This study aims to examine and analyze the validity of agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment, as well as the legality of asset ownership arising from transactions involving cryptocurrency-based payments in Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results demonstrate that agreements utilizing cryptocurrency as a means of payment are null and void *ab initio* because they fail to satisfy the objective requirement of a lawful cause, as stipulated in Article 21 of Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency, which mandates the use of the Indonesian Rupiah for all payment transactions conducted within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Furthermore, the legal status of assets transferred under agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment is not recognized under the prevailing legal framework. Consequently, such assets do not receive legal protection, and in the event of a dispute, ownership rights over the object of the agreement shall revert to the original lawful owner.
Zico Junius Fernando, Mas Putra Zenno Januarsyah, Firdaus Arifin, Vidyadhara Prawiratama Nugraha · 5 authors
Metaverse has transformed virtual assets into economically valuable objects that challenge conventional concepts of property under Indonesian private law. Although virtual assets such as cryptoassets, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and metaverse property are widely traded, their legal status remains uncertain, creating ambiguity regarding ownership, transfer, and legal protection. This study examines the normative basis for recognizing virtual assets as objects of property rights within Indonesia's civil law system. Using a normative juridical method with a comparative approach, the study analyzes Indonesian private law alongside developments in England and Wales, Singapore, Japan, and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that virtual assets satisfy the defining characteristics of intangible property, including identifiability, exclusive control, transferability, and economic value, making them capable of recognition as objects of proprietary rights. The study further argues that blockchain-based transfers and smart contracts can operate as legally valid mechanisms for transferring ownership when supported by appropriate legal recognition. To strengthen legal certainty, Indonesia should recognize virtual assets as a distinct category of intangible property, adapt property law to digital transactions, strengthen proprietary remedies, and modernize dispute resolution and cross-border enforcement. These reforms would provide a coherent legal framework for protecting virtual assets and support the development of Indonesia's digital economy.
Regional decentralization within the framework of regional autonomy in Indonesia often creates a regulatory vacuum regarding the ownership and management of assets resulting from cooperation between the central and regional governments. This study aims to analyze the provisions of Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government and to identify regulatory gaps and models for resolving conflicts over public assets following decentralization. The research method employed is a normative legal approach using legislative, conceptual, case-based, and comparative analyses. The findings reveal that Law No. 23/2014 does not explicitly regulate the status of assets during the agreement period, mechanisms for the transfer of rights and obligations, ownership proportions from multi-source financing, or compensation for the parent region. Consequently, legal uncertainty arises regarding large-scale strategic assets involving third parties. This study also found that multi-party mediation involving the governor and the prosecutor’s office proved more effective in resolving public asset disputes than litigation, as demonstrated in the Tasikmalaya case. This study recommends revising Law No. 23/2014 by adding a special chapter on the transfer of assets resulting from post-decentralization cooperation and formalizing the involvement of the prosecutor’s office in the mediation of public asset disputes.
The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of cryptocurrency as a decentralized digital instrument that enables fast and cross-border financial transactions. While this technology offers efficiency and flexibility in digital financial activities, it also creates opportunities for misuse in various forms of crime, including terrorist financing. This study aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a means of financing terrorist activities in Indonesia, examine the existing legal framework governing terrorist financing, and identify the challenges faced in law enforcement. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. The findings indicate that the use of cryptocurrency as a medium for terrorist financing still fulfills the elements of a criminal offense as regulated under Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Financing. However, the characteristics of cryptocurrency, such as anonymity, decentralization, and cross-border transactions, create significant challenges in the processes of evidence gathering, transaction tracing, and identification of perpetrators. In addition, there is a regulatory gap between the recognition of crypto assets as economic commodities and the supervision of their potential misuse for terrorist financing. Therefore, stronger regulations are needed to explicitly integrate crypto assets into the terrorist financing prevention regime, along with improving the capacity of law enforcement agencies in blockchain transaction analysis and strengthening international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement in the digital economy era.
