A Smart Legal Contract (SLC) is a specialized digital agreement comprising natural language and computable components. The Accord Project provides an open-source SLC framework containing three main modules: Cicero, Concerto, and Ergo. Currently, we need lawyers, programmers, and clients to work together with great effort to create a usable SLC using the Accord Project. This paper proposes a pipeline to automate the SLC creation process with several Natural Language Processing (NLP) models to convert law contracts to the Accord Project’s Concerto model. After evaluating the proposed pipeline, we discovered that our NER pipeline accurately detects CiceroMark from Accord Project template text with an accuracy of 0.8. Additionally, our Question Answering method can extract one-third of the Concerto variables from the template text. We also delve into some limitations and possible future research for the proposed pipeline. Finally, we describe a web interface enabling users to build SLCs. This interface leverages the proposed pipeline to convert text documents to Smart Legal Contracts by using NLP models.
Abstract The audiovisual media content (AMC) industry, focused on film and television drama production, is confronted with a broken business model due to the dominance of centralized streaming platforms. The top platforms dominate global distribution but only offer slices of produced and heritage content. In addition, they compete with the AMC industry by producing a majority of content distributed. This leaves fewer gatekeepers deciding on the content to be distributed and less diverse content easily accessible to audiences Consequently, audiences are compelled to engage in pirating movies despite a willingness to pay. Recent blockchain innovations towards the so-called Web3 promise to restore this broken business model by re-establishing direct contact between the producers of films and their audiences. The benefits of networks (peer-to-peer or community based) in combination with Web3 follow the principle of decentralized disintermediation while comprising elements such as FIAT to crypto-payment mechanisms, self-sovereign identity authentication, blockchain oracles, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), and so on. A gap exists with regard to methodological designs of Web3 decentralized applications (DApp) and their ecosystems for restoring a viable AMC business model that not only eliminates the need for piracy activities but even the need for platforms. The DApp architecture designs for the film- and media industry ecosystem creation in this paper allow, on the one hand, for a legal compliance check ahead of a costly deployment. On the other hand, the DApp designs of this paper also allow for a tailored blockchain technology stack development. Ultimately, this research is a continuation of an earlier whitepaper to establish a participatory economy in the film industry from peer-to-peer streaming.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that provide unique ownership and authenticity of digital media such as art, music, and collectibles.NFT Marketplace is a blockchain-based platform that enables the creation, trading, and collecting of NFTs.The platform leverages blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity and ownership of NFTs, providing a secure and transparent way to transact digital assets.In this major project report, we explore the NFT Marketplace and its underlying blockchain technology.We provide an overview of the platform's features, including the ability to tokenize any digital asset, create customizable smart contracts, and sell NFTs with low fees and instant trades.We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the platform, including its ease of use, potential for fraud, and scalability challenges.The Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have revolutionized the digital realm, redefining the concept of ownership and trade of unique digital assets.NFTs represent one-of-a-kind tokens, each verifiably and indelibly linked to a specific digital or physical asset, encompassing diverse forms of content, including video, audio, and images.These unique tokens have paved the way for creators to monetize their digital creations while providing collectors with an innovative means to invest, trade, and showcase their multimedia NFT collections.Central to the NFT ecosystem are NFT marketplaces, digital platforms designed to facilitate the creation, sale, and management of NFTs in various multimedia formats.These marketplaces have proliferated, providing creators with the means to mint NFTs, buyers with the opportunity to acquire them, and collectors with platforms to curate and trade their diverse NFT portfolios.We explore the multifaceted world of NFT marketplaces, focusing on their pivotal role in the creation, sale, and management of video, audio, and image NFTs.We analyze the economic implications, including pricing strategies and royalties, while addressing environmental sustainability concerns associated with NFTs.Challenges and opportunities encountered within this dynamic ecosystem are critically examined, including scalability, intellectual property rights, and the emergence of decentralized NFT marketplaces.Through in-depth case studies, we offer insights into the unique features and innovative approaches adopted by leading NFT marketplaces, shedding light on the transformative potential of this digital metaverse.This report serves as a valuable resource for those seeking a comprehensive understanding of NFT marketplaces catering to video, audio, and image NFTs, emphasizing the profound impact these tokens have on the creation, trade, and experience of digital content across various media formats.Navigating this dynamic digital frontier necessitates a nuanced perspective, and our survey aims to provide a holistic view of this rapidly evolving landscape.
