Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi yang ditandai dengan keberadaan era revolusi industri terus mendorong pendayagunaan artificial intelligence pada berbagai sektor termasuk sektor hukum di Indonesia. Perkembangan pemanfaatan teknologi saat ini di bidang hukum dengan memfokuskan pada penggunanan kecerdasan buatan di bidang hukum kontrak. Pendayagunaan artificial intelligence pada sektor hukum kontrak bertujuan untuk memperoleh efisiensi serta akurasi dalam membuat rancangan kontrak. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian lebih dalam mengenai konsep pendayagunaan kecerdasan buatan dan cara kerjanya pada sektor hukum kontrak, serta perkembangan pendayagunaan kecerdasan buatan tersebut dalam mewujudkan efisiensi, akurasi, serta dampaknya pada sektor hukum kontrak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penulisan hukum normatif. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menerangkan bahwa artificial intelligence pada sektor hukum disebut legal tech untuk memudahkan para contract drafter dalam merancang, melakukan review, dan menganalisa kontrak melalui fitur smart contract. Fitur smart contract memiliki kemampuan sebagai contract generator systems untuk membuat rancangan kontrak lengkap beserta dengan analisis hukum atas kontrak tersebut. Namun, terdapat beberapa resiko penggunaannya berupa pengambilan keputusan secara bias kemanusiaan, kebocoran data dan penyerangan siber. Tantangan yang dihadapi adalah profesi hukum akan terdisrupsi dan berpotensi mengurangi peran beberapa profesi hukum yang sudah ada. Abstract Technological developments marked by the existence of the industrial revolution era continue to encourage the utilization of artificial intelligence in various sectors, including the legal industry in Indonesia. The development of the current use of technology in the legal field by focusing on artificial intelligence in contract law. The utilization of artificial intelligence in the contract law sector aims to obtain efficiency and accuracy in making contract designs. Based on this, the authors are interested in conducting more profound research on the concept of utilizing artificial intelligence and how it works in the contract law sector. The utilization of artificial intelligence in the contract law sector aims to obtain efficiency and accuracy in making contract designs. This research uses the normative law writing method. The type of data used is secondary data using qualitative analysis techniques. The research results explain that artificial intelligence in the legal sector is called legal-tech to facilitate contract drafter in designing, reviewing, and analyzing contracts through the smart contract feature. The smart contract feature has the ability as a contract generator system to create a complete contract design along with a legal analysis of the contract. However, there are some risks of using it in human biased decision making, data leakage, and cyber-attacks. The challenge faced is that the legal profession will be disrupted and potentially reduce the role of some existing legal jobs.
Abstract This article aims to analyze how the implementation of the principle of freedom of contract in smart contract e-commerce. Using the normative juridical method, this article concludes that the standard e-commerce agreement has not fulfilled the principle of freedom of contract and has not reflected the values of justice, balance, and proportionality. The contents of the agreement have been made unilaterally. Therefore, further studies are needed to provide space for the parties to negotiate the e-commerce sale and purchase agreement.Abstrak Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam perjanjian baku smart contract e-commerce. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, maka kesimpulan dari artikel ini adalah bahwa perjanjian baku smart cotract e-commerce tersebut belum memenuhi asas kebebasan berkontrak dan belum mencerminkan nilai keadilan, keseimbangan dan proporsionalitas karena isi perjanjian telah dibuat secara sepihak. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kajian lebih lanjut untuk memberikan ruang agar para pihak dapat bernegosiasi dalam perjanjian jual beli e-commerce.
Abdulloh Hamid, Anis Fittria, Ubbadul Adzkiya, Santi Andriyani
The emergence of bitcoin as a means of transaction and investment in the virtual world is intriguing to be studied. Many countries in the world have different perspectives upon the law of bitcoin itself. In Indonesia, the regulation on electronic money is in Indonesian Bank Regulation Number 20/6/PBI/2018 and MUI Fatwa Number 116/DSN-MUI/IX/2017. However, both have not specifically regulated bitcoin. As something new, bitcoin is necessary to be studied in the perspective of Islamic law. The research is a literature study utilizing content analysis to approach the data. The findings of the results are that bitcoin as a means of transaction is permissible (mubah) since there is a similar handover (taqabudh)--that there is a bitcoin to handover, there is no gambling (maisir), speculation (gharar), haram, riba, and false, and that the transactions is on a willingness basis (antharodin) of the both parties. Second, bitcoin as a means of transaction is haram if there is an uncertainty which is close to gharah and maisir, bitcoin as an investment tool has more damages than benefits.