Komang Irvan Tri Permadi, Si Ngurah Ardhya, Ratna Artha Windari
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai analisis yuridis perlindungan hak cipta atas gambar Non Fungible Token (NFT) ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pengaturan, dan perlindungan hak cipta atas gambar yang diperuntukkan sebagai Non-Fungible Token yang berada di indonesia dengan menggunakan perbandingan negara amerika dan UniEropa. Jenis penelitian hukum normatif penelitian ini terfokus kepada doktrin ataupun peraturan perundang-undangan (law in books) dipandang dari hukum positif atau das sollen. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier adalah sumber bahan hukum yang akan digunakan sebagai acuan dalam merancang penelitian normatif ini. penelitian normatif terutama berkaitan dengan data sekunder, yang mencakup undang-undang, putusan pengadilan, teori hukum, konsep hukum, dan hasil penelitian ilmiah akademisi (doktrin). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Pengaturan Hak Cipta di Indonesia seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta. Belum secara spesifik mengatur keberadaan hak cipta melalui NFT. Selain itu, bentuk sistem pengawasan hak cipta belum sepenuhnya adaptif terhadap teknologi baru seperti blockchain. Di Amerika Serikat, undang-undang hak cipta, terutama Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) dan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta 1976, mengatur perlindungan karya yang dicetak sebagai NFT. Uni Eropa belum memiliki UU khusus yang mengatur hak cipta NFT secara spesifik, Pengaturan Directive on Copyright In The Digital Single Market (EU 2019/790) dalam pasal 17 yang memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pemegang hak cipta atas karya digital.
This research aims to analyze the readiness of Indonesia’s legal framework to accommodate Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as fiduciary collateral objects and to identify the potential obstacles in their execution process. NFTs are digital assets based on blockchain technology that possess unique characteristics and economic value, theoretically fulfilling the criteria of intangible objects under Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Collateral. However, the current legal instruments in Indonesia have not yet explicitly recognized NFTs as eligible fiduciary objects. This study employs a normative juridical method with both statutory and case approaches, supported by secondary data derived from an interview with the Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum (Ditjen AHU) to enrich the legal analysis. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s regulatory readiness regarding NFTs as fiduciary collateral remains conceptual rather than operational. The absence of a registration mechanism and valuation system for digital assets creates significant legal uncertainty for both creditors and debtors. Furthermore, the execution of NFTs presents additional challenges, including the dependence on private keys, the incompatibility of automatic smart contract transfers with the due process of law principle, and the speculative volatility of NFT market values. Therefore, the study suggests the need for new legal norms and an authorized digital asset valuation institution to ensure that NFTs can be effectively and lawfully integrated into Indonesia’s fiduciary security system. Non-Fungible Token, Fiduciary Collateral, Collateral Execution, Intangible Assets
Tri Gunawan, Muchimah Muchimah, Dewi Nita Utami, Panggih Abdiguno · 5 authors
The digital era is transforming the institution of marriage, as online ceremonies without official registration create an urgent legal crisis involving fasād al-nasab (distortion of lineage), violations of women’s rights, and a lack of legal certainty. This paper aims to reconstruct Islamic marriage law by integrating blockchain-based smart contracts, assessing the validity of al-‘aqd al-raqmī (digital contract) through the lenses of fiqh al-mu‘āmalāt, legal pluralism, and smart legal contract theory. Employing a qualitative-descriptive methodology, primary data were drawn from Islamic legal texts, fatwas, state regulations, and blockchain technical documentation—collected via literature review and document analysis from authoritative sources such as Tarjih Muhammadiyah fatwas, Patricia Pixie (2024), and Blockchain Council reports (2024). Data were analyzed using a tri-theoretical framework—Wahbah al-Zuhaili’s transactional jurisprudence, Sally Falk Moore’s theory of legal pluralism, and Kevin Werbach’s smart legal contract theory—synthesized within the concept of tadākhul al-anṣāṭ al-qānūniyyah (overlapping legal systems). Findings indicate that digital marriage can be ṣaḥīḥ (valid) under Islamic law if it fulfills shurūṭ al-ṣiḥḥah (conditions of validity), and that blockchain can serve as a sijill al-‘adl (register of justice) due to its immutability (lā yuqbal al-ta‘dīl); however, without state recognition, such unions remain ghayr saḥīḥ qānūniyyan (legally invalid). Limitations include reliance on secondary data and the absence of standardized sharī‘ah-compliant digital identity protocols. Future research should pilot-test this model and examine al-mas’ūliyyah al-shar‘iyyah (Islamic legal liability) in cases of coding errors.