Raffaele Ciriello, Alexandra Cecilie Gjøl Torbensen, Magnus Rotvit Perlt Hansen, Christoph Müller-Bloch
Abstract Initially designed to protect intellectual property (IP) of digitalized information goods such as music, games, or books, existing centralized digital rights management (DRM) systems mostly serve the interests of major publishers, with scant inclusion of rights owners, creators, and consumers. Although various blockchain-based DRM systems have been proposed, most of them mirror existing counterproductive IP restrictions. Analyzing the music industry as a case in point, this paper proposes design principles for blockchain-based DRM systems that provide an integrated and flexible solution by enabling transparent music licensing structures, consistent and complete rights metadata, and efficient and transparent royalty payout. The solution can be achieved by storing rights metadata on a public distributed ledger, by validating metadata through a consensus mechanism on a permissioned blockchain, and by algorithmically enforcing royalty payout via stablecoin through a smart contract. The design principles were evaluated by industry experts, validating their benefit for the music industry by increasing surplus value that is currently destroyed through previous suboptimal designs.
Context: Smart contracts are computerized self-executing contracts that contain clauses, which are enforced once certain conditions are met. Smart contracts are immutable by design and cannot be modified once deployed, which ensures trustlessness. Despite smart contracts' immutability benefits, upgrading contract code is still necessary for bug fixes and potential feature improvements. In the past few years, the smart contract community introduced several practices for upgrading smart contracts. Upgradeable contracts are smart contracts that exhibit these practices and are designed with upgradeability in mind. During the upgrade process, a new smart contract version is deployed with the desired modification, and subsequent user requests will be forwarded to the latest version (upgraded contract). Nevertheless, little is known about the characteristics of the upgrading practices, how developers apply them, and how upgrading impacts contract usage. Objectives: This paper aims to characterize smart contract upgrading patterns and analyze their prevalence based on the deployed contracts that exhibit these patterns. Furthermore, we intend to investigate the reasons why developers upgrade contracts (e.g., introduce features, fix vulnerabilities) and how upgrades affect the adoption and life span of a contract in practice. Method: We collect deployed smart contracts metadata and source codes to identify contracts that exhibit certain upgrade patterns (upgradeable contracts) based on a set of policies. Then we trace smart contract versions for each upgradable contract and identify the changes in contract versions using similarity and vulnerabilities detection tools. Finally, we plan to analyze the impact of upgrading on contract usage based on the number of transactions received and the lifetime of the contract version.
<title>Abstract</title> Digital assets backed up by blockchain technology are termed Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Every NFT is uniquely identified by its metadata, stored in the smart contract. This metadata can consist of associated images, descriptions , attributes, and other relevant details in a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) object. Most of these NFTs are static; therefore, their metadata remains immutable. Due to rising blockchain use cases like real-world token regulation and blockchain-based ticketing platforms, a need arises to modify the existing metadata and require interaction for community engagement. Here, Dynamic NFTs (DNFTs) bring the notion of adding upgradeability and interactivity to existing NFTs. We propose a DNFT generation system built on top of decentralized oracle networks and utilizing on-chain metadata using smart contracts, which could be used as a base for future dynamic NFT generation models. Furthermore , we are bringing the web2 equivalent experience to viewable content, which can be used for ad spaces and real-time messaging in the form of NFTs. Henceforth, we are augmenting NFTs for versatile use cases, such that they are more than just static assets.
Francesco Spegni, Lorenzo Fratini, Massimiliano Pirani, Luca Spalazzi
This work deals with the automatic generation of smart contracts to enforce compliance to a given BPMN choreography of requests sent by a set of independent actors. The choice of smart contracts is justified by the desire not to centralize the enforcement process when there are multiple independent actors characterized by low mutual trust. The choice of BPMN choreographies as an alternative to BPMN processes and collaborations is instead justified by the desire to leave the actors free to dynamically organize their internal processes in the way they prefer, provided that the interactions with the other actors respect some agreed protocol. This work proposes a formal framework to interpret choreographies and translate them onto smart contract enforcers. The framework has been implemented on a free open-source tool named ChoEn and tested by means of a running example.
