The rapid development of blockchain technology has introduced new forms of digital assets, including Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and metaverse virtual land, creating legal uncertainty regarding their status as inheritable property under Indonesian Islamic Family Law. This study examines the legal status of these digital assets as inheritance objects, analyzes their distribution based on fiqh al-mawārīth and Indonesian positive law, and proposes a legal framework to strengthen legal certainty in digital inheritance. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and Islamic jurisprudential approaches. Legal materials were analyzed through descriptive and deductive legal reasoning. The findings demonstrate that NFTs and metaverse virtual land satisfy the Islamic legal characteristics of māl because they possess lawful ownership, measurable economic value, legal control, and transferability, thereby qualifying as al-tirkah (inheritance estate). Their distribution should follow the principles of fiqh al-mawārīth while accommodating the technical characteristics of blockchain-based assets, particularly digital wallets and private-key access. The study also identifies a regulatory gap in Indonesian positive law concerning digital asset inheritance. Unlike previous studies that primarily discuss digital assets from commercial or general legal perspectives, this research develops an integrated framework combining Islamic inheritance law, Indonesian positive law, and digital estate planning to strengthen legal certainty, protect heirs' rights, and contribute to the development of Islamic Family Law in the digital era.
Abdul Adlim, Babun Suharto, Wildan Khisbullah Suhma, Kholida Ulfi Mubaroka
The rapid development of crypto assets has challenged the classical concept of mal (property) in Islamic jurisprudence because digital assets do not possess tangible physical characteristics traditionally associated with lawful ownership. This study aims to reconstruct the paradigm of mal within contemporary fiqh by examining the legal status of crypto assets through the framework of maqasid al-shari'ah, particularly hifz al-mal, while evaluating the role of smart contracts in reducing contractual uncertainty (gharar). This study employed a qualitative normative legal approach based on literature analysis of classical fiqh, usul al-fiqh, contemporary Islamic legal scholarship, institutional fatwas, and financial regulations. The findings demonstrate that the concept of mal has evolved from a material-based understanding toward a value-oriented paradigm that emphasizes recognized benefit, scarcity, and lawful ownership. Under these criteria, crypto assets may be recognized as mal when supported by legitimate ownership, transparent governance, and productive economic purposes. Smart contracts contribute to minimizing contractual and operational gharar through automated execution and transaction transparency, although they cannot eliminate risks arising from market volatility. This study proposes a reconstructed paradigm of mal that provides a more contextual analytical framework for assessing the legality of digital assets within contemporary Islamic law.
Muhammad Izzuddin Al Ayzami, Achmad Fathoni, Moh. Sirojuddin
Penelitian ini mengkaji apakah aset digital memenuhi unsur māl mutaqawwam dan dapat menjadi mahar yang sah menurut fikih Islam. Proliferasi aset digital meliputi cryptocurrency, stablecoin, non-fungible token (NFT), utility token, dan security token telah menghadirkan pertanyaan baru yang belum terpetakan dalam hukum keluarga Islam (Ahwal Syakhshiyyah), khususnya tentang kelayakan aset digital sebagai mahar perkawinan. Kajian-kajian sebelumnya dominan membahas kehalalan cryptocurrency secara umum tanpa melakukan evaluasi sistematis terhadap berbagai kategori aset digital berdasarkan syarat-syarat mahar yang ditentukan fikih klasik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode library research dengan pendekatan normatif-konseptual, merujuk pada sumber-sumber fikih primer empat mazhab Sunni (Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, dan Hanbali) serta lembaga fatwa kontemporer yang otoritatif, meliputi DSN-MUI, AAOIFI, dan Majma' al-Fiqh al-Islami. Kajian ini mengintegrasikan enam kerangka teoritis māl, māl mutaqawwam, milkiyyah, qabd, gharar, dan syarat-syarat mahar dan menerapkannya secara analitis terhadap setiap kategori aset digital. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua aset digital memiliki status hukum yang identik. Stablecoin dan utility token yang dilindungi hukum umumnya memenuhi syarat māl mutaqawwam dan dapat berfungsi sebagai mahar yang sah apabila mekanisme qabd yang jelas ditetapkan. Cryptocurrency yang sangat volatil menimbulkan kekhawatiran signifikan terkait gharar dan defisiensi taqawwum, sehingga statusnya bergantung pada pengakuan regulasi dan stabilitas pasar. NFT dapat menjadi mahar yang sah sepanjang aset yang mendasarinya memberikan hak ekonomi yang diakui dan dapat dialihkan. Security token memiliki klaim terkuat sebagai mahar mengingat sifatnya yang didukung aset dan pengawasan regulasi. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi berupa matriks klasifikasi hukum komprehensif untuk aset digital sebagai mahar dan mengusulkan kerangka konseptual untuk integrasi aset digital ke dalam hukum keluarga Islam kontemporer.