Desia Rakhma Banjarani, Shandi Patria Airlangga, Sri Sulastuti
This paper discusses legal protection in criminal law for bitcoin users in Indonesia. Bitcoin has not been specifically regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations; even the Indonesian government has made a clear statement regarding the illegitimacy of bitcoin. Bitcoin fraud raises new issues relat
The Republic of Indonesia as a unitary state adheres to the principle of decentralization in government administration, by providing opportunities and flexibility to the regions. This research journal uses two problem formulations, namely whether the Special Region of Yogyakarta is part of the asymmetrical decentralization perspective studied from Law Number 13 of 2012. This type of research is nomartive legal research.Theoretically,asymmetric decentralization is actually relatively new in Indonesia than the development of regional autonomy and decentralization theories which only prioritize the transfer of authority from the center to the regions. Asymmetric decentralization doesn’t only talk about the delegation of authority, but also how authority, finance, supervision and institutions are contextually decentralized. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the authority determined in Law Number 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the provoncial-level autonomous regions in Indonesia. Special Region of Yogyakarta and it’s status as Special Region in accordance with Article 5 paragraph 2 letter a, Article 9, and Article 16.
AbstractZakat payments are increasingly developing in the current digital era, the Shackwell Lane Mosque in Hackney, London, England accepts zakat payments in other forms other than cash which is of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Related to the halal controversy and the prohibition of the use of bitcoin digital currency in Islamic law, Zayd al-Khair as a religious adviser at the mosque said, if Islamic scholars have argued and supported the use of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this study is to find out and understand the use of bitcoin as a purpose of payment of zakat that is legal and accordance with Islamic law or not, in the sense that nothing deviates from the principles of Islamic law. The research method used is normative juridical. Bitcoin can be said to be haram because it contains the element of gharar and cannot be used as zakat payment. This is reinforced by the MUI fatwa No. 13 of 2011 about the law of zakat on haram assets which emphasizes that haram assets cannot be the compulsory object of zakat. AbstrakPembayaran zakat semakin berkembang di era digital saat ini, Masjid Shackwell Lane di Hackney, London, Inggris menerima pembayaran zakat dalam bentuk lain di luar uang tunai yaitu berupa mata uang kripto seperti Bitcoin. Terkait dengan kontroversi halal dan haramnya penggunaan mata uang digital bitcoin dalam hukum Islam, Zayd al-Khair sebagai penasihat agama di masjid mengatakan, jika para cendekiawan Islam telah berdebat dan mendukung penggunaan mata uang kripto. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui dan memahami penggunaan bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran zakat yang sah dan sesuai dengan hukum Islam atau tidak, dalam arti tidak ada hal-hal yang menyimpang dari prinsip hukum Islam itu sendiri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu tipe penelitian yuridis normatif. Bitcoin dapat dikatakan haram karena mengandung unsur gharar dan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai pembayaran zakat. Ini diperkuat dengan Fatwa MUI No 13 Tahun 2011 tentang Hukum Zakat atas Harta Haram yang menegaskan bahwa harta haram tidak bisa menjadi objek wajib zakat.
Abstrak Artikel ini mendeskripsikan keabsahan penggunaan bitcoin sebagai alat tukar pengganti rupiah dalam transaksi e-commerce di Indonesia. Kajian hukum normatif ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang. Jenis dan sumber bahan hukum berupa bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dengan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis secara kualitatif dengan metode deduktif. Keabsahan bitcoin merupakan ilegal payment bila digunakan dalam transaksi e-commerce di Indonesia, karena tidak sesuai dengan hukum positif yang berlaku. Bitcoin memiliki sifat terdesentralisasi yang dinilai tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat yang ada dalam hukum di Indonesia, karena sebuah informasi elektronik baru dapat dinyatakan sah apabila informasi tersebut berasal dari sistem elektronik yang sah, pernyataan tersebut terdapat dalam Pasal 5 ayat (3) UU ITE. Selain itu pada Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang mengatakan uang yang sah yang menjadi legal tender di Negara Kestuan Republik Indonesia adalah rupiah. Kata Kunci: Keabsahan Bitcoin ; Transaksi E-commerce ; Alat Tukar.