Sotiris P. Gayialis, Evripidis P. Kechagias, Georgios Α. Papadopoulos
Undoubtedly, supply chain operations management is becoming more demanding for product tracing due to regulatory frameworks and fraudulent incidents. Therefore, rapidly increasing challenges arise in transparency, tracking, and data storage in many product supply chains. Especially in the case of wine supply chains, timely and accurate traceability is vital, as this industry is plagued by frequent counterfeiting activities that pose significant risks to both consumer health and business viability and prosperity. Blockchain technology can serve as a crucial aid for constructing modern wine supply chains by offering increased security and trust between all supply chain stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for developing Ethereum-based Blockchain distributed applications and demonstrates a use case for creating such an application for a wine traceability system. The developed distributed application enables the participants of the wine supply chain to track wines by adding and monitoring data about each individual wine bottle's production, fermentation, aging, bottling, and distribution, providing full supervision of its production and distribution. The demonstrated use case shows the different types of users and their interactions with the system to fully comprehend the advantages it can offer to all supply chain stakeholders as well as consumers and controlling authorities.
A smart contract is a translation of a standard paper-based contract that can be enforced and executed by a contract management system. At a high level of abstraction, a contract is only a document that describes how the signing parties are to behave in different scenarios; nevertheless, the translation of a typical paper-based contract to its electronic counterpart has proved to be both time-consuming and difficult. The requirement for a language capable of capturing the core of a contract in simple phrases and definitions has been a focus of study for many years. EROP (Events, Rights, Obligations, Prohibitions) is a contract specification language that breaks a contract down into sets of events, rights, obligations, and prohibitions.
A Blockchain technology guarantees to be highly trending and empowering in financial domain computing programs.The virtual economic system is becoming an fundamental a part of present day life.in order the use of the digital global increases there are more probabilities of lower is the safety stage.So greater using digitization more the frauds and less the safety.In a few cases of personal information, leakage has brought back into the focus the security troubles with the extraordinary identification sharing mechanisms.A client is predicted to provide his identification for authentication by means of unique agencies.So the KYC process offers with the identity of the user.And in flip, provides the desired security.The KYC strategies which are used by the banks are absolutely dependent on the encryption that's sluggish and it is able to result in the lack of patron info to other their birthday celebration economic establishments.This device can be efficient by means of using Blockchain technology, which has the ability to automate numerous manual approaches and it's also proof against hacks of any type.The immutable blockchain block and its distributed ledger is the best complement to the system of KYC.With the addition of clever contacts, fraud detection may be computerized.For KYC identification info garage, we are able to employ any types of KYC.So, the banks can develop a shared non-public blockchain within the financial institution premise and the equal can be used for verifying the documents.This permits the user to get control in their touchy files and also makes it easier for banks to reap the documents they want for compliance.
The internet is one of the most influential inventions when we talk about digitization. At the ad mist of<br> this fast development of knowledge, Innovations and communication technologies, several activities in<br> everyone’s life are unified on-line and that they become more fascinated and practical towards it. An<br> enormous and huge growth in variety of on-line users has activated day by day where by it created a<br> replacement of business development and from investments to cash transfer, everything goes paperless in<br> our economy to facilitate these monetary activities like shopping, mercantilism and many more virtual<br> activities. The latest and most promising addition to the digital payment sector is crypto currency Money<br> started being ‘digitalized’. Crypto currency is a digitized or online rather an internet currency that uses<br> cryptography for security purposes. Likewise on the other hand, Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are gaining<br> in popularity and are already extensively implemented but many of us aren’t aware about the same and its<br> implications or comparisons with respect to digital payments. It’s leading to a constant trend update in the<br> field of NFTs. For the usage or practical implementation of NFTs to progress or develop in an institutional<br> environment, the capacity or adaptability for using NFTs must be scrutinized in detail. Such a discovery<br> has surely added into or prompted a comprehensive examination of NFTs. The scope of this paper is<br> confined to the journal and the keywords “Block chain”, “Block-chain”, “Non-fungible Token”, and<br> “NFT” are used. This research examines the current state and development trends of NFT. In this paper<br> researchers tries to make out the user’s expectations of the future crypto currency leaning to the awareness<br> and perception towards the virtual cash implications, however technological innovations make jobs easier<br> and more beneficial. Besides this the paper aimed on its impact in India in terms of law and legislations<br> towards crypto currencies and its usage of this paperless cash in this current scenario.
There are a huge number of centralized entities that have a stronghold on huge swathes of the sector of the world wide web, taking unilateral action to determine what is and is not permissible. This dilemma is resolved by Web3 which embraces decentralization and is being built, operated, and owned by its users. Web3 places power inside the hands of people rather than agencies. For lovers and customers, NFT (Non-Fungible Token) represents a brand-new era of digital collection. So, it is a new manner to support artists, athletes, and musicians without any third-party intermediaries. For creators, artists, and musicians, NFT is a new manner to share and monetize their work. There were a number of troubles and issues surrounding the sale of digital products because it was very easy to duplicate and claimed through others. Our aim is to provide a decentralized platform to users from which they can list or buy these NFTs from the seller and the transactions between the buyer and seller will not be overlooked by some central authorities.