The digital revolution has spawned new assets such as cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), monetized accounts, and digital estates that are increasingly dominant in the Indonesian economy; however, these inheritance objects have not been explicitly addressed by classical fiqih mīrāth provisions or the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), creating a legal vacuum that threatens legal certainty and the protection of heirs' rights. This study aims to reconstruct inheritance fiqih regarding digital assets and cryptocurrency within the perspective of Indonesian Islamic Family Law to ensure proportional and equitable protection of heirs' rights. Employing a normative-empirical legal research method with a conceptual approach, maqāṣid asy-syari'ah, and juridical-empirical analysis of religious court decisions from 2020–2025 as well as in-depth interviews with judges and practitioners, this research analyzes the concept of māl in fiqih and judicial practice. The results indicate that digital assets fulfill the pillars of māl functionally (manfa'ah, taṣarruf, hifẓ); however, judicial practice remains trapped in three inconsistent patterns avoidance, proportional inclusion, and expert-assisted valuation which systematically threaten the rights of female and child heirs due to the absence of valuation guidelines and private key escrow mechanisms. This study formulates a new fiqih maxim based on ḥifẓ al-māl and ḥifẓ an-nasl and proposes a digital estate declaration to guarantee legal certainty and equitable distribution. This original contribution expands the frontier of contemporary ushul fiqih by introducing a digital māl taxonomy in Islamic inheritance and opens an interdisciplinary discourse on Islamic family law, fintech, and blockchain..
The development of information and communication technology has given rise to various new forms of wealth known as digital assets. These assets include cryptocurrency, monetized social media accounts, digital wallets, websites, internet domains, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), and various other forms of virtual wealth that possess economic value. The presence of digital assets raises new legal issues, particularly in the field of Islamic inheritance. Islamic inheritance law, which has traditionally been oriented toward tangible property, needs to respond to these developments. This study aims to analyze the status of digital assets as inheritance objects from the perspective of Islamic law and to identify various challenges that arise in its implementation. The method used is normative legal research with a conceptual approach and a statute approach. The results indicate that digital assets can be categorized as wealth (māl) that holds economic value and can be inherited as long as their ownership is legitimate according to Sharia. However, several challenges exist, including regulatory limitations, difficulties in asset identification, access to digital accounts, and the absence of a standardized mechanism for digital inheritance distribution. Therefore, the development of Islamic legal ijtihad and the formulation of adaptive regulations are necessary to ensure legal certainty for the heirs.
Muhammad Imamul Muttaqin Arisandi, Bustomi Arisandi, Bahrul Ulum, M. Khodimul Wahib · 5 authors
This study examines the construction of an Islamic digital asset governance framework within the context of blockchain integration for zakat transparency and digital estate planning in Indonesia. The research responds to the growing tension between rapid technological transformation in Islamic finance and the absence of comprehensive sharia-oriented regulatory mechanisms governing crypto assets, decentralized transactions, and digital inheritance systems. Employing a non-empirical juridical-normative method, the study analyzes statutory regulations, DSN-MUI fatwas, comparative international regulatory models, and interdisciplinary scholarly literature concerning Islamic fintech, blockchain governance, and Maqasid Shariah. The findings indicate that existing regulatory approaches remain fragmented because financial supervision, sharia compliance, and inheritance governance operate within disconnected institutional frameworks. Blockchain technology demonstrates significant potential to enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency in zakat and waqf management through immutable ledgers and automated smart-contract mechanisms, although unresolved cyber risks, speculative volatility, and succession vulnerabilities continue to threaten the principle of hifzh al-mal. The study formulates the Islamic Digital Asset Governance Framework (IDAGF), integrating technical supervision, sharia certification, judicial authorization, and social-finance accountability into a multilayered governance structure capable of harmonizing algorithmic innovation with Islamic legal certainty and sustainable digital financial ethics.