Cryptocurrency is virtual money that does not have a physical form or concrete form in cyberspace. One of the few types of crypto money is bitcoin. The use of bitcoin as a means of payment in e-commerce lately has become increasingly widespread and unstoppable, even though the government has banned the practice. In early 2019, the government of Indonesia issued regulations regarding the legalization of bitcoin (crypto assets) in Commodity Futures Trading. The dual function of bitcoin as a commodity and exchange tool raises the pros and cons of scholars and economists. This study aims to obtain answers about bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, its usage in commodity futures trading according to the perspective of Islamic law and bitcoin’s chance as sharia commodity in Indonesia. The theory applied is a theory of legitimate and vanity business transactions in Islam. This research is a literature study and is qualitative. The data analysis technique used is descriptive-analytical with normative juridical Islamic law approach. This research found that cryptocurrency can be traded in Islamic commodity exchanges, provided that the State issues or create their cryptocurrencies whose price depends on gold or the country's currency. Bitcoin cannot be used as a commodity in Sharia Derivative Contracts in Indonesia, because it contains a lot of speculation, may and is vulnerable to use for illegal activities. Bitcoin is ḥ ar â m lighairihi or haram because of external factors, so it should be avoided. Keywords : Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Commodity Futures Trading, Sharia Derivative Contracts. Abstrak Cryptocurrency adalah mata uang virtual yang tidak memiliki bentuk fisik atau wujud konkrit dan terdapat di dunia maya. Salah satu dari beberapa macam uang kripto yaitu bitcoin . Penggunaan bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran dalam transaksi jual beli online belakangan ini semakin marak, meski pemerintah telah melarang praktek tersebut. Pada awal tahun 2019, pemerintah Indonesia telah menerbitkan peraturan tentang dilegalkannya bitcoin (kripto aset) dalam Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi. Dwifungsi bitcoin sebagai komoditas dan alat tukar transaksi online memunculkan pro dan kontra di kalangan ulama dan pakar ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh jawaban seputar mata uang kripto sebagai komoditas di Indonesia dan bagaimana peluang bitcoin sebagai subjek dalam komoditi syariah di Bursa Komoditi. Teori yang diterapkan adalah teori transaksi bisnis yang sah dan batil dalam Islam. Penelitian ini merupakan studi pustaka dan bersifat kualitatif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan hukum Islam yuridis normatif. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa cryptocurrency dapat diperdagangkan dalam bursa komoditi syariah dengan syarat, negara melindungi perdagangan tersebut dengan payung hukum serta menerbitkan mata uang kripto dimana penetapan harganya bersandar pada emas atau mata uang negara tersebut. Bitcoin tidak bisa dijadikan komoditas dalam Kontrak Derivatif Syariah di Indonesia, karena bitcoin masih mengandung spekulasi, maysîr dan rentan digunakan untuk kegiatan ilegal. Bitcoin hukumnya ḥarâm lighairihi atau haram karena faktor luar, maka sebaiknya dihindari. Kata Kunci : Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi, Kontrak Derivatif Syariah.
A J Silubun, Julianto Jover Jotam Kalalo, A B Inggit, C N Kalalo · 5 authors
Abstract Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, clarifies the position of one of the integral parts of the country that is specifically regulated in view of its cultural uniqueness. Village autonomy is no longer a part of regional autonomy given to villages, but the granting of inheritance rights inherent in villages as part of inherited rights. The position of the village is no longer under and in the regional government; rather, it is domiciled in regencies or cities, Article 5 and Article 4 of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, outlining the purpose of the process referred to as village regulation. Research Objectives To Determine the Authority and Position of the Village in Realizing Village Autonomy. This research is a normative legal research method. Normative legal research is research conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations that apply or apply to a particular legal problem. The authority assigned by the Government, the Provincial Regional Government, or Regency/City Regional Government, village authority becomes an autonomous village of local self-government. Constitutionally, the village is an indigenous governing organization (a self-governing community), not a formal government organization that carries out administrative functions of the state (local state government). Village authority is based on the principle of recognition and subsidiarity, not on the principle of decentralization. Thus the position of the village must be emphasized first in the constitutional structure through the constitution, then followed by the transfer of authority to the village along with the allocation of funds directly from the state budget.
