The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to interconnect more than 75 billion devices worldwide, yet device authenticity remains one of the most pressing unsolved security challenges in the IoT space. Typical IoT nodes have limited computing power, memory, and battery capacity, making traditional public-key-based authentication difficult to implement without compromising either security or resource conservation. This paper presents a structured narrative review and quantitative comparison of lightweight authentication protocols for IoT environments published between 2024 and 2026, spanning seven families: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based, ECC for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), hash-based, Physical Unclonable Function (PUF)-based, biometric and behavioural, blockchain-assisted, and machine-learning-augmented protocols. The review adds message-level protocol-flow comparisons for representative ECC- and PUF-based schemes, a benchmarking table of published latency, message-size, and energy indicators, and five sector-specific case studies. Reported findings include dynamic-credential ECC schemes reducing communication and computational overhead by more than 37% over prior ECC schemes; PUF-based techniques using machine learning to improve modelling-attack resistance by more than 35% over earlier techniques; blockchain-assisted authentication for fog-enabled IoT; and multi-sector schemes such as SELAP, reducing computation and communication cost to 422 ms and 960 bits respectively, against 548 ms and 2048 bits for the earlier ELWSCAS protocol. Protocols are also examined against ephemeral information leakage, modelling attacks on PUFs, node cloning, and physical tampering. No protocol category is universally optimal; selection depends on a deployment's constraints, threat model, and sector. Research is converging on hybrid designs combining hardware-rooted trust, efficient public-key primitives, decentralised trust, and intelligent anomaly detection.
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Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Fruit and vegetable supply chains generate heterogeneous data across production, storage, logistics, and sales, creating challenges for trusted data sharing, privacy protection, and real-time traceability across distributed supply-chain information systems. Conventional single-chain blockchains suffer from limited scalability, data redundancy, and low retrieval efficiency, making them inadequate for high-frequency full-process information management. This study proposes a multi-chain blockchain framework for trusted full-process information management of fruit and vegetable supply chains. The framework integrates traceability, enterprise, notary, and regulatory chains to support hierarchical data management and privacy isolation. A reputation-based notary node election mechanism and a threshold-signature scheme based on Shamir secret sharing are designed to enhance cross-chain security and distributed regulatory consensus. To improve retrieval efficiency, a Cuckoo-Augmented Merkle Tree (CMerkle) and a skip-list-based block index are developed. Simulation results show that all malicious nodes were restricted by the 19th round, signature aggregation required 70.16 ms in a 500-node setting, and CMerkle achieved retrieval speedups of 14.7 and 153 times at data scales of 500 and 10,000 records, respectively. The framework supports trusted data governance, real-time traceability, privacy-preserving sharing, and regulatory decision support in blockchain-enabled supply-chain information systems.
The global healthcare supply chain is experiencing increasing challenges with respect to maintaining the security of medications, adequate storage of medications, and identifying potential issues with medications that may pose a risk to patient safety. This chapter introduces a prototype called the 'Smarter, Safe Healthcare Supply Chain.' The system brings together fast telemetry (simulating 4G and 5G), edge computing, blockchain smart contracts, and explainable anomaly detection to help stop compromised medications from reaching patients. Included in the prototype's design are an IoT temperature and location data sensing simulator; an edge service that checks the signature of a device and executes "explainable" checks; and two smart contracts associated with device tracking and alerting. Tools like latency simulation, on-chain device tracking, device allowance (i.e., allowing only those devices that have been verified via smart contracts to access the network), and audit logs allow for the prototype to demonstrate how new technologies can enhance, accelerate, and streamline operations and build trust throughout the supply chain. Some of the key results of the prototype include faster-than-anticipated response times under 5G simulated conditions, successful verification of devices (both at the edge and enterprise-level) via smart contract(s), and accurate alerting developed based on a predefined set of rules. The framework upon which the prototype is built follows the principles of Zero Trust (e.g., NIST SP 800-207A, GSMA 5G IoT Guidelines, and use case-specific Healthcare Compliance Controls). Limitations exist within the prototype (such as being a single-node blockchain and the use of rule-based alerting versus leveraging full machine learning capabilities); however, it presents a viable operational model for practical application within a regulated supply chain (e.g., pharmaceuticals). Future work will include multi-party blockchain networks, evolving AI algorithms, and demonstrating full integration of the prototype into existing regulatory workflow(s).
