Blockchain Papers

Mohan Reddy Sareddy, Dr.Gowdham C, Manjula S, Vinoth Kumar G · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Fu Gao, Wenlong Feng, Mengxing Huang, Siling Feng · 5 authors

Abstract To address issues in traditional patent valuation—such as subjective selection of dimensional metrics, weak sensitivity to high-dimensional transaction data noise, and insufficient correlation between evaluation indicators and dimensions—this study proposes a smart contract-based patent value assessment model. Firstly, existing patent valuation theories and techniques undergo systematic deconstruction and multidimensional efficacy assessment. Leveraging big data technology, a four-dimensional optimal framework integrating "technology-market-legal-risk" dimensions is constructed. Secondly, an enhanced non-negative matrix factorization algorithm (S-NMF) is designed. By incorporating diagonal matrices and fused regularization parameters, this algorithm maps the four-dimensional optimal framework into 14 quantifiable metrics using Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain transaction data. This addresses the core limitation of classical NMF algorithms—the inability to adjust dimension weights—enabling flexible weighting control to meet differentiated valuation needs across diverse patent application scenarios. Finally, performance analysis and simulation experiments were conducted on the patent value assessment model, comparing it with the traditional NMF algorithm. Results demonstrate that this model outperforms traditional models in both noise robustness and dimensional correlation, effectively supporting patent value assessment needs across multiple scenarios.

N Appalnaidu, Ch. Kodanda Ramu, Velamala Roja, Vedulla Raju · 5 authors

Abstract - In the fast-growing digital age, systems for communicating through cyber means allow people, organisations and governments to share information in real-time. Unfortunately, the majority of the current communications networks use a centralised architecture, which are susceptible to cyber threats like data breaches, identity theft, man in the middle attack, and distributed denial of service attacks. These vulnerabilities degrade the confidentiality, integrity, availability and trust in the digital communication systems. This research proposes a secure cyber communication framework using blockchain technology to bypass the limitations of the current systems. The framework uses decentralised distributed ledger technology, public/private key cryptography, digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions and smart contracts to facilitate the secure transmission of messages, authenticate user identity and maintain a tamper-proof record of messages. All messages will be encrypted, digitally signed for authenticity and validated using consensus before being permanently recorded onto the blockchain. This architecture will reduce reliance on third-party intermediaries while providing greater resilience and transparency against cyber-attacks, as well as eliminating single points of failure. Performance, scalability and energy consumption will also be discussed in this study. According to the results, use of blockchain for cyber-communication is associated with high levels of security; therefore, the use of blockchain in future decentralised communication networks should result in more secure, trustworthy, and reliable systems within all key industries. Key Words: Blockchain Technology, Cyber Communication, Secure Messaging, Distributed Ledger, Cryptography, Digital Signatures, Smart Contracts, Decentralization, Data Integrity, Network Security

Ms.Priyadarshini S Mrs.Deepa V

Block chain technology has gained significant attention across multiple domains such as finance, healthcare, education, and real estate. It serves as the foundational technology behind cryptocurrencies, enabling secure and decentralized digital transactions. Transactions are carried out using digital wallets on computing devices and are permanently recorded as blocks linked together in a distributed ledger known as the block chain. This paper presents a comprehensive study of block chain technology, its operational principles, consensus mechanisms, and real-world applications. It also explores the integration of artificial intelligence techniques to enhance security, scalability, and trust in block chain-based cryptocurrency systems.

