Antonio Roberto Xavier, GILSON ADÃO DOMINGOS VIEIRA, Fidel Cambundo Sanuca, Edmilson Alberto Matamba · 8 authors
The main objective of this work is to investigate the level of cooperation, decentralization, and dialogue that exists between municipalities due to the federal pact. The 1988 Federal Constitution established the federal pact with a peculiarity: the so-called triune federalism, which recognizes the existence of three federative entities: the Union, the states, and the municipalities. Municipalities possess their own political, administrative, and financial competencies, but this decentralization also entails serious problems. Municipalities are autonomous, but many of them do not produce enough to sustain and develop themselves, and often municipal, state, and federal responsibilities are confused with the implementation of the National Education System. By the end of 2025, this scenario had changed, with the creation of a clear document outlining what each entity should do. This was linked to the new Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and the Enhancement of Education Professionals, officially made permanent in 2020, and the mass participation in Education Development Arrangements and municipal public consortia, which led to a significant improvement in the Basic Education Development Index of several municipalities. From a methodological point of view, a Bibliographic and Documentary Review was used, this being a quantitative-qualitative research, of a basic nature and of a theoretical genre. The main results show that cooperation between municipalities is indispensable for public policies to take place and achieve their objectives based on the federative pact, since, as demonstrated; many municipalities have improved in development, especially regarding economies of scale applied to education.
Abstract (analytical)This article proposes the concept of Generation â‚¿ or Blockchain to analyze youth movements in the era of semantic web. Starting from previous conceptualizations about Generation @ or At sign and about Generation # or Hashtag, the signifier, meaning and traits of the Generation â‚¿ are presented, which are illustrated with the analysis of the 2019 protests, in the context of the mobilizations of the last decade. The concept of Blockchain or chain of blocks serves to reflect on the type of youth movements that emerged after the 2008 crisis, that are chained in blocks as a tactic of resistance against state and corporate powers and as a collaborative way of producing value in the face of the prevailing social anomie. Keywords: Youth, generations, information society, youth movements, social media. Author Keywords: Generation @, generation at sign, generation #, generation hashtag, generación â‚¿, generation blockchain.
Abstract Even though “militancy” is frequently used in scientific literature and in the daily life of parties and social movements, there are few definitions of the term. Our goal is to convert the idea of militancy into a research problem. A Brazilian scientific literature review shows that the term is used either as an adjective, either as a noun. We conceptualize militancy as a methodology to produce collective action aiming to intervene, or to interfere, in current social norms. This methodology focuses on organizations such as parties and unions, characterized by strict discipline that aims to produce docility, commitment, and obeisance. Then, we show how New Social Movements (NSM) have created unconventional tactics and organizations, offering an alternative to the militant methodology. Organizing teams using horizontal arrangements, operating with decentralized and autonomous networks, recognizing the diversity of its participants, NSM are occupying the streets and reinventing the repertoires of collective action and protest. We suggest the use of the word “activism” to describe this methodology. By distinguishing militancy from activism we wish to re(frame) some problems in the Brazilian scene of political engagement and protest.
The main goal of this present essay was to exam Minas Gerais government ability in the development and consolidation of social assistance policy as facing its legal and constitutional competences. Federal constitution of 1988 redefined the Brazilian federal system and reformulated all social policies, including social assistance as one of the pillars of social security. The decentralization was established as the structuring heart of the new federative arrangement which cares about the redistribution of competences, functions and resources between federal unities. The decentralization´s implementation of social policies in the context of Brazilian federation rebirth is not something simplistic and it depends on difficult compatibility in the beings autonomy, with the need of politic coordination and interdependence among them. In case of social assistance there is an extra challenge: to consolidate itself effectively as a policy of public responsibility. The existence of competences in common modified the intergovernmental relations as in the this areas the success of the public policies promotion depends on frequent pacts and collaboration among the three levels of government. In this context, the intention is to verify the intergovernmental relations established in the process of decentralization and institutionalization of social assistance policies in Minas Gerais, aiming the role of the government of Minas Gerais as facing the poverty, vulnerability and inequalities, after the restructuration of unique system of social assistance - SUAS in 2005. For this reason it was made a exploratory study about the asymmetries among Minas Gerais areas, the organizational structure of the state´s manager part of social assistance, the implementation of the net in the area of services, the municipalization of the policy through the process of habilitation of the cities in management of the SUAS and the expansion of the net of basic social protection and special in Minas Gerais. It was analyzed as well the process of financing social assistance of the state (own resources investment and traference for the co financing) because the financial effort done by federate being reflects , clearly its own politic priorities. The results point to a weak actuation of Minas Gerais government to accomplish its competences which is a determining factor that makes the social assistance of Minas Gerais incapable to face poverty in the constitutional perspective of social citizenship and to provide a highest level of equity and better conditions of life for its people.