Smart contract adalah program yang dapat memastikan bahwa aturan atau perjanjian di jaringan basis data terdistribusi berlaku untuk transaksi yang terjadi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitiatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengaturan mengenai smart contract di Indonesia belum diatur secara jelas dalam suatu regulasi. Smart contract dapat diterapkan di Indonesia asalkan sesuai dengan hukum dan tidak melanggar norma-norma sosial. Keabsahan hukum atas kehadiran smart contract dikaitkan dengan transaksi elektronik memerlukan kerangka hukum yang jelas dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak, sebab regulasi mengenai smart contract di Indonesia masih belum sepenuhnya terdefinisi. Sehingga kepastian hukum terhadap keabsahan hukum atas kehadiran smart contract belum dapat diwujudnya sepenuhnya, dikarenakan sandungan dalam regulasi yang belum jelas. Implementasi smart contract pada teknologi blockchain dalam kaitannya dengan praktik Notaris sebagai pejabat umum tidak dapat sepenuhnya menghapuskan peran Notaris selaku pejabat umum yang diberikan wewenang oleh ketentuan UUJN.
Financial transactions in Islam must adhere to sharia principles, avoiding the elements of gharar (uncertainty), maysir (speculation), and riba (interest). One of the most prominent technological innovations in this domain is the implementation of Smart Contracts in cryptocurrency trading on the Ethereum platform. However, their application still faces significant sharia compliance challenges, particularly concerning contractual uncertainty and the potential for misuse. This study aims to analyze the implementation mechanism of Smart Contracts from a sharia compliance perspective while exploring the opportunities and challenges of their adoption within the Ethereum Ponorogo Community. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study method, data was collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings reveal that while Smart Contracts offer greater transparency, efficiency, and automation in transactions, challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, limited sharia literacy, and the inherent volatility of crypto assets remain major obstacles. Although the Ethereum Ponorogo Community has made efforts to avoid non-compliant elements, their practices are more "aspirational" and not yet fully guaranteed by a comprehensive sharia regulatory framework. This research concludes that a clear roadmap is needed, which includes a focus on education, stronger regulations (including fatwas from sharia authorities), and audits of Smart Contract code. By following this path, the technology can become a more ethical and sharia-compliant solution for crypto transactions, bridging the gap between technological innovation and the principles of Islamic economics.
Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah mendorong transformasi ekonomi digital yang ditandai dengan kemunculan cryptocurrency sebagai instrumen keuangan baru. Di balik manfaatnya, cryptocurrency juga menimbulkan tantangan serius dalam aspek hukum, khususnya terkait tindak pidana pencucian uang (TPPU). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana hukum positif di Indonesia mengatur kejahatan ekonomi berbasis digital melalui cryptocurrency serta mengkaji modus operandi yang digunakan dalam praktik pencucian uang tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, serta studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Indonesia telah memiliki regulasi terkait TPPU melalui UU No. 8 Tahun 2010 dan pengawasan oleh BAPPEBTI terhadap platform aset kripto, praktik pencucian uang berbasis cryptocurrency masih sulit dideteksi karena sifat anonim, desentralisasi, dan kompleksitas transaksinya. Modus yang umum digunakan meliputi tahapan placement, layering, dan integration, yang seringkali melibatkan pihak ketiga seperti mixer, tumbler, dan broker OTC. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pembaruan regulasi dan peningkatan kapasitas pengawasan untuk mengantisipasi dan memberantas kejahatan ekonomi digital melalui cryptocurrency di masa mendatang.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pandangan hukum Islam dan hukum positif di Indonesia terkait dengan investasi cryptocurrency serta perlindungan hukum bagi investor. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam hukum Islam terdapat dua pandangan yang berbeda. Sebagian besar ulama dan pakar, termasuk hasil ijtima ulama dari Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, dan Majelis Ulama Indonesia, mengharamkan cryptocurrency sebagai alat investasi. Namun, ada juga beberapa tokoh seperti Mufti Muhammad Abu Bakar, Dr. Monzer Kahf, dan Mohammad Daud Bakar yang menghalalkan cryptocurrency sebagai bentuk investasi. Sementara itu, dalam hukum positif Indonesia, Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 99 Tahun 2018 pada Pasal 1 serta Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 Pasal 1 huruf f mengakui cryptocurrency sebagai komoditas yang dapat diperdagangkan dan diinvestasikan di bursa berjangka. Perlindungan hukum terhadap investasi cryptocurrency secara preventif diatur dalam Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 dan Peraturan Bappebti Nomor 9 Tahun 2019. Sementara itu, perlindungan hukum secara represif meliputi mekanisme litigasi dan non-litigasi.
