Ensuring data security and privacy has emerged as a serious concern in the realm of blood supply chain. This is mainly because of sensitivity of donor information, the involvement of multiple stakeholders, and the need for transparent traceability. This paper proposes a novel privacy-preserving, permissioned blockchain framework for blood supply chain management that integrates Hyperledger Fabric, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), and a Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)-based authentication protocol. The framework introduces a Pseudonymous Role-Bound Zero-Knowledge Authentication (PRZKA) mechanism that enables donors to authenticate and authorize access to their medical data without revealing their real identities. Context-specific pseudonyms derived through cryptographic hash-to-curve operations ensure unlinkability across different healthcare interactions, while Schnorr-style challenge–response proofs prevent replay attacks and credential misuse. Sensitive donor information is protected using Fabric Private Data Collections, whereas encrypted medical records are stored off-chain in IPFS, with only secure content identifiers recorded on the blockchain. Smart contracts enforce fine-grained, consent-aware access control policies and maintain immutable audit logs of all access events. The proposed system architecture combines an off-chain ZKP gateway with on-chain authorization logic to minimize blockchain overhead while preserving strong security guarantees. Furthermore, a performance evaluation framework is defined, including metrics, workload scenarios, and system configurations, to support future empirical validation. Security analysis indicates that the proposed framework enhances privacy, prevents identity linkage, and enables auditable, consent-driven data sharing compared with existing blockchain-based healthcare solutions.
Katta Sri Lakshmi Madhavi, Chandan Kumar Shah Kanu, Mallidi Rajasekhar Reddy, Kosuri Gnana Sathvik · 5 authors
Management of blood supplies is a very important part of healthcare infrastructure, and the old system is highly dependent on central databases, which cannot be traced, are not transparent, and cannot resist tampering of data. Such restrictions may cause poor coordination, slow emergency response and manipulation of sensitive medical records. To overcome these issues, this paper offers a proposal of distributed ledger architecture to manage blood supply transparently and its tamper-proof. The system that is suggested will exploit blockchain technology and smart contracts to document blood donation, inventory updates, compatibility checks, and allocation transactions in an unalterable and decentralized fashion. To guarantee modularity and scalability, the architecture is designed into layers of components including user interaction, application logic, and blockchain ledger. Smart contracts automate the most important processes like donor validation and blood group matching and minimize human error and administration delays. To achieve privacy and efficiency of the used system, sensitive medical information is stored off-chain, and on-chain cryptographic hash references are used to maintain integrity and auditability. The distributed ledger removes single points of failure and gives a verifiable transaction history available to authoritative stakeholders. This architecture creates a safe, open and resilient architecture that has the potential to enhance trust, coordination and accountability in blood supply networks.
Abstract - Donation fraud and lack of transparency are major challenges in traditional charity systems, where donors often have limited visibility into how their contributions are utilized. Centralized platforms are prone to data manipulation, unauthorized fund usage, and security breaches, reducing donor confidence. This study explores blockchain-based approaches for securing and accurately managing donation transactions. We review various systems that implement smart contracts, decentralized ledgers, and cryptographic techniques to ensure transparency, traceability, and accuracy in fund distribution. The analysis compares architectural designs, data validation mechanisms, accuracy levels, and security models across existing frameworks. Finally, we highlight current limitations and propose future enhancements to improve scalability, privacy, and real-world implementation of blockchain-based donation management systems. Keywords: Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Donation Security, Transparency, Decentralized Ledger, Cryptography, Ethereum, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Data Accuracy, Trust Management.
Ch. Rupa, Sai Varshitha. G, D Divya, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu · 6 authors
The world faces a severe blood shortage, with a gap of 1.95 million units, highlighting the need for efficient blood allocation and management systems. Traditional cloud and blockchain approaches have been explored for blood bank management but faced implementation challenges. This study proposes designing and developing a decentralized Binance blockchain-based application framework to ensure transparency and security. It uses the AdaBoost algorithm to predict the availability of the nearest blood bank and blood donor. Supply chain management provides transparency without the intervention of third parties thereby preventing blood crimes. Metamask is incorporated for crypto transactions in the Binance Smart Chain test network (BSC). BSC stands out for its low transaction fees and high scalability, enabling swift transaction processing at a fraction of the cost compared to Ethereum. The smart contracts are deployed using hardhat configuration enabling BscScan as an Application Programming Interface (API) gateway to record transactions within the decentralized application (dApp). The proposed system achieved an accuracy of 99.5%, demonstrating the robustness of the AdaBoost model in predicting blood availability. The integration of blockchain technology ensures transparency, immutability, and secure traceability of blood transactions across the network.