Regional autonomy as the beginning of decentralization has the urgency to be implemented for the progress of the State. Regional financial institutions often occur collusion triangles with regional heads so that they do not guarantee the implementation of good regional government because of the management of sub-optimal regional assets. The need for maximizing the functions of regional institutions so that regional assets can be managed for regional progress evenly. The absence of special regulations regarding the management of regional finance is a problem because it still uses state financial laws so that the recommendations that the authors recommend in the form of optimizing regional financial institutions in managing regional assets and the existence of special regulations that regulate in detail the management of regional assets. The method used in this study is a normative juridical legal research method. Keywords: Institutional Function, Regional Finances, Regional Assets
Yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai fenomena Cryptocurrency dalam pandangan hukum Islam. Dari judul tersebut dapat ditarik beberapa rumusan masalah yakni: 1.) Apa itu Cryptocurrency dan cara penggunannya? 2.) Mengapa terjadi Pro dan Kontra dalam Masyarakat terhadap Cryptocurrency, 3.) Bagaimana pendapat Hukum Islam tentang Cryptocurrency. Dalam menjawab permasalahan tersebut, metodologi yang digunakan peneliti adalah pendekatan Normatif Syar’i. Peneitian ini tergolong penelitian Library Research, dengan menggunakan Metode Analisis Deskriptif Kualitatif yang berfokus pada Fenomena Cryptocurrency dalam Pandangan Hukum Islam. Sumber data diambil melalui Sumber data primer berupa Buku, Arsip, dan Literatur lainnya.Cryptocurrency dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran, Investasi, maupun Trading. Beberapa jenis Cryptocurrency selain Bitcoin juga banyak digunakan. Pro dan kontra di masyarakat terjadi akibat perbedaan pendapat mengenai Cryptocurrency. Karena belum ada legalitas mengenai Cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayaran maupun mata uang yang diakui di Indonesia. Harganya yang Fluktuatif serta keamanannya yang masih terdapat cela membuat perdebatan mengenai Cryptocurrency seperti pada Bitcoin belum mencapai titik terang. Dalam Perspektif hukum islam, sebagian Ulama berpendapat bahwa bentuk mata uang digital ini tidak mempunyai kejelasan dan tidak dapat dilihat fisiknya memungkinkan terjadinya penipuan menjadikan Cryptocurrency mengandung unsur Gharar. Kemudian penggunaan Cryptocurrency dalam Investasi maupun Trading menjadikannya tidak lepas dari spekulasi mengenai harganya yang sangat Fluktuatif dan hanya digunakan sebagai alat untung rugi maka Cryptocurrency mengandung unsur Maysir. Karena urgensi mata uang Kripto ini sangat luas terutama dalam cakupan teknologi dan ekonomi, diharapkan skripsi ini juga dapat menjadi referensi untuk perkembangan Cryptocurrency di masa yang akan datang.Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Hukum Islam.
The development of information technology requires humans in modern times to adjust. Various modern payment instruments have been designed so that they can be used as a means to facilitate transactions. In addition to e-money, in recent years a virtual currency has emerged, known as cryptocurrency. In this paper, researchers formulated the problem form, including: comparison of Japanese and Singapore cyrptocurrency laws, payment systems in Indonesia at this time and then compared the prospects for the development of cryptocurrency whether it can be implemented in Indonesia in facing the globalization of the world. This research was conducted using a normative research method which was then compared to written regulations, theories, journals obtained from library materials. The current legal conflict faced by the State is that virtual currencies are not allowed to transact in Indonesia by the government. So this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing comparative law studies related to the prospects for the development of cryptocurrency in Indonesia, as well as examining whether cryptocurrency arrangements could be made in Indonesia.
