Jean Pierre Bavumiragira, Hailong Yin, Edwin Kipkrui, Pascaline Uyisaba · 6 authors
The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of inadequately operating decentralized sewage treatment systems, lack of sewerage systems/networks and their centralized sewage treatment systems, and improper disposal of solid and liquid waste (sewage mixed with other hazardous processed chemicals from septic tanks or toilets) on the aquatic environment (surface water and groundwater) and human life. As a result of the lack of a sewerage system or network in the country, 81.6% of the improved sanitation in Rwanda uses pit latrines with solid slabs, according to the census report of household living conditions EICV 4 that was approved by the Rwanda National Institute of Statistics in March 2016. High-altitude topography has significantly contaminated surface and groundwater in a number of locations, including the capital city of Kigali. The complexity of wastewater management has also been exacerbated by the high level of life in the area and the absence of government financing for the creation of various initiatives for centralized sanitation. A count of 1.3 million people in Kigali means that the city has neither centralized sewage treatment nor central sewage networks. Except for a few semi-centralized sewage treatment systems, septic tanks with soak-away pits are primarily used, together with pit latrines. Due to untreated sewage being disposed inappropriately into the environment, they have potential negative impacts on surface and groundwater resources or in some cases direct discharge to open watercourse. Current examples of streams and rivers receiving inappropriately disposed sewage include Ruganwa, Rwanzekuma, Yanze, and the Mpazi rivers, as well as all tributaries of Nyabugogo River. The problem of water pollution is getting worse as anthropogenic contaminants enter the water cycle. Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are of particular concern. For example, pharmaceutical and personal care products are not regulated under current environmental laws. Therefore, they may cause ecological or human health impacts. Since 2016 Kigali city was proposed to have the first centralized sewerage system and construction of wastewater treatment plant through the project named “Rwanda Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Program (RSWSSP)”. The final version of the environmental impact assessment (ESIA) received by Rwanda Development Board stated that this problem will be addressed by the RSWSSP program by developing Kigali's first centralized sewerage system, as well as by managing the solid wastes and fecal sludges generated by the 6 satellite cities of Kigali. However, although the project’s ESIA has already been finished it has not been implemented yet. The paper examined the main causes of water pollution in Rwanda's densely populated areas, particularly in the capital city Kigali, the potential effects of a lack of urban centralized sewerage systems, the inadequacy of currently available decentralized technologies to protect human life and the ecosystem, and the public's awareness of the new organic water contaminants that are currently being found in water environments. Also suggested were some of the finest management techniques for safeguarding Rwanda's water resources.
Kranthi Kiran Reddy, Gutha Vijay Kumar, Sai Siddu Sirimulla, Chanan Singh · 6 authors
This article explores the use and impact of voting using blockchain technology. As a result of mounting worries about the honesty and security of conventional voting methods, especially in the digital era, the study tackles the requirement for an open, impenetrable, and robust method of conducting elections. A decentralized application on a blockchain platform is designed and implemented using the technique, which makes use of smart contracts for voter registration, ballot generation, and vote counting. The viability of blockchain technology in guaranteeing voter anonymity, data integrity, and cryptographic security are important discoveries. Online voting can be done securely and digitally using blockchain technology. It has great potential to reduce costs and increase voter turnout. Using Blockchain we can secure any application and work securely for that application. Therefore, cryptocurrency, healthcare, real estate, etc. Many applications use blockchain technology. *Blockchain technology encrypts votes, preventing any votes from being tampered with. It allows voters to vote for a candidate only once. The system reduces labor costs and counting errors by providing quick access to election results. This article explains solutions to solve the above problems. Our solution is to use an online voting system based on the Ethereum blockchain. That's why we connect surveys to blockchain technology
Open access
2 source records
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Guilherme Fernandes Marques, Rosa Maria Formiga‐Johnsson, Paula A. Oliveira, Carmen Molejón · 5 authors
In 24 years since its promulgation, the Brazilian National Water Resources Policy has advanced significantly in transitioning to a decentralized, participative and integrated water management. In the same period, water challenges have also grown and became more complex, given competitive demands, climate change, and hydrologic variability combined in increasingly interconnected water systems. This paper brings a new view and an innovative concept to the implementation of water management, to build a more coherent reference to what we traditionally understand as water management actions. The paper explores water management as a service delivered to society, hence proposing the concept of water management services. The concept is timely and very relevant in Brazil, as solutions to water management finance gaps are currently under construction, ranging from infrastructure O&M to other actions and administrative services necessary to execute water resources plans. The paper explains the logic behind the water management services and its relationship with other instruments of the National Water Resources Policy. The main objective is to contribute to a broader understanding of water management as an integrated framework operated to deliver final results to society, rather than a collective of individual actions under responsibility of separated institutions.