Crypto-Microeconomics: The Distribution of Bitcoin Wealth Among Diverse Economic Agents

Abstract

Bitcoin (BTC) wealth distribution is often studied with macro indicators like wallet balances, prices, network activity, fees, and hashrate. This letter proposes a "Crypto-Microeconomic Observability Framework" to examine micro-level Bitcoin wealth disparities across five labeled agent classes: Service, Abuse, Malware, Individuals, and Benign. Using descriptive, inequality, and longitudinal concentration metrics, we show that Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated across major classes, consistent with a persistent "Whale-Effect". Service entities hold the largest share of observed BTC (75.15%), while Abuse controls a disproportionately large share relative to its entity count (24.26% of BTC vs. 3.53% of entities). Individuals, Abuse, and Service show near-maximal within-class inequality (e.g., Gini = 0.9993 for Individuals), and time-series analysis indicates these patterns persist. Overall, Bitcoin wealth among labeled economic agents remains structurally uneven and concentrated in a small subset of entities.