Blockchain Papers

Torsten Jacobi

No abstract is available for this record.

Shuaib Ahmed, Yichiet Aun, Miao Xuan Ng

No abstract is available for this record.

Lorena Chinchilla-Romero, Jonathan Prados-Garzon, Pablo Muñoz, Pablo Ameigeiras · 5 authors

Multi-Wireless Access Technology (WAT) Radio Access Networks (RANs) are becoming a key enabler in 5G and beyond networks due to the public spectrum scarcity, the level of signal confinement and security offered by some wireless technologies (e.g., Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)), and the reduction of the deployment and operational costs. For instance, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology is cheaper and easier to manage than 5G, and leveraging their already deployed infrastructures contributes to capital expenditures saving. Developing autonomous radio resource provisioning (RRP) solutions is fundamental to cost-effectively achieve the zero-touch management in private 5G networks while fulfilling the service requirements. However, modelling the Key Performance Indicators of the radio interface in 5G and beyond is a complex task that requires high-domain knowledge. Furthermore, the resulting models, as well as solving the respective RRP optimization problem using exact methods usually offer a high computational complexity, especially in multi-WAT scenarios. In order to cope with these issues, in this work, we propose an initial design of a Deep Reinforcement Learning-assisted solution for the RRP in a multi-WAT private 5G network. Furthermore, we contex-tualize the solution in the Open RAN architecture framework. A simulation-based proof-of-concept validates the proposal’s proper design and operation considering a realistic private 5G network scenario.

Arezou Zamanyzadeh Abyaneh, Nizar Zorba, Bechir Hamdaoui

Blockchain emerges as a potential solution for enabling distributed management and accountability of wireless Internet of Thing (IoT) networks. In addition, blockchain offers increased IoT security, as it involves every single node around the network to verify and approve new transactions. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11ax, a recently concluded WiFi standard aimed at achieving high network efficiency, plays a key role for solving spectrum sharing and cross-technology coexistence among WiFi and 6G cellular users, one of the key challenges faced by next-generation wireless systems. In this paper, we leverage the power of blockchain and 802.11ax technologies to propose a medium access control (MAC) protocol design for future IoT wireless local area networks (WLANs), also referred to as wireless IoT-Blockchain networks setup. Our simulation results show that the proposed protocol design enhances transmission latency and achievable network throughput.

Steven Platt, Miquel Oliver

While direct allocation of spectrum and evolved medium access protocols\nprovide a base for ubiquitous wireless connectivity, the existing TCP/IP and\nOSI models were designed for wired networks and do not address open\ninterconnection of air interfaces. Without an interconnection model for the air\ninterface, existing network designs continue to tie wireless medium access to\nthat of the backhaul provider for ownership of access and identity trust,\nresulting in limitations on functionality and coverage. In this paper, we\npropose a novel solution to access ownership and identity trust by extending\nthe TCP network standard, under a new model we propose, named TCP-Air which\nintegrates distributed ledger technologies directly at the air interface.\nFurther, we present two use cases of the TCP-Air model, demonstrating\napplications not feasible under existing permissioned-access network designs.\n

Budankailu Kumar Subudhi, Faruk Catal, Nikolay Tcholtchev, Kin Tsun Chiu · 7 authors

VoIP-based emergency communication is a promising approach to improving the safety of citizens worldwide. The transition required in this scope includes substituting the legacy PSTN/SS7 based emergency call system by Next Generation IP based components for call establishment and control. Thereby, SIP is used as a session control protocol and RTP as the means to transfer emergency data between the caller and the corresponding Public Safety Access Point (PSAP). The emergency data is not only restricted to voice communication but can cover a rich variety of data, which can be acquired by different means (including the end-user devices) and transmitted over IP. This includes video, geopositioning data, voice, Real-Time Text, and sensor data in line with emerging IoT architectures and approaches. A vital aspect in this scope is given by the performance of the underlying network, including its capability to establish calls in emergencies and to transfer the data required for serving the situation. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate the computational performance of the most recent VoIP emergency system implementation, which was developed by the H2020-EMYNOS project as a realisation of the EENA NG112 Long Term Definition (LTD) vision. We perform a series of trials and evaluate the performance of the EMYNOS system in a multi-party lab environment established during the project. We evaluate the time needed to perform basic emergency call operations over IP, whilst in parallel generating Internet type of background traffic. Correspondingly, we worked out a methodology and implemented it in our testbed, both of which are presented in the current paper. The obtained numerical results lead to the conclusion that SIP-based emergency services stand a good chance to replace legacy systems when it comes to their performance. Additionally, we also provide a perspective on how the blockchain technology could potentially be put to use to enhance the quality of the next-generation emergency services. We propose the utilisation of blockchain technology for tracking emergency calls and enabling efficient recognition of fraud calls, which is a critical aspect for PSAP providers concerning the potential denial of service attacks. In this context, we provide evaluations and numerical results based on a private Ethereum based blockchain playground running at the premises of Fraunhofer FOKUS.

Hyowoon Seo, Jihong Park, Mehdi Bennis, Wan Choi

This paper proposes Consensus-Before-Talk (CBT), a spectrum etiquette architecture leveraged by distributed ledger technology (DLT). In CBT, secondary users' spectrum access requests reach a consensus in a distributed way, thereby enabling collision-free distributed dynamic spectrum access. To achieve this consensus, the secondary users need to pay for the extra request exchanging delays. Incorporating the consensus delay, the end-to-end latency under CBT is investigated. Both the latency analysis and numerical evaluation validate that the proposed CBT achieves the lower end-to-end latency particularly under severe secondary user traffic, compared to the Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) benchmark scheme.

Thomas Elsner, Nhung T. H. Nguyen, Björn Scheuermann

WiFi sharing communities offer an attractive alternative to commercial hot-spots and cellular networks for users who seek Internet access while being away from home. The growing number of mobile devices with Internet usage capabilities has formed a basis for the establishment and growth of several such communities. However, critical security problems exist in all current WiFi sharing approaches because they employ a central operator. We show how to overcome these issues by decentralizing the community's organization structure and present radioActive WiFi, a system that implements this approach.