Bunga Desyana Pratami, Yos Johan Utama, Ana Silviana, Imaro Sidqi · 5 authors
Purpose - The rapid development of the digital economy has engendered new forms of wealth that challenge classical concepts of ownership within Islamic law, particularly in the context of inheritance law. Digital assets�such as cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and economically valuable digital accounts�present significant legal questions regarding their status as inheritable property, especially given their intangible nature and reliance on technological systems. In practice, many digital assets become inaccessible following the owner's death, often due to the loss of passwords or private keys. This situation creates a disparity between classical legal doctrines and contemporary realities. This study aims to analyse the legal status of digital assets within Islamic inheritance law through a reinterpretation of the concept of wealth (mal) employing an objective of the Islamic law (maqa?id al-shari?ah) approach.Methodology/approach - This research employs a normative juridical methodology, utilising both conceptual and maqa?id-based approaches. It is conducted through a comprehensive literature review of classical Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) texts and maqa?id theory, supplemented by an analysis of contemporary practices concerning digital asset.Findings - Although some classical scholars�particularly within the ?anafi school�emphasised the material aspect of mal, the majority of scholars recognise lawful economic value and benefit (manfa?ah muba?ah) as the primary criteria for determining property status. From this perspective, digital assets qualify as mal because they possess economic value, can be owned, and are transferable. Furthermore, the framework of maqa?id al-shari?ah, particularly the principles of protection of wealth (?if? al-mal) and protection of lineage (?if? al-nasl), provides a robust normative basis for recognising digital assets as inheritable property. Therefore, the reinterpretation of mal through a maqa?id approach facilitates the integration of digital assets into Islamic inheritance law in both a normative and contextual manner.Conclusion - This study concludes by advocating the establishment of legal and technical mechanisms designed to protect the rights of heirs in the digital age, thereby minimising the disparity between doctrinal principles and practical application.
The development of human resource quality through the Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) constitutes a manifestation of the constitutional responsibility of the welfare state in guaranteeing the fulfillment of the right to food for future generations. However, the implementation of this policy in Indonesia still faces fundamental challenges in the form of a weak juridical foundation that still rests at the level of Peraturan Presiden and a high fiscal burden that places centralized pressure on the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses in the legal basis and fiscal governance of the MBG program in Indonesia through a comparison with the school nutrition system in India. This study used a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and functional comparative approaches, with India’s school nutrition system serving as the main point of comparison. The results showed that India’s success in managing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme is supported by a strong legal framework through the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 as well as the implementation of a proportional cost-sharing scheme between the central government and state governments. Based on these findings, this study offers the “Desentralisasi Asimetris Kesejahteraan” model as a reconstruction of the system in Indonesia through budgetary collaboration between the central and regional governments, which requires revision of the Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah to designate nutrition affairs as a mandatory basic service function. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that strengthening the legal foundation and decentralizing financing are important prerequisites for ensuring the sustainability of the MBG program in a holistic and accountable manner, while also providing a conceptual contribution to the development of food and welfare policy in Indonesia.
Over the past decade, the explosion of digital assets, including cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and cloud-based accounts, has introduced complex legal questions that conventional inheritance regimes struggle to address. In Muslim‐majority jurisdictions and among Muslim communities worldwide, these questions intersect with the requirements of Islamic personal law, particularly the farā’iḍ (obligatory heirs’ shares) and waṣiyya (testamentary bequests). This study undertakes original empirical and doctrinal research to chart a path toward a unified fiqh‑grounded framework for digital asset succession. By combining doctrinal analysis of classical juristic sources, contemporary fatwas, and statutory developments with semi‑structured interviews among scholars, estate planners, and digital asset owners across Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom, the research shows that digital assets are increasingly recognized as mal mutaqawwim (valuable property) but lack standardized protocols for identification, valuation, and transfer. The study reveals that differences in platform terms of service and cross‑border jurisdiction complicate heirs’ access to private keys and cloud accounts, exacerbating existing gender and socio‑economic disparities. It proposes a model of “custodial key trusts” and e‑wills that integrate digital asset inventories with farā’iḍ distributions, allowing compliance with both shariah and civil laws. The paper argues that without coordinated legal reforms and educational initiatives, vast wealth stored in digital forms risks being lost or misappropriated, undermining the objectives of ḥifẓ al‑māl (preservation of wealth) and social justice.