Md. Safaet Hossain, Mohammad Shakibul Hasan Sakib, Md. Rayhan Ahmed Shis, Sakib Ahmed · 5 authors
Modern food supply chains, particularly those involving essential commodities like rice, often suffer from major challenges such as product fraud, inefficient record-keeping, and a lack of consumer trust. Traditional centralized systems are prone to data tampering, limited transparency, and poor traceability, making it difficult to verify the authenticity and origin of goods. To address these issues, our research introduces TraceRoot, a blockchain-based traceability framework designed to enhance transparency, accountability, and trust in agricultural supply chains.TraceRoot leverages the immutability and decentralization of blockchain technology to maintain a secure, distributed ledger that records every transaction and movement of goods across the supply chain. Each stakeholder including farmers, distributors, retailers, and consumers has role-based access to authenticated data through a user-friendly interface. The framework integrates smart contracts to automate transactions and digital signatures to verify the integrity of the data being uploaded, minimizing the risk of human error or manipulation
PrismEco is the showcase demonstration of the Prism Ecosystem. Where the other component demos each illustrate one capability in isolation, PrismEco shows the complete authentication triangle in a single flow: biometric authentication via WebAuthn, a Zero-Knowledge Proof generated in the browser, and NFC presence verification via a physical tag. This technical note follows a single user through the complete login flow on prismeco.globalsecurity.nu. At each step, it documents what the server receives and what it does not receive. The goal is to make visible what is structurally invisible by design: that a working authentication system can process a login without ever knowing who the user is. The three factors are verified independently and must all succeed for the session to open. No single factor is sufficient on its own. The combination is structurally resistant to remote attacks: an attacker would need to compromise biometrics, the device, and physical proximity simultaneously. The complete authentication triangle has been proven in a working PoC as of 12 June 2026. WebAuthn registration and login, ZKP generation and server-side verification (proven 10 June 2026), and NFC tap confirmation with RELAY_TOKEN verification (proven 12 June 2026) all function as an integrated flow on live infrastructure at prismeco.globalsecurity.nu. Screenshots in this document are taken from the live running demonstration. All claims are classified by status: proven in PoC, follows from open standard, or architectural design choice. Part of the Prism Ecosystem. Full technical architecture: The Prism Protocol, Invention Disclosure v20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20029291.
The integration of smart contracts is transforming logistics and supply chain management (LSCM) by improving transparency, visibility, and accountability. This study examines how automated digital agreements and secure nutritional labeling enhance credibility and safety in the food industry. Using encrypted ledgers and records, smart contracts help address challenges such as counterfeit products, fraudulent labeling, and ethical violations. The study aimed to evaluate smart contracts as a strategic tool for managing information throughout a food product’s lifecycle, with emphasis on sustainability and ethical LSCM practices. A quantitative methodology was used, collecting survey data from 130 urban consumers in India who shop both online and offline. The survey captured consumer views on ethical consumption, organic versus processed foods, eco-friendly packaging, and pricing transparency. Findings show that although smart contracts are still emerging in the food sector, they can address major systemic issues. By defining accountability measures, these contracts can align societal well-being with industrial efficiency. This paper contributes to supply chain management research by highlighting the shift toward distributed information systems and emphasizing the importance of smart contracts in creating a transparent, ethical, and safe food supply chain for modern consumers.