The increasing reliance of non-profit organizations (NPOs) on technology has created an opportunity to enhance transparency and trust in charity donation processes. Traditional donation systems often lack transparency, raising concerns about misuse and inefficiency. This study proposes a Blockchain-Based Frame- work for Enhancing Transparency and Traceability in Charity Donations, lever- aging Ethereum’s public-permissioned blockchain to ensure secure, immutable, and traceable transactions. By utilizing smart contracts and distributed ledger technology, the framework enhances donor trust by enabling real-time tracking of donations from the point of contribution to their final allocation. A hybrid qualitative evaluation confirms the system’s effectiveness in mitigating fraud, eliminating intermediaries, and increasing accountability. The proposed approach offers a scalable and secure solution to modernizing charity donations, addressing long- standing concerns regarding financial transparency and donor confidence.
Effectively managing umbilical cord blood (CB) data involves implementing precise attention and strategic solutions within the healthcare supply chain, driving notable advancements in registration, donation, and preservation compared to regular adult blood. These challenges encompass moral, practical, legal, and technical limitations, fostering a conducive environment for innovative thinking and progress. To ensure a fair and efficient process that improves patient experience, sustainability of the donated cord blood and trust, it is essential to have a peer-to-peer (P2P) umbilical cord blood donation management system. In this work, we propose a framework using the ethereum blockchain to facilitate decentralized, secure, traceable, auditable, accountable, transparent, and reliable management of umbilical cord blood procurement. We showcase the intricacies of our system architecture and sequence diagram, effectively illustrating the operational principles of our groundbreaking proposed solution in information management. At the core of our endeavor is the development of smart contracts, which includes the meticulous processes of algorithm generation, precise implementation, comprehensive testing, and thorough validation. Our rigorous evaluation aims to establish the superior efficacy of our proposed solution through in-depth vulnerability analyses and comprehensive comparisons with existing alternatives.
S Sarumathi, Juliet Johny, Lukas Mol, Ms. Shruti G. Khandare · 5 authors
The integration of block chain technology in disaster relief donation processes offers a transformative approach to enhance transparency, efficiency, and trust. Although the conventional methods can be easy to use and reasonably priced, they could not provide the transparency and immutability that block chain-based alternatives provide. The block chain based charity process framework(BECP) aims to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods in terms of transparency and immutability, The Proposed approach explores the implementation of a block chain-based donation system during disasters, highlighting its potential to address longstanding challenges in traditional donation methods. By leveraging the immutable and decentralized nature of block chain, the proposed system ensures secure and traceable transactions, minimizing the risk of fraud and misappropriation of funds. Smart contracts automate the allocation and disbursement of donations, reducing administrative overhead and expediting aid delivery to affected areas. Furthermore, the transparent ledger allows donors to track their contributions in real-time, fostering accountability and encouraging sustained support. This innovative approach leverages distributed ledger technology to create an immutable record of all transactions, ensuring that every donation is traceable and accounted for. This technology not only streamlines the donation process but also fosters trust among donors, beneficiaries, and relief organizations, potentially encouraging increased participation in disaster relief efforts. This study examines the technical architecture, benefits, and potential obstacles of implementing such a system, providing insights into its feasibility and impact on improving the overall effectiveness of disaster relief efforts.
In the context of the increasing importance of digitalization and cybersecurity, exploring the application of blockchain and smart contract technologies in blood donation management aims to enhance data transparency and privacy protection, addressing challenges in current healthcare systems. This paper explores the transformative potential of blockchain and smart contract technologies in digitalizing the blood donation process. By leveraging the Ethereum platform and employing a Browser/Server (B/S) architecture integrated with Solidity programming and web development practices, this paper proposes a novel framework designed to enhance the transparency, digitalization, and shared accessibility of blood donation data. The implementation of this system within a healthcare context promises to streamline the donation process, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of donor data, thereby fostering trust among all stakeholders involved. The findings indicate that the application of blockchain technology not only facilitates a more efficient and secure management of blood donation records but also sets a precedent for future healthcare innovations.
Both natural and man-made disaster leave thousands of people in vulnerable and in need for essential aid. While individuals generously donate resources, traditional donation management systems suffer from limitations. Centralized control, opaque transactions, and potential corruption often hinder aid delivery and leave victims in despair. This paper proposes a novel Ethereum blockchain-based system for transparent and secure disaster donation management. Utilizing smart contracts, the system ensures traceability, accountability, and immutability of donations, empowering donors and fostering trust. This paper presents the system's architecture, detailing its components and interactions through sequence diagrams and algorithms. Additionally, successful testing on the Sepolia Ethereum testnet validates its functionality. To assess its effectiveness, a cost and security analysis is conducted. This blockchain-based framework offers a promising solution for transparent and efficient disaster response, potentially revolutionizing donation management. Further research, particularly on donation allocation optimization within the system holds immense potential for future development.