The advancement of blockchain technology has introduced new digital economic instruments, notably Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), which function not only as representations of digital asset ownership but also as investment vehicles with highly volatile values. This development has sparked debates within Islamic law, particularly regarding the presence of gharar (excessive uncertainty) and maisir (speculative gambling) in NFT investment practices. This study examines the legal status of NFT investment from the perspective of ḥadīth-based muʿāmalah and analyzes the extent to which gharar and maisir are inherent in its transactional mechanisms. Employing a qualitative library research approach, this study uses descriptive-analytical methods to examine Prophetic ḥadīths prohibiting gharar and maisir, and contextualizes them within the technical characteristics and transaction structures of NFTs. Data sources include classical ḥadīth collections, ḥadīth commentaries, fiqh al-muʿāmalah literature, and relevant contemporary scholarly works. The findings indicate that NFTs, as digital assets, possess definable objects, ownership clarity, and verifiable delivery through blockchain technology, and therefore do not inherently constitute gharar. However, the use of cryptocurrency, extreme price volatility, and short-term speculative behavior may introduce elements of gharar and maisir if not accompanied by clear valuation, utility, and investment objectives. Consequently, the permissibility of NFT investment cannot be generalized but must be assessed contextually to uphold justice and the protection of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl).
Digital assets such as cryptocurrency, social media accounts, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), and other types of virtual ownership have emerged as a result of rapid technological advances. This phenomenon raises new issues in Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia, particularly regarding the status, inheritance procedures, and security of assets. This research method uses a normative juridical approach with a legislative and conceptual approach. The study utilizes primary legal sources from legislation, hadith, and the Quran, as well as secondary legal sources from literature reviews. The objective of this research is to evaluate the status of digital assets as inheritable property from an Islamic legal perspective and to determine their legal certainty within the Islamic inheritance system in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that digital assets, which have economic value, can be inherited according to Islamic law. Highlighting the absence of regulations, technical challenges in access and security, and the need for harmonization between Sharia law and technological developments, despite the detailed regulation of principles of justice and transparency in Islamic inheritance law, the implementation of digital asset distribution is still hindered by the absence of clear legal mechanisms and operational standards for the inheritance of digital assets. To achieve justice and avoid disputes among heirs, there is a need to strengthen regulations, promote Sharia digital literacy education, and foster collaboration between the government, religious scholars, and technology practitioners.
Lola Abellia, Moetia Septi, M. Indra, Muhammad Gilang Aidil Saputra · 5 authors
This study aims to analyze Islamic scholars' fatwas regarding the sale and purchase of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) from a sharia economic perspective. On the one hand, NFTs offer economic opportunities through ownership of non-duplicable digital assets. On the other hand, concerns have arisen regarding the validity of transactions, the potential for speculation, and their compliance with sharia principles such as clarity of contracts, benefits (manfa'ah), and freedom from gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (speculation/gambling). This study uses a qualitative analysis method with a library research approach, specifically content analysis of fatwas, opinions of contemporary scholars, and classical and modern fiqh literature. The results show differences of opinion among Islamic scholars. Some permit NFT transactions under certain conditions, such as clear benefits and a lawful object, while others consider NFTs to carry high speculative risks and uncertainty. These differences are influenced by understandings of the substance of NFTs as contract objects and the context in which they are used. This article concludes that caution is essential in NFT transactions. Furthermore, clear regulations and guidance from sharia authorities are needed to ensure that NFT trading practices are conducted in accordance with Islamic economic principles, thus providing fair, transparent benefits, and free from prohibited practices.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep al-milkiyyah (kepemilikan) terhadap aset digital Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dalam perspektif Ushul Fiqh. Fokus kajian ini adalah menentukan status hukum kepemilikan serta keabsahan transaksi NFT dalam konteks hukum Islam kontemporer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, normatif, dan sektoral. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka terhadap literatur fikih klasik, fatwa ulama kontemporer, serta analisis terhadap karakteristik teknologi blockchain. Data sekunder yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dan komparatif untuk mengkaji kesesuaian NFT dengan kriteria harta (mal) dalam fikih muamalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NFT dapat dikategorikan sebagai harta yang sah secara hukum menurut sebagian ulama kontemporer karena memiliki nilai ekonomi, manfaat yang diakui pasar, dan dapat dimiliki secara eksklusif walaupun tidak berwujud fisik. Namun demikian, keabsahan transaksi NFT bersifat bersyarat. Transaksi dinilai sah apabila objek NFT halal, bebas dari unsur gharar (ketidakjelasan) dan maysir (perjudian), serta menggunakan alat pembayaran yang sesuai prinsip syariah. Penggunaan mata uang kripto yang tidak memenuhi ketentuan syariah dapat membatalkan transaksi. Dengan demikian, NFT dapat diakui sebagai bentuk kepemilikan modern dalam Islam dengan tetap memperhatikan prinsip kehati-hatian, perlindungan harta (hifzh al-māl), dan pencegahan kerusakan (mafsadah). Kata Kunci: Al-milkiyyah; Kepemilikan; NFT; Ushul Fiqh; Fikih Muamalah; Aset Digital