Hasil studi yang dilakukan oleh IlmuOne Data menyatakan bahwa e-commerce platform di Indonesia mengalami rata-rata pertumbuhan sekitar 100 persen dan kenaikan tertinggi yaitu 135 persen pada periode Januari sampai dengan Juni 2017. Salah satu contoh potensi penerapan smart contract adalah dalam bisnis jual beli dalam e-commerce, mengingat teknologi blockchain kini berkembang pesat tidak hanya pada cryptocurrency, tetapi juga dalam layanan keuangan dan pembayaran dengan smart contract. Namun, belum ditemukan pengaturan mengenai smart contract dalam hukum kontrak dan hukum jual-beli di Indonesia. Kemudian, perlindungan hukum para pihak dalam smart contract perlu untuk ditelusuri guna mewujudkan keadilan dan kepastian hukum dalam berkontrak. Dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan tipe penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menghubungkan karakteristik smart contract dengan peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai kontrak, informasi dan transaksi elektronik di Indonesia. Peneliti juga menelusuri peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai perlindungan konsumen, serta asas-asas hukum kontrak yang dapat diterapkan untuk mewujudkan keadilan dan kepastian hukum para pihak smart contract. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa smart contract merupakan bentuk kontrak yang sah dan dapat diterapkan di Indonesia dengan adanya peraturan mengenai kontrak, khususnya kontrak elektronik. Kemudian, penerapan Asas Proporsionalitas dan Asas Itikad Baik dapat mewujudkan smart contract yang berkeadilan dan menguntungkan para pihak.
Muhammad Amir Husairi Che Rani, Ahmad Dahlan Salleh
Bitcoin is the most popular virtual currency in a virtual community. Appearing with various innovations that focus on transforming the worldwide monetary system, bitcoin is confronted with legitimacy constrain, absence of regulation and becomes a platform of legal violation. In general, this article will discuss on the mechanism of bitcoin operation as well as malaah (best interest) and mafsadah (harm) that exist in the bitcoin financial system in the actualization of the concept of if al-Ml (safeguarding properties). Moreover, this article also lists some views of Islamic scholar and fatwas related to the status of bitcoin according to Shariah and conduct analysis on the relevance of bitcoin usage as a medium of payment according to the perspective of siysah shar'iyyah. The outcome of this discussion explains the arguments, reasons and the laws of bitcoin usage as currency and means of payment according to Shariah.
AbstractThe use of bitcoin as a currency or payment instrument is prohibited by Indonesian Bank. However, bitcoin as an object of sell buy in the form of digital assets or intangible goods is traded on indodax.com. The method used is statute approach and conceptual approach. The results of this study can be known that the law of sell buy bitcoin on indodax.com in the perspective of sharia is forbidden because in fiqh, the contract of sell buy bitcoin on indodax.com. include fasid contract because bitcoin contains elements gharar, maysir, syubhat, and dharar as an object of sell buy so as to violate the provisions of sharia. Indonesian Ulema Council should issue National Sharia Board About Bitcoin. Keywords : Sell Buy, Bitcoin, Digital Assets, Indodax.com, The Perspective of Sharia AbstrakPenggunaan bitcoin sebagai mata uang atau alat pembayaran dilarang oleh Bank Indonesia. Namun, bitcoin sebagai obyek jual beli yang berbentuk aset digital atau barang tidak berwujud diperjualbelikan di indodax.com. Metode yang digunakan adalah statute approach dan conceptual approach. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa hukum jual beli bitcoin di indodax.com dalam perspektif syariah adalah dilarang karena dalam fikih, akad jual beli bitcoin di indodax.com. termasuk akad yang fasid karena bitcoin mengandung unsur gharar, maysir, syubhat, dan dharar sebagai obyek jual beli sehingga melanggar ketentuan syariah. Seharusnya Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) mengeluarkan Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) tentang Bitcoin. Kata Kunci : Jual Beli, Bitcoin, Aset Digital, Indodax.com, Perspektif Syariah.