Penelitian ini membahas kedudukan cryptocurrency dalam sistem hukum perdata Indonesia. Cryptocurrency adalah aset digital yang tidak berwujud namun memiliki nilai ekonomi dan dapat dialihkan. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai pengakuannya sebagai benda dalam KUH Perdata. Sistem hukum Indonesia masih mendasarkan konsep benda pada bentuk fisik, sehingga belum mampu menjangkau keberadaan aset digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, konseptual, dan komparatif untuk menelaah hal tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kekosongan hukum yang menghambat kepastian dan perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik cryptocurrency. Selain itu, belum terdapat mekanisme pembuktian kepemilikan dan penyelesaian sengketa yang efektif. Negara-negara seperti Jepang, Singapura, dan Uni Eropa telah lebih dahulu mengatur secara jelas aset digital ini. Oleh karena itu, pembaruan hukum perdata Indonesia sangat diperlukan untuk mengakomodasi perkembangan teknologi digital.
The government has established the relocation of Indonesia’s capital city through Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the Capital City. It is called as Nusantara. The government also formed the Nusantara Capital Authority (IKN Authority) an institution responsible for managing local governance in the IKN region, including collecting taxes and special levies. This study analyzes the role of the authority within the constitution and how it affects managing state’s finances. This research employs a doctrinal method with a statutory approach. The study's findings indicate that the authority holds the status of a ministry-equivalent institution under the House of Representatives' supervision. This authority has the power to collect special taxes although it is not supervised by The Regional House of Representatives. The power to collect tax does not align with the principle of fiscal decentralization stipulated in the State Finance Law. Under Article 8 of the Law, the collection of IKN special taxes shall be performed by the Minister of Finance to ensure the consolidation of state revenue accountability. Such way of collecting taxes is similar to the United States, where the Internal Revenue Service, which is part of the US Department of Treasury, collects federal taxes.
Jundri R. Berutu, Yuhelson Yuhelson, Dedy Ardian Prasetyo
The rapid growth of cryptocurrency trading in Indonesia reflects the increasing integration of digital assets into the national economy. Initially classified as tradeable commodities under the supervision of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (BAPPEBTI), cryptocurrencies have recently been repositioned within the financial sector's regulatory framework, following the enactment of Law No. 4 of 2023 on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening (UU PPSK). This study analyzes the legal and institutional implications of shifting supervisory authority to Indonesia's Financial Services Authority (OJK) and examines the regulatory challenges in ensuring legal certainty within this evolving digital asset landscape. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the findings reveal that Indonesia’s regulatory landscape remains fragmented and transitional. The absence of a unified and substantive legal framework, combined with institutional overlap and limited technological oversight capacity, undermines investor protection and market integrity. This paper recommends the formulation of a dedicated cryptocurrency law, the adoption of digital supervision mechanisms, and strengthened inter-agency coordination to build a coherent and future-proof legal regime. The novelty of this research lies in its critical examination of Indonesia’s regulatory transition and its proposal for a unified digital asset governance model. The study contributes to the growing body of scholarship on digital financial regulation in emerging markets and offers practical guidance for policymakers navigating the complexities of crypto-asset supervision.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh maraknya fenomena investasi berbasis digital seperti Bitcoin di Indonesia, yang memunculkan polemik hukum dalam perspektif Islam, khususnya mazhab Syafi’i dan fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis status hukum investasi Bitcoin ditinjau dari prinsip-prinsip muamalah Islam serta mengevaluasi apakah aset digital tersebut dapat dikategorikan halal atau haram. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka, melalui analisis literatur akademik, fatwa-fatwa resmi, dan kajian hukum Islam kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum Bitcoin dinilai haram karena mengandung unsur gharar, maysir, dan tidak memiliki underlying asset yang jelas, namun masih terdapat kemungkinan kehalalan jika dipenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu seperti transparansi, kepastian nilai, dan penggunaan sebagai komoditas bukan alat tukar, dalam kerangka maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah.
Waqf is an Islamic economic instrument with significant potential to promote community welfare, yet it continues to face challenges related to transparency, asset certification, and public engagement. The advancement of blockchain technology particularly the use of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) presents an innovative opportunity for the digitalization of waqf, especially as a means of creating unique, transparent, and verifiable asset certifications. This study employs a qualitative approach through a literature review to analyze the potential and challenges of utilizing NFTs within the framework of sharia-compliant digital waqf. The findings indicate that NFTs hold great promise in enhancing efficiency, expanding public participation, and promoting digitally-driven productive waqf models. However, several critical issues remain, including legal uncertainty, the risk of gharar (ambiguity), value volatility, and the lack of supporting infrastructure and digital literacy. This study recommends strengthening regulatory frameworks, developing adaptive fiqh guidelines, and increasing public education to support the implementation of NFTs as a waqf instrument aligned with maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and capable of delivering broad benefits to the Muslim community.