Ankit Sitaula, Ashraf Uddin, John Ayoade, Nam H. Chu · 5 authors
Counterfeit and unsafe medicines pose significant risks to patient safety and undermine trust in healthcare systems. This paper presents ACTMeds, a blockchain-supported pharmaceutical traceability and recall platform that considers pharmaceutical supply chain requirements and public health operational needs relevant to the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The system integrates Ethereum smart contracts, developed using Ganache, with a React-based web application providing regulator, operator, pharmacy, and auditor interfaces, alongside a public verification portal leveraging QR and GS1 barcodes. In addition, role-based access control is enforced across the medicine lifecycle, including manufacture, custody transfer, dispensing, and recall, with immutable on-chain events generated to support auditability and accountability. To balance transparency with confidentiality, the platform prototypes a zero-knowledge (ZK) recall mechanism in which regulators can cryptographically prove that recall conditions meet predefined policy requirements without disclosing sensitive incident details. Threat modeling was conducted using the STRIDE framework, and security evaluation combined static application security testing (Solhint and ESLint) and dynamic testing. The paper further discusses deployment options, cost considerations, ZK recall performance analysis, ethical implications, and future enhancements. Security testing validated the platform’s resilience, with no high-severity vulnerabilities identified and medium-severity issues related to HTTP security headers addressed. The results indicate that a regulator-led, privacy-preserving, tamper-evident ledger can improve medicine authenticity verification and recall responsiveness while maintaining compliance and data protection obligations.
This study proposes a lightweight Zero-Knowledge authentication model supported by QR codes. The approach is based on the Schnorr authentication protocol and provides an additional security layer against replay attacks through nonce and timestamp mechanisms. The proof data generated by the prover is embedded within a QR code and transmitted to the verifier. Thus, the system enables verification of knowledge of the secret key without revealing it. Simulation results show that proof generation and verification times under a 256-bit security level are in the millisecond range. Additionally, the proof size remains constant at approximately 0.5 KB, making it suitable for practical applications in terms of QR code capacity. The findings indicate that the proposed model is applicable in mobile and low-resource systems in terms of both security and performance.
Sidhardh G S, M Nandhana Sunil, Rishika Swapna Nair, Shanu Sudhakaran · 5 authors
Ensuring the authenticity and safety of food products has become a major global concern due to increasing cases of food fraud, mislabelling, and contamination. Traditional traceability systems are often centralized, lack transparency, and are vulnerable to data tampering, making it difficult to accurately track product origin and movement. To address these issues, this project proposes a blockchain-based food origin traceability system that uses smart contracts and a distributed ledger to securely record product information at every stage of the supply chain. Stakeholders record key data such as origin, processing, and transportation details, ensuring transparency, immutability, and reliable verification. The system also incorporates allergen traceability and quality verification mechanisms to enhance product safety. By improving transparency, reducing fraud, enabling faster recalls, and supporting regulatory compliance, the system provides a scalable solution for food safety and traceability while promoting better coordination, reducing dependency on intermediaries, and supporting informed decision-making across the supply chain.
The Prism Protocol is a privacy-native authentication and identity architecture in which a user can prove attributes or authentication state without directly revealing their identity to the server. It combines WebAuthn (W3C Level 3), Zero-Knowledge Proofs (Groth16 via circom/snarkjs), and NFC-based physical presence verification into a single coherent protocol stack. The core mechanism is a triangular key derivation model: biometric authentication (WebAuthn), a device-bound private key (FIDO2 Secure Enclave), and a time-limited NFC nonce via a passive tag (card, ring, sticker; NFC ISO 14443) jointly produce an ephemeral key. In v18, a working ZKP implementation is demonstrated: an age-threshold circuit proves that a user meets a criterion without the server ever receiving the attribute value. Verification is performed server-side via snarkjs.groth16.verify(). Within the demonstrated implementation flow, the server receives no name, no biometric data, no persistent identifier, and no direct attribute value. Sessions are designed to be unlinkable from the server perspective at the protocol level; timing and metadata correlation are addressed in the threat model as a separate concern. A working proof-of-concept was demonstrated on 25 April 2026 at prismpass.globalsecurity.nu. The