Artikel ini ingin menjawab permasalahan utama terkait pajak di daerah. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif, dapat digambarkan bahwa era otonomi daerah, dikaitkan dengan pajak daerah melalui asas desentralisasi, pemerintah daerah diberikan kewenangan untuk memungut pajak daerah. Pajak tersebut dalam rangka meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah dan menyelenggarakan serta membiayai pembangunan di daerah. Dasar hukum bagi pemerintah daerah untuk memungut pajak adalah Undang-Undang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah. Selain itu, Pemerintah Daerah juga membentuk peraturan di daerah sebagai peraturan teknis dibidang pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah. Peraturan yang dibentuk di daerah disebut politik hukum, yang merupakan kebijakan hukum negara untuk mencapai tujuan nasionalnya dengan membentuk hukum untuk mengatur sesuatu hal yang berkaitan langsung dengan kepentingan nasional. Political Law of Regional Tax in Polewali Mandar District West Sulawesi This article aims to answer the main problems related to taxes in the region. This is a normative research, aiming to describe the regional autonomy era to be associated with regional taxes through decentralization principle, local governments are given the authority to collect regional taxes. The tax is used to increase local revenue and organize the finance development in the region. The legal basis for local governments to collect taxes is the Regional Tax Law and Regional Retribution. In addition, the Regional Government also established regulations in the region as technical regulations of regional taxes and regional retribution. Regulations established in the region are called legal politics, which are the state legal policies to achieve national goals by establishing laws to regulate issues related to national interests.
Historically, the means of payment has evolved from time to time. The current phenomenon is Bitcoin, claimed by its users as a means of future payments, that have been the major attention of many people, from people in business to students. The research question in this study was how the existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is, and how its existence as a medium of exchange is viewed based on the maqāṣid al-syar 'īyah. This used the literature research method and the maqāṣidī approach by applying the tarjih maslahat method. The existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is considered valid because of the 'urf recognition. However, it requires a legal status from the government because it is related to al-maslahat al-mmāmmah, the mafsadat (damage) value of Bitcoin is higher than its maslahat (benefit) value. Hence, it is concluded that Bitcoin is valid as a medium of exchange. Still, its use must be limited due to the mafsadat (harm) probability that is more dominant at the ḍarūriyyāt (primary needs) level, following the principle of "rejecting the harm is prioritized than realizing the benefit."
 Abstrak: Berdasarkan sejarah, alat pembayaran dari masa ke masa telah mengalami evolusi, pada saat ini terdapat sebuah fenomena yaitu fenomena Bitcoin yang diklaim oleh para penggunanya sebagai alat pembayaran masa depan yang telah banyak menyita perhatian orang mulai dari kalangan pengusaha hingga mahasiswa. Bitcoin memiliki beberapa kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan alat pembayaran yang biasa digunakan, di antaranya yaitu sifatnya yang desentralisasi sehingga tidak ada pengendali pusat yang akan ikut campur di dalamnya. Sedangkan pada kebiasaannya, alat pembayaran di suatu wilayah berada di bawah pengawasan pemerintah karena alat pembayaran tergolong kepada kebutuhan primer yang menyangkut kesejahteraan umum. Pertanyaan penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana eksistensi Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar dan bagaimana keberadaan Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar berdasarkan maqāṣid al-syar‘īyah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan pendekatan maqāṣidī dengan menerapkan metode tarjih maslahat. Keberadaan Bitoin sebagai alat tukar dianggap sah karena terdapat pengakuan secara ‘urf. Akan tetapi status sah tersebut perlu mendapatkan pengesahan pemerintah karena terkait dengan al- maslahat al-‘āmmah, nilai mafsadat pada Bitcoin lebih dominan jika dibandingkan dengan nilai maslahatnya. Dari paparan di atas disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan Bitcoin sah sebagai alat tukar, namun penggunaannya merupakan sesuatu yang harus dibatasi karena probabilitas mafsadatnya lebih dominan yang berada pada tingkat ḍarūriyyāt.. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah “menolak mafsadat di dahulukan dari pada mewujudkan maslahat.”
 Keyword: Eksistensi, Bitcoin, Maqāṣid al-Syar‘īyah.
In the long journey of development of a government increasingly multiply and enrich the understanding of the government itself, so that the concepts of government can be viewed from various angles and aspects that can further clarify the notion of the concept of government itself, one of which is the concept of the principle of governance. The existence of a Local Government in the system of government is an integral part of a system of state government or national government, even the concept and theoretical existence of local government is much earlier than the existence of elements of central government or state government. The principle of "Medebewin" as a relic of the Indies government system, at the beginning of the revolution, precisely in 1948, was called "uncompleted surrender", to overcome the principle of full-fledged decentralization. The difference with the principle of decentralization is that the "medebewind" governmental affairs are only handed over the task of execution alone, excluding the authority that determines the policies, the financing, and the execution workers. One of the principles of local governance that has been applied in Indonesia in the history of local governance is the Assistance Task Principle, apart from the principles of decentralization and deconcentration. The principle of the implementation of regional government consists of the principle of decentralization, the principle of deconcentration and the principle of co-administration. In Dutch legislation, between co-administration and medebewin are divided into two, namely mechanical medebewind or more detailed andfacultative medebewind or which provide wider freedom to determine the wisdom of the medebewind ". Definition of assistance task is; assignment with an obligation to account for its execution to the assignee. In its implementation the task of assistance has its own development and dynamics in accordance with the Law on Regional Government which regulates it.