Abdul Hameed Mohammed

The convergence of the Internet of Things and edge computing represents a fundamental transformation in distributed computing architecture. Traditional cloud-centric models introduce latency and connectivity dependencies flawed for time-touchy packages. Side computing addresses such constraints by positioning computational sources at network peripheries. Distributed processing paradigms restructure data pipelines through intermediate layers between endpoint devices and centralized infrastructure. Fog nodes extend cloud capabilities to locations where data originates. Tiered computation models distinguish between device-level processing, gateway computation, and cloud-based analytics. Aspect synthetic intelligence allows deployment of state-of-the-art machine learning models on resource-limited hardware. Neural network compression strategies consisting of quantization and pruning lessen version complexity while keeping accuracy. Fifth-generation wireless networks provide a connectivity fabric essential for distributed deployments. Multi-access edge computing positions processing resources at radio access network edges. Computation offloading transfers tasks from mobile devices to edge servers strategically. Security frameworks address expanded attack surfaces through zero-trust models and blockchain-based identity management. Distributed ledger architectures eliminate centralized credential repositories. Smart contracts automate security policy enforcement across edge networks reliably.

Harsha Gowda R, Sahana M Gowda, Chethan J, Gopika R · 5 authors

The healthcare industry continues to have issues regarding the transparency and trust of the financial transactions, and especially in case of handling of insurance claims and the funding of the patient. Intermediaries and centralization is generally accompanied by inefficiencies, delay and lack of accountability. To eliminate these problems, in this paper, Medicare Chain is proposed as a decentralized blockchain-based fund management system in order to ensure the secure and transparent medical transaction. The system utilizes smart contracts of the Ethereum network to automate the process of transfer of funding between the patients, doctors and donors without the need of centralized authority in the process. Data and transaction logs of nurses is set into the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to ensure integrity and prevent any kind of tampering. Django-based web interface allows users authentication, access control and access to the blockchain network. By introducing a framework for auditable, secure and efficient management of medical funds using the concepts of decentralization, the proposed framework shows the possibilities of decentralized systems to create more reliability and trust amongst the healthcare ecosystems.

Niral Parmar, Hetal Parmar, Krushi Savani, Fakhruddin Kamdar

Everybody throws around the term "blockchain" these days, like it's some secret sauce. But smart contracts are where things actually start to get interesting. Forget endless forms and relying on someone's handshake; smart contracts handle things automatically. They're just coded agreements that trigger themselves no middlemen, no second-guessing if someone's being honest. You know what you're getting. This review looks at how smart contracts are changing the game in two touchy areas: healthcare and voting, where trust and privacy can't be taken lightly. Dealing with healthcare is usually a hassle. People lose records, insurance companies bounce you around, and privacy feels flimsy. With smart contracts, you're in charge of your data, claims happen faster, and private info stays private. Doctors can share what they need to, without breaking the rules. Voting? It's had trust issues forever people aren't sure their votes count for anything. Smart contracts clean things up. They make voting more transparent, help stop fraud, and lock down the results. You can check your ballot and know nobody's changing numbers behind the scenes. Of course, it's not all smooth sailing blockchain slows down when things get big, laws haven't caught up, some of the interfaces are confusing, and big organizations don't like change. This paper covers what works, what needs help, and where things could go next.

Kunal Kumar Mandal, Abhoy Chand Mondal

No abstract is available for this record.

C. R. Reshma, B. R. Arun Kumar

No abstract is available for this record.

Efe Büke

The exponential growth of digital finance—encompassing online banking, digital assets, decentralized finance (DeFi), and algorithmic trading—has intensified the need for robust cybersecurity frameworks. However, the rise of quantum computing presents a dual challenge: while it enables revolutionary advances in data analytics and optimization, it simultaneously threatens the cryptographic foundations of contemporary financial systems. This research explores the emerging field of quantum cybersecurity and its implications for safeguarding financial infrastructures in the post-quantum era. Traditional encryption methods such as RSA, ECC, and Diffie–Hellman key exchange are vulnerable to quantum attacks, particularly through Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s search algorithm, which can efficiently break asymmetric and symmetric cryptographic schemes. The study evaluates quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols—including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial encryption—as viable solutions for ensuring financial data integrity, transaction confidentiality, and regulatory compliance in quantum-vulnerable environments. Furthermore, it investigates Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) as hardware-assisted techniques for achieving unconditional security in financial communications and transaction authentication. By integrating quantum cryptography, hybrid encryption, and AI-driven threat modeling, this work outlines a roadmap for financial institutions transitioning toward quantum-secure infrastructures. The findings demonstrate that quantum cybersecurity is not merely a defensive measure but a transformative enabler for resilient digital finance, aligning with global efforts to achieve technological sovereignty, financial stability, and sustainable innovation in the era of quantum computing.