Risfiana Mayangsari, Hidayat Darussalam, Edi Mulyono
This article analyzes the communication patterns that emerge and develop from the integration of Smart Contracts in Islamic financial transactions. The adoption of Smart Contracts marks a fundamental shift from traditional sighat (ijab qabul) to automated and immutable programmed communication on the blockchain. This study finds that the communication patterns involved are divided into three main dimensions: first, formal human-to-contract communication, which is the process of coding and initial agreement of the contract (such as mudharabah or murabahah) where the sighat is represented by explicit digital input; second, fully automated system-to-system communication, where Smart Contracts communicate with external data (oracles) to verify conditions and trigger self-executing transactions; and third, contract-to-ledger communication, which results in transparent and immutable transaction recording on the blockchain. Although promising efficiency and improved Sharia Compliance through the elimination of operational gharar, this programmed communication pattern poses challenges related to contract flexibility and code error risks. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clear Sharia code standards and digital governance mechanisms recognized by the Sharia Supervisory Board to ensure that this new communication pattern validly and ethically supports maqasid syariah (Sharia objectives).
Tri Gunawan, Muchimah Muchimah, Dewi Nita Utami, Panggih Abdiguno · 5 authors
The digital era is transforming the institution of marriage, as online ceremonies without official registration create an urgent legal crisis involving fasād al-nasab (distortion of lineage), violations of women’s rights, and a lack of legal certainty. This paper aims to reconstruct Islamic marriage law by integrating blockchain-based smart contracts, assessing the validity of al-‘aqd al-raqmī (digital contract) through the lenses of fiqh al-mu‘āmalāt, legal pluralism, and smart legal contract theory. Employing a qualitative-descriptive methodology, primary data were drawn from Islamic legal texts, fatwas, state regulations, and blockchain technical documentation—collected via literature review and document analysis from authoritative sources such as Tarjih Muhammadiyah fatwas, Patricia Pixie (2024), and Blockchain Council reports (2024). Data were analyzed using a tri-theoretical framework—Wahbah al-Zuhaili’s transactional jurisprudence, Sally Falk Moore’s theory of legal pluralism, and Kevin Werbach’s smart legal contract theory—synthesized within the concept of tadākhul al-anṣāṭ al-qānūniyyah (overlapping legal systems). Findings indicate that digital marriage can be ṣaḥīḥ (valid) under Islamic law if it fulfills shurūṭ al-ṣiḥḥah (conditions of validity), and that blockchain can serve as a sijill al-‘adl (register of justice) due to its immutability (lā yuqbal al-ta‘dīl); however, without state recognition, such unions remain ghayr saḥīḥ qānūniyyan (legally invalid). Limitations include reliance on secondary data and the absence of standardized sharī‘ah-compliant digital identity protocols. Future research should pilot-test this model and examine al-mas’ūliyyah al-shar‘iyyah (Islamic legal liability) in cases of coding errors.
Financial transactions in Islam must adhere to sharia principles, avoiding the elements of gharar (uncertainty), maysir (speculation), and riba (interest). One of the most prominent technological innovations in this domain is the implementation of Smart Contracts in cryptocurrency trading on the Ethereum platform. However, their application still faces significant sharia compliance challenges, particularly concerning contractual uncertainty and the potential for misuse. This study aims to analyze the implementation mechanism of Smart Contracts from a sharia compliance perspective while exploring the opportunities and challenges of their adoption within the Ethereum Ponorogo Community. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study method, data was collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings reveal that while Smart Contracts offer greater transparency, efficiency, and automation in transactions, challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, limited sharia literacy, and the inherent volatility of crypto assets remain major obstacles. Although the Ethereum Ponorogo Community has made efforts to avoid non-compliant elements, their practices are more "aspirational" and not yet fully guaranteed by a comprehensive sharia regulatory framework. This research concludes that a clear roadmap is needed, which includes a focus on education, stronger regulations (including fatwas from sharia authorities), and audits of Smart Contract code. By following this path, the technology can become a more ethical and sharia-compliant solution for crypto transactions, bridging the gap between technological innovation and the principles of Islamic economics.
