Blockchain Papers

Omidreza Heydaritafreshi, Mehran Hajiaghapour‐Moghimi, Ehsan Hajipour

No abstract is available for this record.

Chuankang Miao, Hao Ding, Lihua Wang, Zhaomin Wang · 7 authors

This paper presents an innovative access control model for decentralized power systems by integrating zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs). The proposed model addresses the growing need for secure, privacy-preserving management of access rights within distributed energy infrastructures. By leveraging zk-SNARKs, the system ensures that authorization can be validated without disclosing sensitive information, thereby enhancing both security and operational transparency. The model is rigorously analyzed through a combination of theoretical proofs and simulation experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating unauthorized access and reducing computational overhead. Our findings indicate that the zk-SNARK-based approach not only fortifies the security framework of decentralized power systems but also facilitates scalable and efficient access management. This work provides a critical step towards the realization of robust, privacy-aware energy networks in the era of smart grids and distributed generation.

Yankun Sun, Xiaolong Tang, Yile Jiang

In recent years, various digital currencies have emerged, among which Bitcoin has been widely accepted as an alternative to sovereign currencies for commodity trading. However, the dramatic volatility of bitcoin prices can pose a risk to global financial markets. In this paper, we firstly construct a more comprehensive forecasting index system from seven aspects, and then construct a VMD-GRU model. This model uses the variational modal decomposition (VMD) to decompose the time series into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and use gated recurrent unit (GRU) to forecast different IMFs. This paper also compares the forecast results with classical machine learning models and deep learning models, and the results show that the forecast accuracy of the VMD-GRU model is more than 16% better than other models.

Asysta Amalia Pasaribu

Investment is an activity that is popular nowadays. Profitable investments are the hope of every investor. By investing. investors expect the invested assets to generate returns and to obtain profits for future life In investment studies. the most frequently discussed topic is the fluctuations. whether increases or decreases. of an asset's price (stocks). The risk of investment is loss in financial. The fluctuations of stock prices represent risks in the investment field. One measure used to determine gains and losses from stock prices is the return. To know return from data. we may use the compound return formula. Returns have empirical facts that require several tests. In this study. the empirical facts of returns are that the returns are not autocorrelated (autocorrelation function) and that the returns are leptokurtic distributed (thick-tailed distribution). We use the price data of Bitcoin (BTC) and Gasoline (UGA) from January 1. 2019. to December 31. 2023. The main of purpose of this research is to show empirical analysis of the Bitcoin and Gasoline return data. The results of the empirical analysis show that the return of stock price for Bitcoin (BTC) and Gasoline (UGA) meet the empirical properties of returns so that they can capture a good volatility model.

Shaowei Liu, Xue Liu, Chengnian Long

As blockchain technology is widely applied across various fields, the performance requirements of blockchain systems, such as throughput and transaction latency, are increasing. In this context, blockchain systems have gradually evolved to adopt a two-phase consensus protocol that involves election and block generation. By electing a small number of nodes from a large-scale network to form a committee, a more efficient internal consensus protocol can be executed, thereby improving the overall performance of the blockchain system. This paper proposes a node performance detection method based on smart contracts, which sets performance thresholds for committee nodes without compromising the decentralization of public chains. This ensures high performance, low latency, and enhances the reliability of the consensus protocol.

Jingzhi Liu, Zhidong Liu, Xiancheng Zhong, Shoulian Yang · 6 authors

In recent years, the rapid advancement of smart terminals and wireless networks has led to exponential growth in the number of powers of IoT devices and the volume of data. These data resources have become important assets for power enterprises, significantly enhancing the intelligent perception, internal control capabilities, and customer service efficiency of power grids. However, as a national critical infrastructure, electric power data is highly susceptible to cyberattacks, and if leaked, it can pose significant security risks and result in substantial economic losses. Therefore, power enterprises must strengthen data security protection and address security challenges in data exchange, sharing, and mining. This paper proposes a cloud-edge collaborative smart grid data security sharing scheme, which combines zero-knowledge proof technology and a secret sharing scheme to achieve fine-grained access control and privacy protection for user requests. For authenticated legitimate users, a homomorphic encryption algorithm is used to enable secure queries of specific data in the database. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the distributed data access authentication and secure query scheme proposed in this paper.