Settypalli Mahendra Reddy, Kongani Mahesh, Kanduri GnanaPraneeth, Swaminadhan Rajula

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across critical sectors has introduced unprecedented security challenges. While Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides powerful tools for threat detection, AI models themselves are vulnerable to data poisoning and adversarial attacks. This paper introduces a novel hybrid framework that synergistically integrates AI with blockchain technology to create a secure and resilient data transmission ecosystem for the IoT. Our architecture utilizes AI-driven techniques, including simulated federated learning, for privacy-preserving anomaly detection at the network edge. A blockchain-based ledger then provides tamper-resistant data validation and immutable record-keeping. The system employs smart contracts on a private Ethereum testnet, combined with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for efficient off-chain storage, ensuring both data integrity and provenance. We evaluated the framework in a simulated environment using benchmark datasets, including CICIDS2017 and UNSW-NB15. The results show a high efficacy in detecting sophisticated attacks, with a Random Forest classifier achieving 98.46

Shwetha K R, Divya G S, Bhavan Pande, Darshan K · 6 authors

Due to the ever-increasing demand to use safe and reliable electronic votes, a blockchain-based secure voting system has been developed to enhance transparency, trustfulness, and voter recognition. This system eliminates such issues as voting fraud, impersonation, and manipulating the results by means of biometric verification and decentralized blockchain ledger. The voters are matched to a facial-recognition database containing previously registered voters before voting. It is authenticated by a K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) approach as it works well on classifying facial features and is not very laborious. After the vote is successfully authenticated, it is stored and signed on a blockchain network where it cannot be altered by another party. The features of smart contracts ensure the safety of voting, the correct counting of votes, and the awareness of each network node of what is happening. The cryptography of hashing and decentralized make certain that the votes are immutable, due to the decentralized structure of blockchain and consensus mechanisms. The face-matching module ensures that only the qualified individuals are allowed to vote. The system also supports mass elections and guarantees the ease of interaction among the voters. It was designed in such a way that it is scalable and user friendly. Trust, security, and efficiency are enhanced in the system through biometrical authentication, distributed ledger technology, encryption, and classification through machine-learning. It is highly dependable in how to conduct the current digital elections.

Ganga Shirisha M S

This paper presents a privacy-preserving intrusion detection architecture tailored for smart home environments, addressing the dual challenge of maintaining data confidentiality while enabling accurate anomaly detection. The proposed system replaces conventional raw data analysis with a proof-driven mechanism leveraging Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). Behavioral patterns from smart devices such as motion sensors, door contacts, and environmental monitors are abstracted into cryptographic representations, which are then processed by a zk-SNARK-compatible machine learning model. Inference results are accompanied by cryptographic proofs verifying the correctness of each decision without disclosing the input data. A private blockchain layer, implemented using Ethereum smart contracts, records event hashes, proof metadata, and decision outcomes to ensure tamper-evident logging and automated response handling. Experimental simulations on synthetic home automation datasets demonstrate that the architecture achieves over 92% anomaly detection accuracy while ensuring zero exposure of raw sensor streams. The system also exhibits low-latency proof generation (~400 ms) and end-to-end response time under 1.2 seconds, confirming its suitability for real-time smart home applications.