The government has established the relocation of Indonesia’s capital city through Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the Capital City. It is called as Nusantara. The government also formed the Nusantara Capital Authority (IKN Authority) an institution responsible for managing local governance in the IKN region, including collecting taxes and special levies. This study analyzes the role of the authority within the constitution and how it affects managing state’s finances. This research employs a doctrinal method with a statutory approach. The study's findings indicate that the authority holds the status of a ministry-equivalent institution under the House of Representatives' supervision. This authority has the power to collect special taxes although it is not supervised by The Regional House of Representatives. The power to collect tax does not align with the principle of fiscal decentralization stipulated in the State Finance Law. Under Article 8 of the Law, the collection of IKN special taxes shall be performed by the Minister of Finance to ensure the consolidation of state revenue accountability. Such way of collecting taxes is similar to the United States, where the Internal Revenue Service, which is part of the US Department of Treasury, collects federal taxes.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh maraknya fenomena investasi berbasis digital seperti Bitcoin di Indonesia, yang memunculkan polemik hukum dalam perspektif Islam, khususnya mazhab Syafi’i dan fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis status hukum investasi Bitcoin ditinjau dari prinsip-prinsip muamalah Islam serta mengevaluasi apakah aset digital tersebut dapat dikategorikan halal atau haram. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka, melalui analisis literatur akademik, fatwa-fatwa resmi, dan kajian hukum Islam kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum Bitcoin dinilai haram karena mengandung unsur gharar, maysir, dan tidak memiliki underlying asset yang jelas, namun masih terdapat kemungkinan kehalalan jika dipenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu seperti transparansi, kepastian nilai, dan penggunaan sebagai komoditas bukan alat tukar, dalam kerangka maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah.
Muhammad Farid Romadhoni Alqodr, A. Fajar Awaluddin, Annas Fajar Rohmani, Muhammad Salman Al Farisi
The rapid development of digital finance has led to widespread adoption of cryptocurrency and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), including among Indonesian Muslims. However, a gap remains between state policy and Islamic legal perspectives on the legitimacy of these digital assets. While the Indonesian government recognizes cryptocurrency as a tradable commodity, Islamic authorities such as the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) consider it haram due to elements of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling). This normative divergence, coupled with the absence of integrated sharia-based digital education, creates confusion and increases the risk of speculative or unethical practices. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach through library research, drawing on academic literature, state regulations, fatwas, and digital media content. The findings reveal that community-based Islamic education—rooted in platforms such as pesantren, majelis taklim, and digital Muslim communities—plays a strategic role in enhancing sharia literacy. Digital educational media like YouTube, podcasts, and e-learning serve as powerful tools for contextualizing Islamic teachings in the digital economy. Collaborative educational initiatives involving scholars, educators, and influencers have shown positive outcomes in building awareness and ethical understanding of digital financial instruments. This research suggests that integrating fintech content into Islamic educational curricula and empowering da'i and PAI teachers with digital literacy skills are essential to developing an ethically grounded and technologically literate Muslim society.