The complexity of organ donation and transplantation in today's healthcare systems need specialized methods at several stages, including registration, donor-recipient matching, organ retrieval, delivery, and transplantation. In order to ensure justice, efficiency, patient happiness, and confidence, a comprehensive solution is required to address the legal, clinical, ethical, and technical difficulties. This paper proposes to use a private Ethereum blockchain to create a decentralized, secure, traceable, auditable, private, and trustworthy system. By creating smart contracts and putting six algorithms into practice, we offer comprehensive insights into validation and testing. We demonstrate the efficacy of our suggested approach using a comparative analysis with current solutions andprivacy, security, and confidentiality studies. Adopting a private Ethereum blockchain- based solution also has benefits over conventional centralized systems. Decentralization lowers the possibility of bias or manipulation by ensuring that no one party controls the entire process. Furthermore, the immutability and transparency that come with blockchain technology improve confidence between all parties involved, including regulators, donors, beneficiaries, and medical experts. KEYWORDS: Blockchain, Organ Donation, Organ Transplantation, Decentralization, Smart Contracts, Ethereum, Traceability, Data Privacy And Security.
Protecting the integrity and security of the donor’s data has become very challenging due to the rise of digital technology. The present study has explored implementing blockchain for decentralized, tamper-proof donor matching systems that guarantee data authenticity. By considering the distributed ledger of blockchain technology, the authenticity of the data can be ensured. This approach can also help mitigate the issue of fraud and data manipulation. In the present study, multiple challenges are associated with the security of the donor’s data, and it has also demonstrated how blockchain could be utilized to mitigate the challenges. It has also been illustrated that the technology could be used to promote transparency, immutability and data control mechanisms could be enhanced. The solution emphasized in the present study focuses on the security of data, privacy as well as operational efficacy in the overall process of donor matching.
Due to the shortage of available kidney organs for transplants, handling every donor kidney with utmost care is crucial to preserve the organ's health, especially during the organ supply chain where kidneys are prone to deterioration during transportation. Therefore, this research proposes a blockchain platform to aid in managing kidneys in the supply chain. This framework establishes a secure system that meticulously tracks the organ's location and handling, safeguarding the health from donor to recipient. Additionally, a machine-learning algorithm is embedded to monitor organ health in real-time against various metrics for prompt detection of possible kidney damage.
Khiem H. G, Huong H. L, Phuc N. T, Khoa T. D · 14 authors
The escalating demand for blood and its derivatives in the medical field underpins its indispensable nature for disease diagnosis and therapy. Such essential life-giving components are irreplaceable, necessitating a continuous reliance on voluntary blood donors. Existing methodologies primarily address the challenges of blood storage and its logistical distribution among healthcare centers. These conventional strategies lean towards centralized systems, often compromising data transparency and accessibility. Notably, there remains a significant gap in incentivizing and raising awareness among potential and existing donors regarding the life-saving act of blood donation. Recognizing these challenges, we introduce a robust and innovative framework that harnesses the potential of Blockchain technology, coupled with the power of smart contracts. Furthermore, to foster a sustainable blood donation ecosystem, we advocate the shift from traditional paper-based recognition to digitized donor acknowledgment using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Our novel approach encapsulates four key areas: (a) Introduction of a supply chain oversight mechanism for blood and its derivatives through Blockchain and smart contracts; (b) Development of a digital certification system for blood donors utilizing NFTs; (c) Execution of our suggested framework via smart contracts, offering a tangible proof-of-concept; and (d) Assessment and implementation of the proof-of-concept across four prominent platforms: ERC721 (ETH’s NFT), and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) employing the Solidity language – this encompasses the BNB Smart Chain, Fantom, Polygon, and Celo, aiming to discern the optimal platform compatible with our innovative framework.