Rabees Paroshan, Srivaitheeswari.M, Abhishek Kumar.S.A, S. Pavithra

Quantum computing has positioned itself as a serious threat to traditional cryptography, undermining the very foundation of present-day methods of transaction and the popularly used digital payment systems. Here lies an interest in proposing a platform that can remedy these quantum-age risks present in payment mechanisms. The intended aim thus becomes that of building a secure and scalable payment system that uses quantum computing algorithms to train AI models for fraud detection in real-time, QKD to manage key security, and PQC to securely encrypt transaction data. For privacy, ZKP will be used to verify the transaction without revealing any details from it. Also, the platform will integrate multichain blockchains with quantum sharding, allowing separate processing, and distribution of transaction storage. Experimental results have shown that the proposed platform can resist quantum attacks, attain more accuracy in ratio detection, and improve the transaction speed more than the average blockchain solutions. The novelty of this research stands on the enhanced multichain blockchain architecture and improved Zero-Knowledge Proof protocols, which improve scalability and privacy. By bringing multichain architecture, quantum computing, QKD, and PQC into one model, this platform sets the benchmark for a secure, scalable, and affordable digital payment system.

Tunahan TİMUÇİN, Sümeyye Bayrakdar, Ezgi Kara Timuçin, Muhammed Enes Bayrakdar

In this paper, a cognitive radio medical sensor network based on smart contract is proposed for secure communication in field hospitals. Field hospitals usually utilize cognitive radio based opportunistic networks for health data transmissions due to extraordinary sudden occasions. And, cognitive radio based opportunistic networks is prone to risks. So, security is a crucial factor for opportunistic networks in cognitive process such as spectrum sensing [1]. Secure data transmission is very important for patient related sensed data in field hospitals. Failure to transmit, or incorrect transmission of values such as vitamin levels, glucose levels in the blood can critically impact the treatment applied to the patient [2]. In our network structure, sensor nodes use the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) technique for medical communication. Utilizing our smart contract based approach, security measures were taken in the field hospital environment. Since secure communication is crucial in field hospitals, a smart contract-based data sensing approach is proposed to enhance network security. Sensor nodes are placed to cover the whole region to sense parameters. The values sensed by the sensor nodes were composed by the base station. The simulation model of our proposed approach was implemented using Riverbed Modeler software. Owing to our proposed smart contract based approach for cognitive medical sensor networks, the field hospital environment was supervised securely with wireless sensor nodes.

Manoj Kumar, Urmila Pilania, Mazdak Zamani

A smart healthcare system integrates advanced technologies to improve patient care and patient health records, enhance operational efficiency of health records, and reduce costs. In healthcare data security is the main issue due to the increased use of technology. We need to address the problems of data security, consistency, integrity, and transparency. Blockchain technology replaces centralized data management with decentralized and immutable ledgers. Blockchain is a distributed ledger system that records transactions via a network of linked nodes in a safe, transparent, and unchangeable manner. Blockchain provides real-time access, data integrity, and secrecy by utilizing cryptographic concepts. The smart contracts are used to automate and secure healthcare data exchange between various entities, making it more efficient and transparent. Different entities such as patients, doctors, laboratories, and pharmacies are created in this work. Blockchain technology securely stores complete histories, including allergies and treatment plans, revolutionizing the administration of medical information. The transparency and immutability of blockchain technology facilitate the verification of medicine validity at every stage of the supply chain, from the producer to the patient.

Jian Xiong, Rajamohan Parthasarathy, Yinqing Tang, Binwen Huang

This paper proposes the design of electronic medical record system supported by multimedia communication based on blockchain technology. Blockchain technology ensures the secure storage and sharing of patient information through distributed ledger and smart contract algorithm. In this system, smart contracts are used to automatically execute cross-institutional data access control and audit functions to ensure the transparency and compliance of data access. At the same time, this paper introduces multimedia communication technology to support the efficient transmission and sharing of medical data, especially in diagnostic images, videos and voice. Simulation results show that the electronic medical record system based on blockchain has significantly improved data processing efficiency, security and reliability compared with traditional systems.