A. M. A. Daiyan Kaif, Khandoker Shahjahan Alam, Sajal K. Das, Guo Chen · 6 authors

A novel architecture for smart meters in a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is introduced in this research. By integrating blockchain technology, the system not only measures and quantifies diverse consumer data but also facilitates immediate control, hence improving demand responsiveness in a VPP environment. Mathematical models were created to optimize profit, battery reserve, and power balance. A novel transaction and security algorithm that enables peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions in a secure setting is used in conjunction with a power flow algorithm for real time monitoring and control to implement the proposed model. The lightweight characteristics of the algorithms enable faster and more effective computer processing. The unique identifier issued to each smart meter facilitates seamless integration with a blockchain smart contract, therefore enabling improved and secure P2P transactions. An innovative experimental setup demonstrated the framework’s ability to effectively manage energy flows while maintaining seamless wireless connection with the grid and executing transactions. The smart meter demonstrated exceptional efficiency in load management, resulting in an average loss of 1.9524W. A dedicated dapp was created just for this purpose. Through the strategic integration of algorithms and blockchain technology, this framework enhances the efficiency and reliability of the metering infrastructure, while also enabling secure transactions.

Jiawen Fang, Junlang Zhang, Z. G. Yu, Chuming Guan · 5 authors

In order to solve the limitations of externally held accounts (EOA) and contract accounts (CA), Ethereum proposed to combine the two and design an abstract account, which can both initiate transactions and execute code. The Gas payment mechanism of abstract accounts has the risk of user information leakage. In order to solve the problem of user privacy, this paper proposes to use zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to strengthen user privacy protection, and designs a technical framework for the interaction between Dapps and abstract account wallets; in order to meet the needs of multi-circuit and high efficiency, zero-knowledge proof is combined with BLS technology, and a Gas payment scheme based on proof aggregation and BLS signature (GP-PABLS) is designed; finally, the feasibility and efficiency of the experimental test scheme are designed, which improves the privacy and friendliness of users, provides theoretical and technical guidance for the development of abstract accounts and Gas payment mechanisms, and further promotes the development and improvement of blockchain applications.

Ali Menati, Yuting Cai, Rayan El Helou, Chao Tian · 5 authors

We model the operation of a cryptocurrency mining facility with heterogeneous mining devices participating in ancillary services as an optimization problem. We propose a general formulation for the cryptominers to maximize their profit by strategically participating in ancillary services and controlling the loss of mining revenue, which requires taking into account the disparity in the efficiency of the mining machines. The optimization formulation is considered for both offline and online scenarios, and optimal algorithms are proposed to solve these problems. As a special case of our problem, we investigate cryptominers' participation in frequency regulation, where the miners benefit from their fast-responding devices and contribute to grid stability. Simulation results based on real-world Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) traces show more than 20\\% gain in profit, highlighting the advantage of our proposed algorithms.

Mehran Hajiaghapour‐Moghimi, Omidreza Heydaritafreshi, Ehsan Hajipour, Mehdi Vakilian · 5 authors

Cryptocurrency has become a pivotal player in global financial transactions due to its decentralized mining process, which eliminates the need for intermediaries. However, the operation of cryptocurrency mining devices (CMDs) requires significant electrical power, leading to an increase in network-connected cryptocurrency mining loads (CMLs) that pose challenges for power grid operators. This paper evaluates the integration of CMLs into power grids, focusing on distribution network performance. A technology-accepted model for assessing cryptocurrency mining performance is presented, along with an analysis of the impacts of high CML penetration on power grid planning and operation. Findings reveal that high CML penetration can complicate load forecasting, congest transmission lines, and increase the coincident peak load in distribution networks. A case study of Iran’s power network indicates that CMLs account for approximately 2.8% of the nation’s electricity consumption. Furthermore, if 5% of residential customers in Tehran install CMDs, the average coincident peak demand for this group rises by 26.81%. Additionally, the average power factor of a sample CMD is about 0.99, while total current distortion and third harmonic current exceed permissible limits, indicating potential power quality issues. This study highlights the challenges posed by CMLs and proposes strategies for their sustainable integration into power grids.