broader ecosystem (PrismPass, PrismID, PrismShield, PrismAdd, PrismChat, PrismAir, PrismGuard, PrismHash, PrismWipe, PrismGate) is documented in this Invention Disclosure. The protocol introduces no novel cryptographic primitives; its novelty lies in the specific architectural combination, orchestration model, and protocol-class definition addressing thirteen authentication questions not simultaneously addressed by existing systems. Note: The post-quantum migration path (ML-KEM-768, ML-DSA-65) is documented as a formal architectural claim and forward-compatibility design decision. It describes the intended migration route, not a currently implemented feature. The working implementation uses ECDH, ECDSA, AES-256-GCM and Groth16. The protocol is designed for session unlinkability: the server receives only a cryptographic proof of validity, never a persistent identifier, name, or behavioural trace. This addresses the unlinkability gap identified in the W3C Digital Credentials API and the EUDI Wallet architecture as an unresolved open problem. Author: I. Smid-Woelders, independent inventor, Zwolle, Netherlands. First documented: 25 April 2026. Contact: contact@globalsecurity.nu
The Prism Protocol is a privacy-native authentication and identity architecture in which a user can prove attributes or authentication state without directly revealing their identity to the server. It combines WebAuthn (W3C Level 3), Zero-Knowledge Proofs (Groth16 via circom/snarkjs), and NFC-based physical presence verification into a single coherent protocol stack. The core mechanism is a triangular key derivation model: biometric authentication (WebAuthn), a device-bound private key (FIDO2 Secure Enclave), and a time-limited NFC nonce via a passive tag (card, ring, sticker; NFC ISO 14443) jointly produce an ephemeral key. In v18, a working ZKP implementation is demonstrated: an age-threshold circuit proves that a user meets a criterion without the server ever receiving the attribute value. Verification is performed server-side via snarkjs.groth16.verify(). Within the demonstrated implementation flow, the server receives no name, no biometric data, no persistent identifier, and no direct attribute value. Sessions are designed to be unlinkable from the server perspective at the protocol level; timing and metadata correlation are addressed in the threat model as a separate concern. A working proof-of-concept was demonstrated on 25 April 2026 at prismpass.globalsecurity.nu. The broader ecosystem (PrismPass, PrismID, PrismShield, PrismAdd, PrismChat, PrismAir, PrismGuard, PrismHash, PrismWipe, PrismGate) is documented in this Invention Disclosure. The protocol introduces no novel cryptographic primitives; its novelty lies in the specific architectural combination, orchestration model, and protocol-class definition addressing thirteen authentication questions not simultaneously addressed by existing systems. Note: The post-quantum migration path (ML-KEM-768, ML-DSA-65) is documented as a formal architectural claim and forward-compatibility design decision. It describes the intended migration route, not a currently implemented feature. The working implementation uses ECDH, ECDSA, AES-256-GCM and Groth16. The protocol is designed for session unlinkability: the server receives only a cryptographic proof of validity, never a persistent identifier, name, or behavioural trace. This addresses the unlinkability gap identified in the W3C Digital Credentials API and the EUDI Wallet architecture as an unresolved open problem. Author: I. Smid-Woelders, independent inventor, Zwolle, Netherlands. First documented: 25 April 2026. Contact: contact@globalsecurity.nu
G. Prabakaran, Dharani Priya M, Jumana Fathima S, Keerthini R · 5 authors
The pharmaceutical supply chain is complex and often faces challenges such as lack of transparency, counterfeit medicines, and inefficient tracking. This project proposes a blockchain-based pharmaceutical supply chain management system using smart contracts to ensure secure and transparent operations. Each medicine batch is recorded on the blockchain with a unique ID, allowing all transactions from manufacturer to pharmacy to be tracked in a tamper- proof manner. The system also enables patients to verify the authenticity of medicines and detect counterfeit products. Additionally, a drug recall feature allows manufacturers to mark defective batches, preventing further distribution. By using blockchain technology, the proposed system improves traceability, enhances security, and ensures trust among all participants in the supply chain
A study of enhanced traceability, transparency, and compliance in the pharmaceutical supply chain ecosystem is suggested to be done using the present paper's proposal which is a combination of a distributed ledger and smart contract based system.The system as demanded keeps the entire history of a batch, custody transfers, and compliance events on a ledger that can be accessed by the big players only without the middle men.Also, it automates the task assigned to the smart contracts such as authorization, monitoring of the cold chain, and recalling of the products if they are found to be defected.The procedure develops the trust of all the stakeholders.