Yamin Huang

This study aims at the optimization of the blockchain security modeling algorithms in digital economy smart contracts. From a theoretical perspective, this study proposes a smart contract security enhancement method based on blockchain technology. First., the existing blockchain security mechanism is comprehensively analyzed by reviewing the latest research results. The model focuses on the access control vulnerabilities, consensus mechanism risks and data tampering issues of smart contracts. On this basis, this study designs an optimization algorithm that combines sliding window segmentation, time series feature extraction and multi-layer security strategy. Such fusion operations can improve the security and anti-attack capabilities of smart contracts. In addition, the echo state network (ECHOSN) is introduced to conduct smart contract risk assessment. This operation further enhances the stability of smart contracts. The experiment is verified using real blockchain network data SmartBugs. The results show that the optimization algorithm is significantly better than the traditional method in reducing the risk of data tampering. The accuracy (99.24%) and F1 value (93.67%) can meet the accuracy requirements in real scenarios.

V. C. Patel, Prit Shah, Nitin Rathore, Vinod Patel · 6 authors

The Internet of Things (IoT) generally provides details on every online object. It manages the operations remotely and monitors them without human intervention. It can adjust to the circumstances either instantly or via experience. Users’ security and privacy are now top concerns due to the widespread use of IoT devices in many applications. Cyber-attacks are eroding the current security and privacy rules exponentially. Recently, Blockchain technology emerged as one of the IoT&s;s most sophisticated methods. Blockchain technology was created to enable digital transactions and offer dependable, secure access to distributed ledgers. Blockchain technology was created to enable digital transactions and offer dependable and secure distributed ledger accessibility. Thanks to blockchain technology, trustworthy third parties are not necessary for secure transactions between users. The blockchain will record the rate at which each node transmits data packets. Consequently, Machine Learning (ML) methods are implemented to generate accurate outputs from extensive and intricate databases, thereby facilitating prediction and detecting vulnerabilities in IoT-based systems. It is possible to gather data from heterogeneous sensors by converting the various value types for different sensors. It is not anticipated to attain its peak level in addition to the rapid spread of IoT systems through worldwide protection. Most people lack the knowledge or skills necessary to secure devices on their own due to the pervasiveness of IoT. In the context of the IoT, ML is quite effective in resolving safety issues. This study reviews an IoT secure data transmission model for ML-based data security models in coordination with blockchain. This study demonstrates that the levels of secure data transmission are higher than those of the current models when compared to the traditional ones.

Prithika Manivel, Ramesh Kumar Yadav

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative solution for ensuring transparency, security, and immutability in student feedback management within OBE frameworks. Traditional feedback systems often suffer from inefficiencies, data manipulation risks, and lack of trust, necessitating the integration of decentralized and tamper-proof mechanisms. This book chapter explores the potential of blockchain and smart contracts in addressing these challenges by establishing a secure, transparent, and immutable student feedback system. The study examines the scalability limitations of blockchain networks and investigates advanced optimization techniques, including Layer 2 scaling solutions, sharding mechanisms, and hybrid storage models, to enhance performance and efficiency. The chapter highlights energy-efficient consensus protocols to improve sustainability in educational blockchain applications. Data availability challenges in off-chain storage and interoperability issues with existing LMS are also analyzed to ensure seamless adoption. By leveraging blockchain’s decentralized architecture, cryptographic security, and automated validation mechanisms, institutions can enhance the reliability and accountability of student feedback systems. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on blockchain applications in education, offering a scalable and efficient model for feedback management in OBE.

Mohan Reddy Sareddy, Muhammad Farhan

No abstract is available for this record.

