Blockchain Papers

Mingjie Wang, Jing Zhao

No abstract is available for this record.

Ruixue Xu, Sijia Lian, Suhua Liu, Yuanjie Zhu

Aiming at the core pain points such as low execution efficiency, high resource consumption, and insufficient dynamic adaptability caused by the "deploy-and-freeze" characteristic of traditional blockchain smart contracts, this paper proposes a dynamic execution optimization scheme for smart contracts based on the Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm [1]. Specifically, the "group sampling + relative advantage" mechanism, which is the core of the GRPO algorithm, is implemented through two key modules: for the group sampling module, the algorithm first divides the smart contract execution state space into multiple sub-scenarios based on key feature dimensions such as transaction type, data volume, and network congestion degree, then randomly selects 3–5 candidate execution actions from each sub-scenario and forms a candidate action group by fusing actions from different sub-scenarios; for the relative advantage calculation module, instead of adopting the absolute advantage evaluation method of the traditional Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm [2], it introduces a relative advantage function that takes the average execution effect of the candidate action group as the reference benchmark, quantifies the advantage of each candidate action relative to other actions in the group through indicators such as Gas cost saving rate, execution delay reduction rate, and task completion rate, and weights the relative advantage values to determine the optimal execution action. With the GRPO reinforcement learning algorithm as the core driving force, the scheme constructs a three-layer collaborative architecture consisting of an off-chain Artificial Intelligence (AI) decision-making layer, an oracle data layer, and an on-chain contract execution layer. Through real-time state perception, group sampling action generation, and scenario-based reward function design, it realizes the dynamic adaptive adjustment of smart contract execution strategies. Experimental results show that in typical application scenarios such as Decentralized Finance (DeFi) lending and supply chain finance, compared with traditional static contracts and optimization schemes based on the mainstream PPO algorithm, this scheme can reduce the average Gas fee by 22%~25%, lower the non-performing loan rate from 3.2% to 1.1%, and control the execution response delay within 500ms, significantly improving the execution efficiency, resource utilization, and dynamic adaptation capability of smart contracts. This research provides a new technical path for solving the problem of dynamic execution of smart contracts and has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting the efficient and trusted operation of the Web3 ecosystem.

Qiuming Wang, Chuan Li

In this paper, we propose a decentralized access control scheme for supply chain finance, which takes credit score as an important basis for access policy, establishes a credit score model by using XGBoost algorithm, and mines credit risk characteristics based on user's historical data, so as to improve the assessment accuracy and decision-making reliability. Experiments show that smart contracts can automate the execution of access policies, optimize process efficiency while ensuring transparency and security, and provide stable system performance with good scalability. At the execution level, smart contracts are used to automate the assessment of user credit, ensure the real-time and tamper-proof judgement of privileges, and improve the transparency and security of the system. The experimental results show that the constructed system has good performance stability and scalability in a multi-node environment.

Pin Chang Su, Yi Chen, Bo Yang, Cheng Chun Wu

No abstract is available for this record.

Vijaykumar Vyas

This study aims to improve execution time, CPU utilization, network efficiency, and scalability while upholding robust security measures. The IOTA-DLT-based RA-WRW algorithm is developed in Python, considering node resources and transaction weights for optimal tip selection—verification procedures confirming tip authenticity and transaction validity. The algorithm significantly improves IOTA network transaction processing efficiency tips exhibit high authenticity and consistency, affirming the algorithm's effectiveness. The research presents the innovative IOTA-DLT RA-WRW algorithm, which integrates Resource Allocation (RA) and Weighted Random Walk strategies. This novel approach tackles challenges like lazy tip selection, network congestion, and double spending. By performance parameter and the tip selection process, the algorithm improves comparative analyses against existing methods and confirms the superior performance of our model, boasting high accuracy, f-measure, recall, precision, and scalability in distributed ledger transactions, significantly enhancing the IOTA network's transaction processing capabilities. DOI:https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1006

Kedi Niu, Zhongyuan Yao, Xueming Si

Blockchain, as a decentralized distributed ledger technology, offers secure data exchange and reliable identity authentication for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, introducing new ideas for IoT development. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is a widely used consensus algorithm that is well-suited for the IoT environment due to its low computing power requirements. However, the vast number of devices in the IoT presents a challenge. PBFT necessitates inter-node communication, which leads to decreased scalability as the number of devices grows. To overcome these IoT limitations, this paper proposes an improved PBFT algorithm based on reputation value. Nodes are evaluated and assigned levels according to their reputation values, with higher level nodes being chosen to engage in the consensus process, thereby minimizing the risk of malicious nodes participating. The primary node is unpredictably chosen from high-reputation nodes using random numbers. This approach also simplifies the consensus algorithm process and reduces communication complexity. Experimental findings indicate that the reputation value-based improved PBFT algorithm can diminish communication overhead and consensus delay.