The development of the virtual world has penetrated the world of national borders. Not only unlimited distances but applicable laws in cyberspace are increasingly not bound by the laws of the state. In buying and selling in cyberspace, especially the internet, money that is used is no longer monotone in currency issued by a particular country but has created a payment system that does not require legitimacy of a country. The most phenomenal emergence of Bitcoin is that its use as currency in a purchase transaction has been appointed exceeds a country's currency. Several countries in the world have determined stance against the imposition of BitCoin, some accept and some refuse. Indonesia has not determined a clear stance for the development of new Bitcoin in Indonesia limited to the internet world and not stray into the real world. Keyword : Relevance, Law no. 7 In 2011, the Virtual Currency, Phenomenon, BitCoin, Indonesia
This paper gives an overview of the implementation of the constitution laws such as the embodiment of the political will of the Central Government, but in practice occur various obstacles. The model has become divided in 3 (three), namely: the bottleneck in the autonomous region, of good Governance and capacity building in implementing Regional Autonomy. The Government of the provinces, counties and cities should implement the values of good Governance, such as strategic vision, transparency, responsiveness, fairness, consensus, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability, freedom of Assembly and participation, rule of law, democracy, in cooperation with community organizations, our commitment to the market, and commitment to environment and decentralization. Some elements of capacity development in order to realize a good Governance can be seen from some of the items, the first development of the vision and mission of regional and provincial government institutions/district/city. Second, the institutional development of the Government of the province/district/city. Third, the development of a network of Government provincial/district/city. And fourth, the development and utilization of the environment of the Government of the province/district/city.
AbstractSince the enactment of Law No. 12 Year 2008 on the second Amendment to the Law Number 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government, as an interpretation of Article 18 , to bring new changes in governance in the region. This law has fundamentally changed the practices of government, one of which is related to the position, duties and functions of the District. The main changes was in the definition of the township itself besides the other changes such as the shape of the organization, financing, personnel appointments, logistics fulfillments and accountability,. Previously, the District was an administrative region in the context of the work environment that organizes the implementation of tasks in the area of public administration. While according to the Law No. 12 of 2008, Article 126 Section 3, the District is the district/city in the context of the principle of decentralization. That is, if used within the framework of the principle of deconcentration district, it is one of the administrative area, in addition to national, provincial, district and municipality, as well as administrative city. At the present time the Districts is the working area of the districts of the region. However, districts are not a territory, it is a service areas.Keywords: Delegation of authority, Head of District, Regional Government
The implementation of regional autonomy within the framework of decentralization is a complex and continuous work . In the early stages of decentralization , there is a transfer of various types of authority from the center to the various institutions , especially institutions subnational governments . After the transfer of authority will then be followed by the transfer of financing , documents and facilities . After the completion stages passed , does not mean the work has been completed . It appears a series of new challenges related to the ability of isntitusi who obtained the transfer of authority to manage it properly . Without good management , decentralization is precisely that for democracy , effectiveness , efficiency and fairness can not be achieved . It would appear the sources of inefficiency , ineffectiveness and new injustices in areas that can be a trigger for a second series of multidimensional crisis
As a fiscal policy within the framework of regional autonomy, the allocation of DAU is an act that very important. It was meant to address financing capability gap between regions. The reason is because the DAU is the largest component of balance funds, namely the lack of 26% of the net domestic income in the state budget the amount of DAU scheme is not limiting, because it can only grow with the size of the authority delegated to the regions. DAU legal standing as a regional income in the financial relationship between the center and the regions based on the principle of autonomy is as a subsidy coming from the state revenue in the state budget that is allocated to local revenue in the budget based on fiscal decentralization. Keywords: General Allocation Fund, autonomy, regional autonomy