second section explains the photovoltaic effect and the process through which sunlight is converted to electricity.From that foundation, the theoretical solar dependence in the US is then contrasted with current energy consumption.The disparity shown to be the result of such large-scale challenges as the reliance on peak power plants, unavoidable heat losses and other problems stemming from the lack of a decentralized grid infrastructure.By factoring in these challenges, a commercialization strategy for mid-sized commercial photovoltaics business is realized, which logically leads to a discussion of the cost trends of photovoltaic modules and parts.Understanding costs gives rise to an examination of potential pricing options in the following section, along with breakeven analyses.Lastly, a discussion of the developments of the solar industry shows that traditional silicon wafer cells are the least expensive and most efficient technology available, and that a hypothetical company serving enterprise-class data centers in the state Ohio will break even in 9 years with optimal debt financing.