Anindita Samanta, Subir Majumder, Hasan Ibrahim, Prasad Enjeti · 5 authors

In this paper, we developed an Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) model tailored for large cryptocurrency mining loads to understand the cross-interaction of these loads with the electric grid. The load model has been built using Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) software. We have cross-validated the tripping characteristics of the EMT model of this load with commercial application-specific integrated circuit miners, typically used by large-scale mining facilities, by comparing the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capabilities. Subsequently, LVRT capabilities of the large-scale miners have been tested against various fault scenarios both within the miner’s remote facility as well as at one of the distant buses of the interconnected grid. The significance of this model lies in its scalability to accommodate larger blocks of mining loads and its seamless integration into a larger electric grid.

Qing Wang, Zhen Jing, Zhi Zhang, Pingxin Wang · 5 authors

The massive installation of smart meters on the customer side plays an important role in the collection and analysis of multi-user data. However, the current way of power grid collecting electricity data is consistent with the centralized grid control, and this way cannot cope with the new demand of multiparty data interaction and integration in the future. Blockchain technology integrates cryptography, distributed ledger technology and data sharing, which can enhance the security of power measurement data. To improve the performance of power data transmission and transaction, this paper combines blockchain smart contracts with the practicality in the field of power measurement, and proposes a smart contract based on the identification of hydrogen energy users, which analyzes the nodes containing hydrogen energy and identifies different nodes to complete the contract.

Payman Rezaei, Masoud Aliakbar Golkar

Cryptocurrency mining farms (CMFs), as a new type of electrical load in the power grid, can cause issues in terms of security and stability due to their high consumption and excessive grid loading. These problems can lead to disruptions in the performance of the grid, resulting in increased network maintenance and repair costs, reduced reliability, and diminished power quality. Therefore, this article proposes an energy management framework for a microgrid in the presence of renewable sources and CMFs. The proposed model includes two stages of day-ahead and real-time scheduling. The first stage focuses on the day-ahead scheduling, minimizing the operation cost while increasing reliability. The second stage updates the first stage planning to minimize fluctuations for 5-minute time windows. The impact of increasing the demand of CMF on the operation cost is evaluated, and the results show that despite a 50% increase in demand, the overall cost increases by 7.34%.

Da Li, Qinglei Guo, Desheng Bai, Wei Zhang

Virtual power plants are among the promising ways that variable generation and flexible demand may be optimally balanced in the future. The virtual power plant is an important branch of the energy internet, and it plays an important role in the aggregation of distributed power generation resources and the establishment of virtual power resource transactions. However, in the existing virtual power plant model, the following problems are becoming increasingly prominent, such as safeguard, credit rating system, privacy protection, benefit distribution. Firstly, the operation and transaction mechanism of the virtual power plant was introduced. Then, the blockchain technology is introduced into the virtual power plant transaction to make it more conducive to the information transparent, stable dispatch system, data security, and storage security. Finally, the operation and transaction system based on blockchain technology for the virtual power plant was design.

Jijun Wang, Menghan Xu, Mingsheng Xu

Facing the new situation of gradually liberalizing the power generation and consumption plan, accelerating the construction of the spot market and the rapid development of the energy internet, new requirements are put forward for the power market trading system. The security of the power market trading system is not only related to the fairness of market competition, but also related to the security of the power grid. Therefore, in order to establish a reliable power online trading system, this article constructs a decentralized traceability system based on the idea of blockchain. By storing and verifying the data of electricity supply chain on kadelima distributed peer-to-peer network and ethereum, a user data query service system is proposed.

Shi Quan-sheng, HUANG Xiaohui, Wei Hu, HAO Yixu · 5 authors

The current electricity transaction process in the electricity market has problems such as high risk, time-consuming, and low efficiency. In order to solve such problems, an improved smart contract electricity transaction model based on blockchain is proposed. The blockchain is a decentralized database with advantages such as non-tampering and encryption security. The blockchain has the advantages of decentralization and high securing. The blockchain and smart contract are applied in the proposed model to improve the efficiency and security of the electricity transaction process. Firstly, the existing problems of the current electricity transaction model are analyzed. Risk assessment is carried out. A decentralized electricity transaction scenario is constructed. Secondly, the reliability coefficient is combined with smart contracts to establish an improved smart contract electricity transaction model based on blockchain. Finally, the feasibility of the model is verified by simulating electricity transaction. The results show that the improved smart contract electricity transaction model proposed is more efficient than the existing transaction model. The model effectively reduces the risk of being attacked and maintain the power market transaction order, thus providing a new idea for the electricity market transaction mode.