Sunil Prajapat, Pankaj Kumar, Ashok Kumar Das, Ghulam Muhammad

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed numerous domains through the AI of Things (AIoT). Nonetheless, AIoT encounters issues related to energy usage and carbon emissions as mobile technology continues to progress. Generative AI (GAI) possesses significant potential to mitigate carbon emissions associated with AIoT, owing to its higher reasoning and generative powers. Conventional security protocols frequently encounter issues with computational efficiency, latency, and overall security comprehensiveness. Blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized and immutable properties, is a viable approach for improving electronic healthcare data transmission and node authentication in IoT networks. This research examines secure data transmission and node encryption in IoT systems, with a particular emphasis on data management. Conventional approaches encounter constraints in computational efficiency, latency, and comprehensive security. This study presents a novel protocol that combines GAI and blockchain technology with quantum encryption to enhance authentication and ensure secure data transmission. The algorithm comprises multiple consecutive processes, including the encoding and transmission of node requests, followed by the authentication process utilizing hash functions and digital signatures. The authentication approach utilizes a challenge-response technique, guaranteeing that only nodes with authentic credentials can advance. Thereafter, a dynamic key exchange protocol and quantum encryption method provide secure data delivery. The results indicate the procedure’s effectiveness in ensuring secure and regulated access to patient data, underscoring its significance in medical facilities. The system’s functionalities are augmented by a thorough evaluation employing machine learning. The findings indicate that the system exhibits an accuracy of 99.4%, precision of 99.10%, recall of 98.66%, F1-score of 98.50%, and security of 99.2%. An extensive analysis and comparison with the state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the significant advancements of the suggested method in tackling cryptographic security challenges. The algorithm offers a thorough approach to protecting IoT applications, especially in managing healthcare data.

Dinesh Kumar K, J. Gobinath, Jayavadivel Ravi, S. Saravanakumar · 6 authors

This research proposes a new approach for developing and implementing a smart communication system of IoT through developmental blockchain technology. Regarding the proposed solution, it is suggested that a distributed ledger can improve security, reliability, and efficiency of communication of IoT devices. They tackle issues such as data integrity, privacy and security in IoT networks as well as the problem of trust in such networks. The solution provides a decentralised and secure IoT ecosystem communication hence allowing monitoring, controlling and administration of the IoT build ecosystems in real time. Blockchain technology, however, when combined with nextgeneration communication interfaces and modern data analysis techniques, can offer various superior characteristics such as device identification, origin of information, etc. to IoT applications. It also enhances the dependability and capacity of IoT systems regarding capability and efficiency. Analysis and performance comparisons substantiate the performance benefits of the proposed intelligent communication system based on blockchain technology In addition these theoretical and performance analyses and experimental evaluation confirm the applicability and potential of the blockchain-based intelligent communication system to transform IoT communication models and facilitate the new generation of eIOT applications in a number of fields. The key to the solution to incorporate blockchain fundamental infrastructure to augment the communication channel of IoT devices. Using cryptography and consensus methodologies with the decentralized framework, integrity and confidentiality of the data is properly maintained because of the barriers of malicious interception or manipulation of the data. The communication system also boosts trust within the network participants because it offers a decentralized and immutable ledger of data transactions on the blockchain. Instead, one of the compelling benefits of this solution is that real-time monitoring, controlling, and management of the IoT systems can be made. This helps the stakeholders to closely monitor and manage the IoT deployments in a very efficient and enhanced manner the performance and reliability of the overall systems.

M. S. Minu, K. S. Dattatreya, J. Mitesh, G. Raghunath · 6 authors

Elections in university settings frequently have difficulties with transparency, security, and accessibility. Traditional voting systems are prone to various issues, such as manipulation and logistical complexities. Over the past few years, blockchain technology has arisen as a hopeful remedy to tackle these obstacles, offering a transparent, secure, and decentralized avenue for conducting electronic voting (e-voting). This project presents a conceptual architecture for implementing a blockchain-based e-voting system tailored specifically for university-level elections. The suggested framework utilizes the intrinsic characteristics of blockchain to ensure the honesty and equity of the voting procedure. Key components of the architecture include a distributed ledger for recording votes, smart contracts for enforcing voting rules and conducting tallying, and a user-friendly interface for voters to cast their ballots securely.