Faiqah Hafidzah Halim, Nor Aimuni Md Rashid, Nur Farahin Mohd Johari, Muhammad Amirul Hazim Abdul Rahman
In Malaysia, private healthcare providers keep computerized records of vaccination data, including personal information, diagnostic results, and vaccine prescriptions. However, such sensitive information is commonly stored using a centralized storage paradigm which subsequently brings about the issue of maintaining user privacy. Concerning this, unauthorized access to crucial information such as identity details and ailments that a patient is suffering from, as well as the misuse of patients' data and medical reports, are common threats to user's (patient) privacy. To overcome this problem, the researchers suggest leveraging IPFS (Interplanetary File System) and blockchain technology to create a decentralized children's immunization record management system. While respecting patient privacy, the proposed system also allows authorized entities, such as healthcare professionals, and provides easy access to medical data (e.g., doctors and nurses). The proposed decentralized system integrates IPFS, blockchain, and AES cryptography to ensure consistency, integrity, and accessibility. A permission Ethereum blockchain allows hospitals and patients within private healthcare providers to connect. We utilized a combination of symmetric and asymmetric key encryption to provide secure storage and selective records access. The proposed system was analyzed using Wireshark to evaluate the overall system's performance in terms of integrity and accessibility while sharing patient records. This project aims to provide automated system keeper using autonomous agents collaboratively with the role of blockchain for further enhancement.
M R Gaushik, M R Jivtesh, P Adarsh, Sai Shibu N B · 5 authors
Donating blood is a common practice that has a positive effect on the lives of several individuals. Daily, the number of people in urgent need of blood continues to rise substantially. It is often challenging to find a suitable donor in case of emergency. The situation is worse if it is a rare blood group. This paper introduces a blockchain-based decentralised application (DApp) to match recipients with blood donors during an emergency. Personal information such as name, location, blood group, and donation history is stored securely in the blockchain distributed ledger through IPFS. The donors' lack of awareness and motivation are the primary reasons for people not coming forward for blood donations. We propose to gamify the blood donation process by issuing NFT badges as a reward for donors. This paper explains the design of smart contracts for storing donor and recipient data on the ledger and issuing NFTs to donors. The article also briefly discusses the process of designing the DApp.
The rapid growth of modern technologies has encouraged non-profit organizations (NPOs) to harness such technologies to better serve the charity sector, especially in relation to charity donation processes. Non-profit organizations primarily rely on fundraising that may involve opaque operations, which leads to the exacerbation of fears that donations may be used for illegal purposes or not reach deserving people. The necessity of charity donations traceability system is inevitable to overcome such concerns, which have an adverse impact on doners’ trust in the donation process. In this study, we propose a blockchain-based donation traceability framework intended to enable all involved parties to trace the progress of charity donations from the moment they are given by donors to the moment they reach the intended recipients. The system is built on a public-permissioned blockchain on the Ethereum platform, with every transaction being recorded as a block in the chain. These blocks of information are immutable and visible to all parties, and they also enable timely and traceable transactions. The proposed framework’s effectiveness is evaluated using a hybrid qualitative approach and proves to improve the traceability of charity donations overcoming the uncertainty associated with current systems.
M.H. Zafar, Iliyas Karim Khan, Anees ur Rehman, Sadia Zafar
In Pakistan, existing blood control systems or blood information management systems are limited in terms of efficient data retrieval of donor to consumer. There is no communication network in place for extra blood in one location to be demanded from a region if blood is limited, resulting in blood wastage. Due to a lack of accessibility and sufficient blood quality testing, blood contaminated with illnesses such as HIV has been used for transfusion in some cases. This study proposes a ledger blood management system to address these challenges. The trail has been represented as a supply-chain management problem following the blood. By trailing the blood stream and donation a single platform for transferring blood and the problem results among blood groups, the proposed system, built on the hyperledger fabric model, adds more traceability toward the blood transfusion process. It also helps to reduce unjustified blood wastage by providing an integrated system for transferring lifeblood and the thing extracts among lifeblood banks. A web app is also designed for accessing the network for simplicity of usage and security is enhanced by implementing block chain hyperfebric ledger system through Key Value System (KVS) system.
In late 2019, we witnessed the apparition of the COVID-19 virus. It first appeared in Wuhan, China and due to people traveling worldwide, it spread globally. The world went into a global lockdown because of its exponential spread and high mortality rates. Social distancing measures, crises in the economy, and healthcare posed many challenges for scientists, researchers, and healthcare workers. To try to combat this situation, multiple vaccines were tried, tested, and created in a very short amount of time. Therefore, a robust yet transparent supply chain system is very crucial in ensuring an efficient vaccination campaign. We propose a blockchain-based vaccination supply chain system to manage the registration, storage and distribution of the vaccines. Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records all the transactions happening between the nodes in the network. The data is stored in the ledger in the form of blocks that are linked to each other by hashes, this makes tampering with the data virtually impossible. Blockchain properties will provide a distributed system along with greater privacy, transparency, and authenticity. Smart contracts deployed will help in monitoring and tracking the proper vaccine distribution conditions against the rules and regulations given by the authorities. The tamperproof nature of blockchain would ensure the supply of proper distribution of only authentic vaccines in a timely manner and traceability of the supply chain will help in increasing the people’s trust in the vaccination campaign.