Taeyun Ha, Donghyun Lee, Chunghyun Lee, Sungrae Cho

We design the power smart contract system based on VCG-auction-based transaction algorithm and block chain in the power trading market consisting of Prosumer (producer + consumer) capable of producing renewable energy. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy and the differences between power sources are analyzed in detail. Investigate production and storage technology of renewable energy. The requirements and roles are organized from the perspective of the buyer/seller/intermediation system/blockchain, and the scenario is established. Establish overall system flow.

Chao Deng, Yong Yan, Keyuan Wang, Hongtao Xia · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Teng Ma, Yang Liu, Jun Liu, Zheng Jiang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhen Xue, Xiaoting Pan, Zitong Lv, Tao Liu

Abstract As a decentralized, open, transparent, fair and peer-to-peer distributed database technology, blockchain has the technical characteristics of anti-counterfeiting, anti tampering, traceability and efficiency improvement, which had attracted the attention of many industries including energy and power industry. This paper first analyzed the pain points such as data security sharing, power transaction security and power transaction mode and so on, in current energy and power business, expounded the role of blockchain in solving the above business pain points. Then designed an application framework of blockchain in power business, and illustrated power transaction and supply chain finance to describe the application of blockchain. Finally, prospected the application prospect of blockchain in power industry.

J. Mary Anita, Roma Raina

Smart grid (SG) has given a better vision for electricity infrastructure. The quality, quantity of power transmitted and the usage of available data from smart sensing, metering and communication has dramatically increased with the introduction of smart grid to power systems. SG also has empowered customer participation by managing their load pattern to take advantage of choosing their supply and pricing options. The heart of the SG lies on the communication between the consumers and the grid operators. Grids operators need the real time customer meter data to schedule their supply and pricing policies and the consumers need the same to manage their loads. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) uses Aggregation Protocol with Error Detection (APED) to improve the security of data. The SG with SCADA is facilitated by data acquisitions which includes the meter reading, system conditions, etc. that are monitored and transmitted at regular intervals in real time. The security of data transfer is assured by the introduction of improvised Ciphertext Policy_ Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE) is used to achieve the security parameters like confidentiality, integrity, and availability in cloud computing. Block chain-based systems combine distributed register and cryptographic security measures. Introduction of block chain in SG has revolutionized the functioning of SG with smart contracts, and transaction of huge amount of data in a fully decentralized market platform.This paper reviews the modern technologies used in smart grid communication based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard to the SG and how it is modified to ensure effective, efficient and economical and secured communication of the huge real time data from the smart meters.

Siyuan Chen, Yuyang Bai, Yinya Zhang, Xiaohong Liu · 8 authors

Distributed generations are expected to develop rapidly in the electric power system. As an essential infrastructure, the structure of electricity market moves to distributed or decentralized network. Without a central coordinator, transaction security and optimal dispatch will be a challenge. In this paper, blockchain and edge computing are used to be a potential solution of decentralized electricity market. A decentralized electricity pricing algorithm is installed in the onsite edge computing terminal, and then the transactions are implemented in blockchain. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the availability of pricing mechanism.

Keaton A. Wheeler, Anthony W. Bowers

This paper presents the actual measured site data obtained from an operational cryptocurrency mining site. A comparative analysis is then presented to demonstrate the consistency between previously reported test data and operational behaviors of cryptocurrency mine sites. The analysis includes simulation results which utilize the previously observed harmonic spectrum to determine expected distortion levels as a consequence of cryptocurrency mining loads. The effects of the cryptocurrency mining loads are then quantified through comparison to standards indicated in IEEE Std. 519.

Chen Xiao-lian, Xu Xiaohai, Guo Feng, Li Yang · 6 authors

With the development of energy Internet and the implementation of "cloud, big, material and mobile" strategy, the traditional centralized access authentication mode of power Internet of Things terminal is difficult to meet the ubiquitous application needs. Based on the super-ledger technology of alliance blockchain, this paper studies the distributed access authentication technology of power Internet of Things terminal, combines the key sharing and distribution protocol in secure multi-party computing with the super-ledger consensus algorithm, and proposes an effective access authentication scheme for power Internet of Things terminal. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has advantages in authentication time and resource consumption.