Nurul Ain Ahmad, Nurul Syafiqah Imran, Nur Ruwaidah Kairuddin, Norhazlin Zafira Kirman · 6 authors
Forex Trading merupakan satu aktiviti perniagaan dari segi tukar beli matawang. Terdapat ramai individu yang menggunakan kaedah Forex Trading ini untuk berdagang mata wang dan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan. Bitcoin pula merujuk kepada alat pengukuran nilai yang digunakan dalam kaedah Forex Trading. Secara umumnya, artikel ini akan memfokuskan perbincangan tentang maksud Forex Trading, konsep mata wang kripto iaitu Bitcoin dan konsep riba. Selain itu, artikel ini telah mengkaji metodologi yang digunakan oleh penulis iaitu secara penyelidikan kualitatif. Penulis akan memastikan semua sumber-sumber yang digunakan adalah relevan dan berkaitan dengan penyelidikan supaya mudah dan sesuai untuk dijadikan rujukan. Di samping itu, terdapat perselisihan pendapat tentang hukum perdagangan Bitcoin berdasarkan kaedah Forex Trading mengikut syariah Islam. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hukum-hukum penggunaan Bitcoin dan menerangkan beberapa pandangan ulama terhadap isu yang boleh dibangkitkan terhadap mata wang Bitcoin. Hasil perbincangan daripada artikel ini, jelaslah tentang hujah-hujah berkaitan hukum penggunaan Bitcoin sebagai alat pengukuran nilai dan terdapat beberapa langkah bagi mengatasi masalah yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan Bitcoin melalui kaedah Forex Trading.
Digital technology in the metaverse field has promising potential and economic advantages. Therefore, digital assets such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), cryptocurrency, and virtual real estate have the potential to become objects of waqf, although there are challenges in the application of civil law. This research aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of civil waqf for digital assets in the metaverse and to examine the governance of digital asset waqf in the metaverse. Digital assets in the metaverse have the potential to become waqf objects, as emphasized by Islamic law and UU RI Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 Tentang Wakaf, although there are no clear legal regulations governing them. To maximize the benefits of digital asset waqf governance in the metaverse, it is necessary to adapt smart contracts on the blockchain to ensure legal certainty and digital security, as well as appoint a nazhir capable of managing digital assets in the metaverse effectively. Therefore, despite legal challenges, the potential for managing digital waqf in the metaverse is vast, requiring regulations that are more adaptive to technological developments to ensure the sustainability and benefits of waqf for the broader community.Kata Kunci: Waqf, Digital Assets, Metaverse, Civil Law, Islamic Law, Blockchain, NFT, Cryptocurrency, Real Estate Virtual.
This study aims to explore the role of blockchain technology in enhancing the operations of Islamic financial institutions, specifically in terms of increasing transparency, efficiency, and compliance with Shariah principles. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, the research examines the technical, regulatory, and operational challenges associated with blockchain implementation and proposes strategic solutions to ensure sustainable integration. Blockchain, through distributed ledger technology (DLT), offers transparency and efficiency that align with Islamic finance principles, as evidenced in the application of sukuk. The use of smart contracts further strengthens operational efficiency, reduces gharar (uncertainty), and ensures Shariah compliance. Although blockchain presents significant advantages, this study finds that a major challenge lies in the environmental impact of consensus protocols like Proof of Work (PoW), which requires high energy consumption. This impact conflicts with Maqasid al-Shariah, which prioritizes welfare and environmental preservation. The use of more eco-friendly protocols, such as Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA), is identified as a more efficient solution. Additionally, inadequate regulation in various Muslim-majority countries poses another barrier. Cross-border regulatory harmonization is necessary to ensure that blockchain can be applied in accordance with Shariah principles globally.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with the potential to address contemporary challenges in various sectors, including finance. This study explores the role of blockchain in achieving the Maqasid al-Shari'ah (Objectives of Islamic Law), particularly in preserving wealth. The research investigates the application of blockchain in waqf (Islamic endowment) management, highlighting its potential to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability. By employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, this paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain technology and its alignment with Islamic principles. The findings suggest that blockchain can revolutionize waqf management by providing a decentralized, secure, and transparent platform for fund collection and distribution. However, challenges such as high energy consumption and integration costs must be addressed to fully realize its potential. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on blockchain technology and its application in Islamic finance.
This study examines the validity of cryptocurrency as a dowry in marriage in Indonesia from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law. Technological advancements have driven the use of crypto assets as dowries, sparking debates regarding their legitimacy and mechanisms. This research aims to analyze these issues using a normative approach with contemporary ijtihad methods (intiqa’i and insya’i) and a statute approach. The findings reveal that, in general, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) prohibits the use of cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange or commodity, except when it fulfills the requirements of sil’ah. In the context of national law, crypto assets can be used as dowries if agreed upon by both parties. The transfer mechanism requires a grant process before a notary to ensure legal validity. This study has implications for the development of regulations and legal understanding regarding the use of modern technology in religious traditions. Key words: Cryptocurrency, Dowry, Islamic Law, Positive Law, Technology.