Iuon‐Chang Lin, Ling Bo

Firmware updates are crucial for patching vulnerabilities in IoT devices within industrial control systems (ICS). However, this process poses security risks, especially with the increasing of Industry 4.0. While blockchain technology has for enhancing firmware update security, existing solutions overlook low-capability IoT devices and rely on centralized storage. This paper proposed a secure firmware update mechanism for Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices. Design the PULL delivery mechanisms using distributed ledger technology (DLT), specifically IOTA Streams for message publication, and decentralized storage for firmware files. Our approach ensures integrity and availability while facilitating the real-time execution of the latest updates on IIoT devices.

Monika Parmar, Navneet Kaur, Ramamani Tripathy, Hakam Singh · 5 authors

With improved applications in a variety of industries, the Internet of Things (IoT) and distributed ledger innovation are captivating services and industrial advancements. The IoT and blockchain industries are expected to grow by a factor of three by 2025. As computational power increases, many IoT applications confront substantial challenges with regard to data security and scalability. Additionally, Proof-of-work suffers from a number of problems that make it impractical for IoT applications, therefore Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is a widely utilized type of decentralized agreement. Nevertheless, the network node's trust in PBFT is not assured, and the approach to achieving consensus consumes a substantial quantity of network resources. This research proposes a new consensus mechanism known as a Hybrid consensus blockchain algorithm. This includes the features that provide safety into the clustering algorithm for identifying and classifying attackers. To promote cluster diversity in wireless ad hoc networks, a technique called Hybrid fuzzy Possibility C Means Clustering (HFPCM) is developed. For detecting and organizing the intruders in order to create the organization more attack resilient, a Byzantine agreement based cooperative methodology is used.

Authors unavailable

Governments and businesses typically utilize tenders or contracts to purchase products or services. When improper techniques are used, improper tender management results in significant losses. This covers issues including favoritism of contractors, poor record-keeping, lack of openness, hacking, data tampering, and other things. We have employed a straightforward and secure block chain method to address this issue. One such technology that has recently caught the interest of governments all around the world is blockchain technology. The blockchain has the possibility to enter many domains thanks to its increased security, enhanced traceability, and least expensive infrastructure. To enable a completely transparent bidding process, we use block chain technology in this scenario to secure transaction-based documents such as tender documents, applications, bid proposals, firm profiles, prior performance records, approval officer details, and rejection details.

Jonas L de Vilas Boas, Antônio Marcos Alberti, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues

The complementarity of distributed ledger technologies such as Blockchain and the Internet of Things has gained increasing attention in the literature. In order to facilitate the immutable validation and registration of the data collected by the devices, the so-called smart contracts have been used and distributed applications have been developed to increase the adhesion of the actors. Thus, this work presents a tool for experimentation to evaluate the performance and scalability of distributed applications in the context of the Internet of Things. The proposed tool is flexible and allows experimentation with different technologies and configurations. This work contributes to the convergence among immutable information recording, deterministic computation, and sensing of physical world quantities.

Hilmi Lazrag, Abdellah Chehri, Rachid Saadane, Moulay Driss Rahmani

The traffic load balance, the interferences reduction, and the security during the routing phase in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IoT are investigated in this paper. In our work, we suppose that the network's nodes are sensing some events which generate heavy data that must be carried over several packets. We propose a routing protocol that makes use of the Blockchain technology to offer a shared memory between the network's nodes. These nodes are considered as coins in which the ownership transacts between the source nodes and the sink. All the transactions are stored in the Blockchain as a means to share the network's status in real-time. In order to select the optimal path, we introduce a cost function which considers the load density and interferences level at each node. Furthermore, we are taking advantage of the Blockchain security to secure the selected paths in the network. The simulation results have shown that this solution could be applicable and could resolve the issues cited above.

Nicolae VRANĂ

The Internet of Things paradigm enables various applications in different fields through the exponential increase of devices and sensors. Architecting systems based on Internet of Things concepts is very challenging and has focused mostly on a centralized approach. Decentralized or distributed architectures aren't straightforward concepts for IoT applications, but through the distributed ledger and Blockchain implementations that provide better identification, security and data integrity the fully distributed system architecture can become a reality. Major cloud vendors these days are using edge computing platforms to bring the cloud closer to the device, using a locally centralized system based on edge agents, which can be seen as a partially decentralized module in the full IoT cloud picture. Blockchain allows this edge IoT environment to become distributed if services or functions installed on the edge agent are used by the device to gain Blockchain capabilities. If more capable devices are deployed, then the Blockchain functionality can be embedded in the IoT and the system becomes a fully distributed peer-to-peer network.