The language barrier is the biggest obstacle for users watching foreign-language videos. Because of this, videos cannot be famous across borders, and their viewership is limited to a single language and culture. The easiest way to solve this problem is to add subtitles in the language of the viewer. However, the current subtitling system lacks incentives, the ability to build a secure transaction environment, and a trusting relationship between video creators and subtitling makers. In response to the above situation, a tokenized subtitling crowdsourcing system (TSCS) based on blockchain and smart contract technologies is proposed. The source files for the subtitles are stored on the inter-planetary file system (IPFS) in the proposed system. Based on the ERC-721 standard, the returned corresponding address and subtitling-related information are made into a non-fungible token (NFT). At the same time, depending on the expected revenue from video view counts, the video token (VT), based on the ERC-777 standard and endorsed by the video platform, will be used as the payment token. The TSCS has two payment strategies: one-time and dividend. Through such a settlement mechanism, the subtitling maker’s revenue is also guaranteed by the code invariance and rule certainty of smart contract deployment. On the other hand, introducing an incentive mechanism for viewers to audit subtitles enables community autonomy, thus increasing the applicability of subtitles and the activity of users.
A central tenet in mechanism design is the ability to irrevocably commit to a mechanism. Commitment is achieved by public declaration, letting players verify incentive properties in advance and the outcome in retrospect. However, public declaration can reveal superfluous information that is private to the mechanism designer, such as her target function or costs. We propose a new approach to commitment, and show how to commit to, and run, any given mechanism without disclosing it, while enabling the verification of incentive properties and the outcome -- all without any mediators. Our framework leverages zero-knowledge proofs -- a cornerstone of modern cryptographic theory.
Smart contracts on the blockchain are computer programmes that encode an agreement between untrustworthy participants.If certain conditions are met, smart contracts are executed on a blockchain system, eliminating the need for a trusted third party.Blockchains and smart contracts have gotten a lot of attention in recent years, including from academics.We conduct a systematic mapping study of all peer-reviewed technology-oriented smart contract research.
Ada Bagozi, Devis Bianchini, Valeria De Antonellis, Massimiliano Garda · 5 authors
With the advent of blockchain technology, many interorganisational collaborative processes that demand trust requirements (e.g., food supply chain, smart grid energy distribution and clinical trials) are being implemented as decentralised applications (DApps). Indeed, blockchain technology provides decentralised control and immutable transaction history, thereby improving security and accountability between parties. In this vision paper, we consider cooperative processes where a subject, which acts as a regulator of the process, promotes the use of blockchain for increasing transparency, while reducing the burden in controlling trustworthiness among participants. To the scope, the regulator provides a registry of basic smart contracts, including both actual deployed ones and code templates, that can be used and extended by the process stakeholders (e.g., retailers, energy providers, researchers) to build up DApps. The adoption of a blockchain and the definition of the registry favour the compliance with best practices and obligations demanded by the regulator, as well as that all relevant information and documents cannot be tampered. To support semantic-based smart contract search in the registry, we propose a multi-perspective framework that, in addition to classification and technical characteristics of smart contracts, takes into account the past experience of developers who have used smart contracts of the registry to develop DApps.
Edmilson Silva Dias, André Luís Rocha de Souza, Thayse Santos da Cruz, Érica Ferreira Marques · 7 authors
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo discutir as estratégias de tokenização para a proteção de direitos autorais no contexto das ICTs. A tokenização é uma técnica criptográfica utilizada para criar ativos digitais exclusivos, como obras de arte, música e livros, que podem ser negociados em plataformas blockchain. No entanto, a utilização de estratégias de tokenização em ICTs também suscita questões complexas sobre a proteção dos direitos autorais. Para examinar a literatura sobre direitos autorais e estratégias de tokenização, foi realizada uma pesquisa com finalidade exploratória, de natureza bibliográfica, com uma abordagem descritiva. Identificou-se que um dos principais desafios dos direitos autorais no Brasil é atualizar-se incorporando os aspectos tecnológicos e o avanço do ambiente cibernético, bem como as relações digitais e as diversas transações no contexto da internet. Por fim, conclui-se que os Non-Fungible Tokens - NFTs representam uma estratégia promissora para a proteção de ativos intangíveis, considerando a capacidade de garantir a autenticidade e exclusividade de um objeto digital, o que pode ser usado como complemento aos processos legais vigentes no país, proporcionando transparência, confiabilidade e rastreabilidade agregada.