Abstract Traceability is an essential practice to ensure transparency, authenticity, and regulatory compliance in modern agricultural supply chains, especially high-value agricultural products. Regarded as the king of fruits in Southeast Asia for its unique taste, texture, and aroma, durian dominates the market of exported fruit commodities. However, recurring issues such as fraudulent GAP numbers, mislabelled origins, premature harvesting, and product tampering undermine consumer trust and export credibility. To address these challenges, this study presents an integrated traceability architecture combining RFID, a MySQL database, an automated Node.js backend, and Ethereum-compatible smart contracts. The developed system enables automated ingestion of physical RFID data, secure on-chain recording via immutable ledger functions, and optional generation of ERC-721 NFTs as digital certificates. Empirical validation includes RFID read-rate testing, blockchain performance measurement, and gas usage analysis. Carton-level tagging, wherein a single RFID tag is attached to a carton rather than each individual fruit, significantly reduces per-durian blockchain cost. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture is technically robust, flexible, economically scalable, and suitable for SME use in high-value or ultra-premium fresh-produce chains.
This paper explores how Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can enhance the privacy and security of decentralized supply chains. Although blockchain technology enhances supply chain transparency, it also reveals sensitive information, including supplier identities, pricing strategies, and transaction volumes. ZKPs offer a feasible approach in that subjects can authenticate data without revealing the underlying data, whilst keeping the information confidential and maintaining trust. In this study, the main performance indicators, including the time to verify a transaction (0.48 seconds), communication overhead (1.3 KB proof size), and privacy (95) in the ZKP-based system, are examined. ZKPs can enhance economic security by eliminating risks, such as industrial espionage and counterparty fraud, that can arise from publicly accessible data in historical blockchain systems. The performance of ZKP-enabled networks is also compared with that of traditional transparent blockchain systems. The major benefits are data privacy (95 % in ZKPs and 40 % in traditional systems) and scalability (80 % high and 60 % moderate). The paper also discusses how AI-based ZKP generation can speed up proof generation and automated compliance auditing to uphold regulatory compliance, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML). By incorporating AI into the ZKP procedure, proof generation can be sped up, yielding significant improvements in efficiency. This study finds that ZKPs can provide an effective approach to decentralized supply chain security, privacy, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, thereby making global trade activities more secure, transparent, and efficient.
Traditional electronic Kanban (eKanban) systems depend on manual scans and offer only discrete material visibility, limiting responsiveness and automation in lean manufacturing environments. These operational bottlenecks are magnified in high-mix contexts, where delayed replenishment signals degrade flow stability, increase work-in-progress, and hinder sustainable material handling. Furthermore, vendor-specific systems lack interoperability for scalable automation, constraining the development of intelligent manufacturing solutions. This work investigates whether zone-based replenishment automation can be enabled through real-time locating systems (RTLS) using open interoperability standards, addressing a gap in empirical validation of such approaches. A middleware architecture was developed that integrates ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning, an Omlox-compliant location middleware (DeepHub), and a cloud-based eKanban system to replace manual triggers with geofence-driven order creation. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating a fully automated Kanban signaling loop built on the open Omlox standard, providing vendor-independent RTLS interoperability and eliminating human intervention in replenishment signaling. This contributes new knowledge on how continuous location data can be converted into actionable replenishment events in a standards-based, modular manner, enabling more intelligent and autonomous material-flow control. A controlled proof-of-concept experiment simulating shop-floor conditions showed that the system achieved a 100% detection success rate, zero duplicate orders, and an average trigger-to-action latency of 2.7 s, while automatically recovering from authentication and WebSocket failures. These results provide the first empirical evidence that Omlox-compliant RTLS middleware can reliably support zone-based eKanban automation. The findings have direct implications for intelligent and sustainable manufacturing by demonstrating a scalable pathway toward interoperable, real-time material-flow systems that reduce manual intervention, avoid unnecessary handling, and lower work-in-progress. More broadly, the work addresses the current lack of empirical validation of open-standard RTLS integration within lean and sustainable production environments.