Keamanan dan transparansi dalam sistem pemungutan suara merupakan tantangan utama dalam pemilihan elektronik atau e-voting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengimplementasikan smart contract blockchain Ethereum pada aplikasi evoting dengan tujuan meningkatkan keamanan, integritas, dan transparansi proses pemilihan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan mencakup perancangan dan implementasi smart contract, deployment pada jaringan Ethereum Sepolia, serta pengujian keamanan dan efisiensi biaya transaksi menggunakan alat seperti Remix IDE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan smart contract tercatat dengan transparan dan tidak bisa dimanipulasi. Namun, ada beberapa tantangan yang ditemukan seperti biaya transaksi atau gas fee yang cukup tinggi dan kompleksitas penggunaan aplikasi bagi pengguna yang belum familiar dengan teknologi blockchain. Pengujian keamanan mengidentifikasi beberapa isu yang perlu dioptimalkan, termasuk efisiensi penggunaan gas fee dan mengurangi potensi kerentanan dalam smart contract. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut dalam penerapan sistem e-voting berbasis blockchain, khususnya untuk pemilihan skala besar seperti pemilu lokal atau nasional.
David Hardiago, Rani Fadhila Syafrinaldi, Syafrinaldi, M. Musa · 5 authors
The advancement of science and technology continues to accelerate. Internet and its supporting technology became the backbone for many activities. This kind of advancement goes beyond territorial boundaries and human’s intelligence. This phenomenon triggers a new crime model. One of them is a crime related to the existence of Cryptocurrency such as money laundering, terrorism financing, and other forms of crime. This is understood given that Cryptocurrency give rise to large number of crimes as well as the emergence of a new modus operandi in several criminal acts. This is further supported by the lack of current Indonesian regulations that do not specifically accommodate the Cryptocurrency mechanism. The main issues raised in this study are related to how crimes and new modus operandi are caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism against Indonesian criminal law, as well as how the mechanism of crime prevention and handling caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism through the means of penal policy, covering targeted legislative amendments, specialised investigative units, prosecutorial guidelines, and asset-seizure procedures—to prevent and combat such crimes. This article uses normative method to answer the problem through comparative approach, case approach, literary approach and statutory approach. Initial hypotheses proposed to address these problems are: First, Cryptocurrency as a financial transaction mechanism that relies on the computational system with anonymous transactions opens a great opportunity for crime in the mechanism of the transaction. Second, the establishment of new rules in order prevent and combat crime and the modus operandi caused by the Cryptocurrency mechanism through the mechanism of penal policy are essential.
Studi ini bertujuan untuk memetakan perkembangan dan tren riset global mengenai Non-Fungible Token (NFT) melalui pendekatan bibliometrik menggunakan data dari basis Scopus dan visualisasi VOSviewer. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa riset NFT mengalami peningkatan signifikan sejak 2020, dengan dominasi tema seperti smart contract, digital assets, dan blockchain. India, Tiongkok, dan Inggris tercatat sebagai kontributor utama literatur NFT global. Analisis kata kunci mengungkap transisi tematik dari fokus seni digital menuju bidang teknologi informasi, keamanan siber, dan data kesehatan. Visualisasi temporal dan densitas mengindikasikan bahwa topik-topik baru seperti cybersecurity, interplanetary file system, dan electronic health record menjadi pusat perhatian terkini dalam literatur NFT. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam memahami struktur, aktor, dan arah perkembangan penelitian NFT, serta menawarkan rekomendasi strategis bagi peneliti dan pengambil kebijakan untuk mengembangkan riset NFT yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.