Blockchain has shown great potential in various fields due to its technical advantages such as peer-to-peer, timestamp, consensus algorithm and encryption. In blockchain, the protection method of transaction data or copyright is crucial and cryptographic digital signature technology has been applied as one of the copyright protection methods. The multi-signature scheme provides higher security than single-signature schemes, enhances the transparency of transactions and contracts, and is widely used in distributed systems utilizing distributed ledger technology in blockchain. Multisignature requires multiple parties to cooperate in order to produce a valid signature, reducing the risk of exposing the entire system to a single point of failure when compared to single-signature schemes. This is an important role in transactions or contracts that require consensus among multiple parties, where each party can sign to implement the agreement, increasing transparency and preventing disputes. However, the cryptographic digital signature is resource consuming and inefficient because the verification of the signature consumes lots of computational resources and excessive number of communications. Therefore, we have proposed an efficient multi-signature scheme based on Schnorr for copyright protection on Ethereum.
Pour un internet des objets sécurisé et respectueux de la vie privée basé sur le contrôle d'usage et les registres distribués Les objets connectés représentent l'une des principales cibles de la cybercriminalité. Les raisons en sont multiples : d'abord, pour limiter le coût de la sécurité, les fabricants peuvent vendre des produits vulnérables avec des failles de sécurité. Deuxièmement, de nombreux objets connectés sont soumis à des contraintes de performance et ne disposent pas de la puissance nécessaire pour exécuter des logiciels de sécurité. Enfin, l'hétérogénéité des applications, du matériel et des logiciels élargit la surface d'attaque.Pour parer à ces menaces, l'Internet des Objets (IoT) a besoin de technologies de sécurité et de préservation de la vie privée sur mesure.En ce qui concerne la protection de la vie privée, le contrôle d'usage donne aux utilisateurs la possibilité de spécifier comment leurs données peuvent être utilisées et par qui. Le contrôle d'usage étend le contrôle d'accès classique en introduisant des obligations, c'est-à-dire des actions à effectuer pour obtenir l'accès, et des conditions qui sont liées à l'état du système, comme la charge du réseau ou le temps.Cette thèse vise à apporter des réponses aux défis de l'internet des objets en termes de performance, de sécurité et de respect de la vie privée. Pour cela, les registres distribués (DLT) constituent, de par leur caractère décentralisé, une solution prometteuse aux contraintes de l'internet des objets, en particulier pour les micro-transactions. Cela se traduit par trois contributions:1. un ensemble de technologies pour des transactions sans frais préservant la vie privée, conçu pour passer à l'échelle;2. une méthode d'intégration du contrôle d'usage et des registres distribués pour permettre une protection efficace des données des utilisateurs;3. un modèle étendu pour le contrôle d'usage dans les systèmes distribués, afin d'y ajouter le contrôle de flux décentralisé et les aspects liés à l'internet des objets.Une preuve de concept de l'intégration (2) a été mise en place pour démontrer la faisabilité et effectuer des tests de performance. Elle s'appuie sur IOTA, un registre distribué qui utilise un graphe orienté acyclique pour son graphe de transactions au lieu d'une blockchain. Les résultats des tests de performance sur un réseau privé montrent une diminution d'environ 90% du temps nécessaire pour effectuer des transactions et pour évaluer des politiques de contrôle d'usage, dans le cas où ce dernier est intégré au réseau.
In 2022, the Japanese government is strongly proposing to focus on developing the Web3 industry. The government is exploring the use of NFTs to commercialize content such as Japanese animations and games as Web3 businesses. NFT (Non-Fungible Token) means "unique and non-substitutable data unit recorded in blockchain". NFT indicates the owner of digital content by linking the NFT with digital content such as image or audio data. On the other hand, NFTs are constructed using complex technologies such as “blockchain” and “smart contracts”. For this reason, many people do not understand the technical mechanism of NFTs. There are also aspects of excessive expectations for NFTs based on misunderstandings. I think that the bubble caused by excessive expectations negatively affects the development of technology. Therefore, in this research, I investigated what kind of value people find after understanding the mechanism of NFTs. Also, based on the survey, I find the functions desired for NFTs. Specifically, I made a video for non-technical people to easy to understand how NFTs work. And I showed the non-technical people the video with a demonstration of NFT tampering. After showing the video to the viewers, I surveyed them to investigate how their understanding of NFTs and the perceived value of NFTs changed. As a result, people understood that NFTs were not used as keys to access contents, but rather as a way to brag about what the holders had.