Addressing the challenges of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) traceability systems, including heavy data storage burdens, poor privacy protection, and susceptibility to tampering, this study establishes a highly secure and trustworthy traceability supervision system for the entire Chinese medicine supply chain, which enhances product quality and safety assurance. Centred on the Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain as its core architecture, a multi-chain integration framework comprising one regulatory main chain plus five organisational sub-chains is proposed to achieve permission control, data isolation, and privacy. A multi-mode encrypted data storage mechanism is designed, integrating China’s national cryptographic algorithms SM4 and SM3 with CP-ABE attribute-based encryption to enable tiered management of private and non-private data. Zero-knowledge proof technology safeguards identity privacy during cross-chain data transmission, while QR codes and environmental data collection mechanisms enhance data entry efficiency and authenticity. The system achieves end-to-end traceability from cultivation and processing through transportation, warehousing, and sales. Comparative performance analysis shows that the proposed framework effectively alleviates data storage pressure, ensures data validity, enhances data security, and improves collaborative efficiency among organizations across the TCM supply chain. The proposed multi-chain integrated Chinese medicine traceability and supervision system enables efficient collaboration and trustworthy traceability across the entire Chinese medicine industry chain, while safeguarding data security and privacy, and has significant application and promotion value. Future integration with artificial intelligence and big data technologies could further enhance the system’s intelligent analysis and decision-support capabilities.
Bharathi Panduri, Lohith Matcha, Sai Darshan Lingamanthula, Vineet Katta
Pharmaceutical providers are now facing problems such as counterfeit drugs, lack of openness, different data systems, and weaker regulation. As a result of these shortcomings, medicinal products may be unsafe for patients and this can damage the public's trust in these products. Traditional centralized structures do not have the necessary traceability, security, and resilience for effective management of supply chains. In the context of Industry 4.0, there is an increasing shift toward digital transformation and decentralized industrial systems to improve transparency and automation. This paper describes PharmaChain, a DApp created using blockchain, which is intended to add transparency and trust to the way drugs are managed in the supply chain. With the help of Ethereum and Solidity-based smart contracts, PharmaChain develops a permanent record of every step in the supply chain, starting with buying raw goods and finishing with delivering them to end-users. The platform uses role-based access control, such as manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and regulatory bodies. With a modern MERN stack, PharmaChain ensures the UI is flexible and works well on any device, and Web3.js and MetaMask handle the connection to blockchain on the frontend. The proposed system aligns with Industry 4.0 principles by enabling secure, automated, and decentralized traceability across the pharmaceutical supply chain. Smart contracts significantly reduce the involvement of intermediaries and manual work in the process.
Abstract Counterfeit and stolen goods seriously threaten the reliability of modern supply chains. They affect consumer trust, brand reputation, and economic stability. To tackle this issue, this paper presents a blockchain-based smart supply chain framework. It combines Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) with dual-layer Anti-counterfeiting mechanisms such as RFID tags and holographic labels [2], [6]. Each physical product connects to a unique NFT, creating a secure digital twin on a private blockchain network [3], [8]. This setup ensures traceability, verifies authenticity, and keeps transaction records safe from tampering [1], [5].. The proposed system includes a new Supply Chain Consensus (SCC) algorithm, designed specifically for supply chains. It classifies nodes by trust and stake to allow for efficient and scalable transaction validation. Also, a collateral-based incentive mechanism encourages honest participation among all involved, including manufacturers, transporters, buyers, and arbitrators [7]. Furthermore, a decentralized dispute resolution model features a transparent voting process that ensures fairness and accountability during conflicts [8]. A conceptual framework and simulation-based analysis were carried out to assess the system's performance in terms of transaction efficiency, security, and counterfeit reduction [1], [5]. The findings show that this approach significantly boosts supply chain transparency, lowers verification costs, and improves product authentication compared to traditional centralized systems [4]. This framework provides a scalable and secure solution for the next generation of supply chains, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, luxury goods, and electronics. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Supply Chain, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Anti-Counterfeiting, Digital Twin, RFID, Smart Contracts, Supply Chain Security.
