Rekonstruksi Fiqih Waris atas Aset Digital dan Cryptocurrency dalam Perspektif Hukum Keluarga Islam Indonesia

Abstract

The digital revolution has spawned new assets such as cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), monetized accounts, and digital estates that are increasingly dominant in the Indonesian economy; however, these inheritance objects have not been explicitly addressed by classical fiqih mīrāth provisions or the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), creating a legal vacuum that threatens legal certainty and the protection of heirs' rights. This study aims to reconstruct inheritance fiqih regarding digital assets and cryptocurrency within the perspective of Indonesian Islamic Family Law to ensure proportional and equitable protection of heirs' rights. Employing a normative-empirical legal research method with a conceptual approach, maqāṣid asy-syari'ah, and juridical-empirical analysis of religious court decisions from 2020–2025 as well as in-depth interviews with judges and practitioners, this research analyzes the concept of māl in fiqih and judicial practice. The results indicate that digital assets fulfill the pillars of māl functionally (manfa'ah, taṣarruf, hifẓ); however, judicial practice remains trapped in three inconsistent patterns avoidance, proportional inclusion, and expert-assisted valuation which systematically threaten the rights of female and child heirs due to the absence of valuation guidelines and private key escrow mechanisms. This study formulates a new fiqih maxim based on ḥifẓ al-māl and ḥifẓ an-nasl and proposes a digital estate declaration to guarantee legal certainty and equitable distribution. This original contribution expands the frontier of contemporary ushul fiqih by introducing a digital māl taxonomy in Islamic inheritance and opens an interdisciplinary discourse on Islamic family law, fintech, and blockchain..