This paper presents a reformulation of the recently realized primary quantum current standard, based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects, within the framework of Quantum Measurement Units (QMU) derived from the Aether Physics Model (APM). In conventional SI metrology, the current standard is expressed as$$I = \left(\frac{n}{p}\right) e f_J,$$where $f_J$ is the Josephson frequency and $n/p$ is determined by the quantum Hall state. While numerically accurate, this expression compresses magnetic flux geometry and charge representation into the constants $h$ and $e$. In QMU, electrical quantities are expressed in distributed charge, allowing the roles of frequency, conductance, and flux geometry to be separated explicitly. The Josephson--Hall system is shown to realize the identities$$potn = \frac{freq}{cond}, \qquad curr = \frac{potn}{resn}.$$ This leads to the central result that the quantum current standard is fundamentally a \textit{potential closure} governed by frequency and conductance geometry, rather than a direct charge-transport relation. Within this framework: The Josephson effect provides a frequency source $freq = f_J$. The quantum Hall effect defines a discrete conductance geometry. Potential emerges as $potn = freq/cond$. Current follows as $curr = potn/resn$. The resulting current relation becomes$$curr = \left(\frac{n}{p}\right) {e_\mathrm{emax}}^{2} f_J,$$which is the QMU form of the experimental result and represents a realization of the general QMU current definition$$curr = {e_\mathrm{emax}}^{2} F_q.$$ The formulation also shows that conductance is the reciprocal of magnetic flux,$$cond = \frac{1}{mflx},$$and that quantization arises from discrete geometric partitioning of flux. Because all quantities are expressed in distributed charge, no unit mismatch occurs, and the resulting relations remain real-valued. The use of complex impedance in conventional formulations is therefore interpreted as arising from combining quantities of different physical character rather than from a fundamental requirement. This work is intentionally limited to the reinterpretation of an experimentally realized system. It does not attempt to replace quantum mechanical descriptions or provide a full treatment of time-dependent circuit behavior. Instead, it demonstrates that the Josephson--quantum Hall current standard can be expressed as a consistent QMU ledger with explicit geometric meaning. The SI expression is recovered as a projection through charge conversion, while the QMU formulation foregrounds the underlying frequency--flux geometry governing the system.
Bit commitment is a fundamental cryptographic primitive and a cornerstone for numerous two-party cryptographic protocols, including zero-knowledge proofs. However, it has been proven that unconditionally secure bit commitment, both classical and quantum, is impossible. In this work, we demonstrate that imposing a restriction on the committing party to perform only separable operations enables secure quantum bit commitment schemes. Specifically, we prove that in any perfectly hiding bit commitment protocol, an honestly-committing party limited to separable operations will be detected with high probability if they attempt to alter their commitment. To illustrate our findings, we present an example protocol.
Scott E. Smart, Jan-Niklas Boyn, David A. Mazziotti
The simulation of strongly correlated many-electron systems is one of the most promising applications for near-term quantum devices. Here we use a class of eigenvalue solvers [presented in Smart and Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 070504 (2021)] in which a contraction of the Schr\"odinger equation is solved for the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) to resolve the energy splittings of the ortho-, meta-, and para-isomers of benzyne ${\text{C}}_{6}{\text{H}}_{4}$. In contrast to the traditional variational quantum eigensolver, the contracted quantum eigensolver can solve an integration (or contraction) of the many-electron Schr\"odinger equation onto the two-electron space. The quantum solution of the anti-Hermitian part of the contracted Schr\"odinger equation provides a scalable approach with few variational parameters that has its foundations in 2-RDM theory. Experimentally, a variety of error-mitigation strategies enable the calculation, including a linear shift in the 2-RDM targeting the iterative nature of the algorithm as well as a projection of the 2-RDM onto the convex set of approximately $N$-representable 2-RDMs defined by the 2-positive $N$-representability conditions. The relative energies exhibit single-digit millihartree errors, capturing a large part of the electron correlation energy, and the computed natural orbital occupations reflect the significant differences in the electron correlation of the isomers.