This paper presents a ubiquitous, blockchain-based system designed to improve transparency, traceability and trust in supply chains involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). The framework integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, radio-frequency identification (RFID) and QR identifiers, global positioning system (GPS) tracking, and mobile communications with smart contracts implemented on the Ethereum 2.0 blockchain. The main contributions are as follows: (1) an architecture enabling real-time monitoring and automated verification of logistics transactions; (2) a proof of concept integrating blockchain, the IoT and Android-based OBUs; and (3) a quantitative analysis of gas and smart contract execution costs. Experimental tests show gas consumption ranging from 21,000 to 5,000,000 units and transaction costs ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0033 ETH, confirming the system’s technical feasibility and cost-efficiency. As well as cost and efficiency, the process improved transparency, real-time traceability and decentralized verification, confirming the system’s efficacy for supply chains involving autonomous vehicles.
Mohit Malik, Rahul S Mor, Vijay Kumar Gahlawat, Vikas Kumar
• Presents a novel hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled end-to-end SC traceability model. • Validates a multilayer Web3-based architecture integrating smart contracts, ML algorithms & IoT-enabled data capture. • Offers a proof-of-concept and feasibility analysis, highlighting scalability, transaction speed & system responsiveness. Conventional traceability systems without real-time information transmission are susceptible to tampering. In contrast, blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled traceability models offer transparency and accountability, given their decentralized nature and immutability. This research conceptualizes and develops a hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability (prototype) model and implements it in the dairy industry. The study includes a collaborative research methodology, including a literature review to analyze the existing traceability solutions, identify data entry points, select model requirements, and deploy smart contracts, decentralized applications (Dapps) and Web3 technologies to develop and validate the proposed model via Testnet . The findings present the user interface developed as a prototype traceability model and its characteristics, such as transparency, decentralized nature, and immutability, followed by practical validation. The post-implementation data analysis highlighted the security, privacy, smart contract validation rules, and comparative insights, as well as the alignment of the theoretical model with practical applications using Web3 technologies. This research contributes to the literature on hybrid blockchain and AI-enabled traceability, highlighting the potential for exploring opportunities in the food industry.
This article examines the evolutionary trajectory of contactless payment systems across closed-loop and open-loop architectures, tracing their development from magnetic stripe foundations through EMV chip technology to contemporary NFC implementations with cryptogram-based security. The comparative analysis highlights how closed-loop systems deliver enhanced customer loyalty and data ownership, while open-loop networks provide global accessibility and financial inclusion. The security architecture of contactless payments is explored through a detailed examination of cryptogram-based authentication, tokenization mechanisms, vulnerability mitigation strategies, and biometric integration. Future directions reveal emerging trends, including digital-only credential issuance, integration with adjacent technologies such as IoT and distributed ledgers, evolving consumer trust dynamics, and the developing regulatory landscape. The article illuminates how contactless innovation continues to reshape retail finance while balancing convenience, security, and commercial objectives across payment environments by analyzing these technological and ecosystem factors.
A mobilidade urbana representa um dos maiores desafios das cidades contemporâneas, sendo a imprevisibilidade do transporte público um fator crítico que impacta milhões de cidadãos e turistas. Atrasos decorrentes de congestionamentos, acidentes e outros eventos inesperados, somados à complexidade das rotas, comprometem significativamente a experiência do usuário. Este artigo apresenta o SIGRÔ (Sistema Inteligente de Gerenciamento de Rotas de Ônibus), uma solução inovadora para o rastreamento e previsão em tempo real da localização de ônibus coletivos. A arquitetura do sistema baseia-se em uma rede descentralizada Web3, na qual cada veículo atua como um nó comunicante em uma malha peer-to-peer (p2p), utilizando GSM LTE-M e, de forma redundante, LoRa, para mitigar falhas de cobertura. Cada ônibus é equipado com sistemas embarcados dotados de Unidades de Processamento Neural (NPUs), que aplicam Inteligência Artificial para corrigir perdas de sinal de GPS e aprimorar estimativas de chegada, integrando dados históricos e em tempo real. O ecossistema é complementado por um aplicativo multiplataforma (iOS, Android, WebApp e sistema embarcado), que oferece planejamento de rotas, visualização em tempo real, informações sobre paradas e uma interface de gestão para operadores, permitindo o reporte de incidentes. O projeto tem como objetivo aprimorar a pontualidade percebida, otimizar a experiência do usuário e fornecer dados estratégicos para a gestão inteligente do transporte público urbano.