Hai Trieu Le, Tran Thanh Lam Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Xuan Son Ha · 5 authors
Due to the rapid change of population structure, leading to lower birth rates and quick aging rates, the demand for blood supply is increasing significantly. In most countries, blood quality and origin are managed by blood management information systems, such as national authorities. Nevertheless, the traditional system has limitations in this field, such as a lack of detailed blood information, making it challenging to manage blood quality, supply, and demand. Hence, to solve these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based system called BloodChain, an improved system to support blood information management, providing more detailed information about blood, such as blood consumption and disposal. BloodChain exploits private blockchain techniques with a limited number of relatively fast and reliable participants, making them suitable for B2B (Business to Business) transactions. In this paper, we also develop a proposed system based on the architecture of Hyperledger Fabric. The evaluation of BloodChain is performed in several scenarios to prove our proposed model’s effectiveness.
Hieu Le Van, Hong Khanh Vo, Huong Hoang Luong, Phuc Nguyen Trong · 12 authors
More and more new health care solutions are born based on the development of science and technology. The subjects who benefit the most, in this case, are not only patients (i.e., shorter healing time, faster recovery) but also medical staff, e.g., doctors/nurses (i.e., easy monitoring of the patient’s recovery process, proposing new treatment). However, there are still products that have not found an alternative: blood and blood products. Regardless of how science and technology can affect all aspects of patient treatment as well as medical care, blood still plays an important role in the treatment method. In addition to the above, blood and blood products may only be obtained from volunteers (i.e., blood donors). The preservation process is also very difficult, and no medical facility has enough facilities to preserve them. Therefore, the current process of blood preservation and transportation is done manually and contains many potential risks (e.g., data loss, personal information collection). In addition to the above barriers, developing countries (including Vietnam) also face many difficulties due to limited facilities. It is for this reason that this paper aims at a Blockchain-based technology solution for efficient management and distribution of blood from blood products. On the one hand, the paper contributes to the limitations in the information management process of storing and transporting blood and its products in the traditional database being applied in medical facilities in the cities and provinces in the Mekong Delta (the West-South of Vietnam). On the other hand, the article offers technology-based solutions to increase transparency and reduce the fear of centralized data storage (i.e., security and privacy issues). We also implement a proof-of-concept to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Phuc Nguyen Trong, Hong Khanh Vo, Huong Hoang Luong, Khiem Huynh Gia · 13 authors
This paper provides a novel implementation of blockchain technology, and data is stored in a decentralized distributed ledger to assist information protection in blood supply chain management and prevent data loss or identity theft. The present blood supply is used exclusively from the blood of volunteers (known as donors), making blood and its derivatives one of the significant roles in treating diseases today. In particular, depending on the type of product extracted from the blood (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma). They require different procedures and storage environments (e.g., time, temperature, humidity). However, the current blood management processes are done manually - where all medical staff does all data entry. Additionally, data about the complete blood donation process (e.g., blood donors, blood recipients, blood inventories) is held centrally and is challenging to examine accurately. Therefore, ensuring centralized data security is extremely difficult because of stealing personal information or losing data. In this study, we present the blockchain technology-based blood management process and offer Blood and Product-Chain, a decentralized distributed ledger that stores data to address these restrictions. Specifically, we target two main contributions: i) we design the Blood and Product-Chain model to manage all relevant information about blood and its products based on blockchain technology, and ii) we implement the proof-of-concept of Blood and Product-Chain by Hyperledger Fabric and evaluate this in the two scenarios (i.e., data creation and data access).
Today’s organ donation and transplantation systems pose different requirements and challenges in terms of registration, donor-recipient matching, organ removal, organ delivery, and transplantation with legal, clinical, ethical, and technical constraints. Therefore, an end to-end organ donation and transplantation system is required to guarantee a fair and efficient process to enhance patient experience and trust. We propose a private Ethereum blockchain based solution to enable organ donation and transplantation management in a manner that is fully secure, traceable, auditable, private, and trustworthy. We develop smart contracts that ensure the data provenance by recording events automatically. We present algorithms with their implementation, testing, and validation details. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution by performing privacy, security, and confidentiality analyses as well as comparing our solution with the existing solutions. Key Words: organ, donation, private, confidentiality