Di tengah pesatnya pertumbuhan teknologi digital dan Artificial Intelligence (AI), pencurian karya digital menjadi ancaman nyata yang meresahkan para kreator. Hal ini tidak hanya mengancam hak ekonomi, tetapi juga merusak integritas ekosistem kreatif. Penelitian ini menawarkan solusi inovatif: integrasi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) dan smart contract untuk perlindungan hak cipta di era digital. Dengan mengumpulkan 150 data dari platform media sosial X menggunakan metode web crawling dan analisis labeling, ditemukan bahwa mayoritas publik mendukung upaya perlindungan karya digital. Studi ini kemudian mensimulasikan pembuatan NFT dan implementasi smart contract di blockchain Polygon melalui OpenSea, membuktikan bahwa pencatatan kepemilikan berbasis teknologi dapat menghadirkan sistem perlindungan yang otomatis, transparan, dan tahan manipulasi. Hasil ini tidak hanya membangun jalur baru perlindungan hak cipta yang lebih adil dan efisien, tetapi juga menegaskan pentingnya adaptasi hukum di dunia digital. Temuan ini membuka cakrawala baru bagaimana teknologi blockchain dapat menjadi benteng pertahanan kreator di tengah dinamika digital yang terus berubah.
The current autonomous police system has entered its fourth year of implementation. This is a dramatic change in the paradigm of police organization. There is also a positive evaluation that the establishment of the system is being promoted relatively smoothly, centering on each city and province police committee and the council of city and province police chairmen nationwide. However, various problems are also raised, and improvements must be made to properly reflect the problem consciousness in order to establish the autonomous police system more successfully. The police's original mission to improve and develop the autonomous police system and the ideology of decentralization and political neutrality for the completion of local autonomy under the constitution should not be diluted or damaged. Police activities often lead to the exercise of public power that limits or imposes obligations on the people's freedom, property, and body, requiring clear and strict human rights protection and procedural fairness at all times. At the same time, there is a possibility that the police organization's authority to appoint personnel will be monitored, so political neutrality must also be strictly observed. If these requirements are met properly, the autonomous police system will be a complete model of local autonomy guaranteed by Constitution, and will be able to establish itself as a trusted autonomous system that combines local residents' rights and regional customized security services, eradicating local indigenous corruption, securing distribution of police power and political neutrality, linking local administration and security administration with financial support from local governments, smooth cooperation between national and autonomous police, strengthening resident representatives' participation in security administration and strengthening democratic control, and differentiating local security responsibilities from existing national police.
The focus of this research is to identify the factors that make investors victims of fraud in the context of NFT investments. The theoretical foundation used in this study is the Lifestyle Exposure Theory, which helps in understanding how investors' lifestyles influence their risk of being scammed. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method through interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of fraudulent patterns in NFT projects. Data analysis is conducted using a descriptive approach to thoroughly illustrate and explain the phenomenon, providing insights into the factors that make investors vulnerable to fraud in the context of NFT investments. Lack of self-control and minimal verification of information make investors more susceptible to fraudulent schemes. The habitual factors identified above demonstrate their role as victims in fraud schemes, a concept known as Participating Victims.
The digital economy has grown rapidly with the emergence of blockchain technology, which serves as the foundation for digital assets such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFTs enable unique digital ownership of artworks, music, and other digital assets. However, regulations governing NFTs in Indonesia remain limited, posing legal challenges, particularly in multi-party transactions and ownership protection. This study aims to analyze the regulations governing NFT ownership in Indonesia, identify legal challenges arising in multi-party transactions, and evaluate dispute resolution mechanisms in NFT transactions. Using a normative approach and descriptive analysis method, this research finds that existing regulations do not specifically accommodate the unique characteristics of NFTs, leading to legal uncertainty in ownership and copyright protection. Therefore, more comprehensive and specific regulations are needed to create legal certainty and support the development of the NFT industry in Indonesia.
The rapid growth of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology has raised significant legal and ethical questions, particularly in Muslim-majority countries like Indonesia, where Islamic law (Shariah) plays a central role in financial regulation. This study examines the role of Islamic law in regulating cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, focusing on Indonesia’s regulatory framework. The research aims to assess the compatibility of these technologies with Shariah principles and identify gaps in the current regulatory approach. By doing so, it seeks to provide recommendations for developing a Shariah-compliant regulatory framework that balances innovation with ethical and legal considerations. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines legal analysis of Indonesia’s regulatory framework with qualitative interviews with Islamic scholars, regulators, and industry experts. Data were analyzed to evaluate the alignment of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology with Shariah principles, such as the prohibition of riba (interest) and gharar (uncertainty). The findings reveal that while blockchain technology has potential applications in Islamic finance, cryptocurrencies face significant challenges due to concerns over volatility, speculation, and lack of intrinsic value. The study concludes that Indonesia’s regulatory framework must be adapted to address the unique challenges posed by cryptocurrency and blockchain technology while ensuring compliance with Shariah principles.