<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bu tez çalışmasında, Ethereum platformunda yaygın olarak kullanılan akıllı </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">sözleşmelerin güvenlik zafiyetleri incelenmiş ve mevcut analiz yöntemlerinin etkinliği </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda, mevcut statik ve dinamik analiz </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">araçlarının, özellikle karmaşık yapıda olan akıllı sözleşmeler karşısında sınırlı kaldığı ve </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yeterli kod kapsamı sağlayamadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu soruna çözüm olarak, çalışmada </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">statik analiz ile desteklenen hedef odaklı bir fuzzing yöntemi önerilmiştir. Geliştirilen </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yaklaşım, rastgele veri üretiminin yerine, analiz öncesinde sözleşme yapısının </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">incelenmesine dayalı olarak, daha anlamlı ve kapsamlı test senaryoları üretmektedir.</span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gerçekleştirilen deneysel analizlerde, önerilen yöntem ile geleneksel fuzzing teknikleri </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">karşılaştırılmıştır. Etherscan üzerinden filtrelenerek elde edilen 13,644 akıllı sözleşmeden </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">oluşan veri seti aracılığıyla, farklı akıllı sözleşme kaynak kodları üzerinde yapılan </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">testlerde, önerilen yaklaşımın geleneksel fuzzing’e göre benzersiz giriş üretme oranında </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">%12, benzersiz işlem yürütme oranında %9, sonuç olarak kod kapsama oranında %11, </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zafiyet tespiti efektiflik oranında ise %15,28 daha başarılı sonuçlar verdiği</span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, güvenlik açıklarının tespitinde daha derinlemesine ve etkili </span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">bir analiz sağlandığını göstermektedir.</span></font> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div>
Yongxin Zhang, Jiacheng Yang, Hong Lei, Zijian Bao · 7 authors
A verifiable random function (VRF) is a pseudorandom function that enables source verification. By providing a public verification key and accompanying proof with the output, all parties can verify the correctness of the output without interaction. VRF has gained widespread adoption in blockchain applications, including Algorand, Ouroboros, and ChainLink. This article introduces SM2VRF, the first VRF based on the Chinese standard SM2 cryptographic algorithm, and extends it to a batch construction called SM2VRF-B for efficient verification of multiple sources. We showcase the applicability of SM2VRF in an electronic random committee election scenario, where the blockchain is utilized for storing candidate parameters and votes. By employing the Hamming distance, our scheme eliminates the risk of election failure. We provide a security proof for the proposed scheme, followed by an evaluation of the performance of both SM2VRF and SM2VRF-B. We implement our committee election scheme with Ethereum to assess the feasibility and efficiency.
Anthony Anyanwu, Samuel Onimisi Dawodu, Adedolapo Omotosho, Odunayo Josephine Akindote · 5 authors
This study examines blockchain applications in the USA's government systems, analyzing its effectiveness in public administration and governance. Blockchain technology, initially introduced as the underlying infrastructure for cryptocurrencies, has garnered substantial attention for its potential to transform various sectors, including government systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications and impacts of blockchain technology in the United States' governmental landscape. As governments worldwide seek innovative solutions to enhance transparency, efficiency, and security, blockchain emerges as a disruptive force with the capacity to reshape administrative processes. The study elucidates the fundamental principles of blockchain technology, emphasizing its decentralized and tamper-resistant nature. It also explores diverse applications within government systems, ranging from identity management and voting systems to supply chain traceability and public finance. The analysis delves into specific use cases, detailing how blockchain enhances data integrity, reduces fraud, and streamlines bureaucratic processes. Furthermore, the paper assesses the implications of blockchain adoption for government operations, highlighting potential benefits such as cost reduction, increased accountability, and enhanced citizen trust. Challenges and considerations, including scalability, interoperability, and regulatory frameworks, are scrutinized to provide a balanced understanding of the technology's limitations. The review extends to the United States' federal and state-level initiatives, examining pilot projects and ongoing implementations that leverage blockchain in areas such as land registries, healthcare data management, and procurement. Insights into the collaborative efforts between public and private sectors are explored, shedding light on the collaborative frameworks essential for successful blockchain integration. Ethical considerations and privacy concerns are addressed within the context of blockchain applications in government, emphasizing the need for robust safeguards to protect sensitive information while harnessing the transformative potential of the technology. This paper synthesizes the current state of blockchain technology in the United States' government systems, offering a nuanced understanding of its applications and impacts. As blockchain continues to mature and gain traction, this review contributes valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners, fostering a deeper appreciation for the transformative potential of blockchain in shaping the future of government operations.
Çalışma, markaların, yatırımcıların ve medyanın ilgisini çekerek giderek yaygınlaşan yeni bir kavram olan NFT uygulamalarının bilimsel ve akademik açıdan irdelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Salt sanatsal amaçlı olarak 2014 yılında ortaya çıkan ancak dijital pazarlamada özellikle 2021 yılından itibaren yaygınlaşarak uygulandığı gözlemlenen ve firmaların/markaların PR kapsamında oldukça olumlu geri dönüşler almasına olanak sağlayan NFT uygulamaları, günümüzde hem markaların hem de yatırımcıların ilgisini çekmiş durumdadır. Birçok firma/marka NFT faaliyetlerine “NFT’li ürün/eser satın alma” yoluyla başlamış olsa da zamanla, firmalar, olumlu geri dönüşleri göz önüne alarak, “NFT’li ürün/eser satışa sunma” yolunu tercih etmeye başlamışlardır. Bu olgunun/değişimin ve diğer yandan NFT faaliyetlerinin giderek yaygınlaşmasının başlıca nedenleri aynı zamanda çalışmada ulaşılan sonuçlara da işaret etmektedir. Bunlar; firmaların, sosyal sorumluluk projelerine destek sağlayarak PR açısından etkinlik kazanmayı ve böylece marka imajını güçlendirme faaliyetlerini arttırmayı amaçlamaları ayrıca Web 3.0 kullanıcısının sanal ortamdaki kazanımını reel dünyaya taşıma olanağıdır. İzleyici/tüketici açısından NFT’li ürün/eserlerin tercih edilme nedenleri arasında ise; yatırım, sadakat ve koleksiyonerlik sayılabilir. Bu çalışma ile NFT uygulamalarının, markalar açısından tercih edilme nedenleri, NFT uygulamalarının süreç içerisinde nasıl bir yol izlediği ve markaların bu faaliyetler kapsamında imaj güçlendirme çabaları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan “marka” kavramıyla, üretici firmalar kastedilmekte olup, “marka olmuş ünlüleri (brand celebrity)” kapsamamaktadır. Diğer yandan çalışmada, NFT faaliyetlerinde daha yaygın olan “NFT’li ürün/eser satışa sunma” yöntemine ilişkin olarak; gıda, moda, spor, sinema/eğlence, kozmetik, turizm, bankacılık ve ilaç sektörü uygulamaları ve örnekleri analiz edilerek irdelenmiştir. Araştırmaya ilişkin veriler, nitel bir araştırma yöntemi olan “doküman incelemesi” ve “literatür tarama” yöntemleriyle toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın, halka ilişkiler, bilişim, pazarlama ve sanat disiplinleri alanlarında daha sonra yapılacak NFT faaliyetlerine ilişkin diğer araştırma ve çalışmalara kaynak olması beklenmektedir.
Today, in the field of public service, it is very important and rooted in theory and practice all over the world changes are occurring. These changes are; change in the perspective of the state, management and service localization, and demilitarization. The management logic and techniques in the private sector manifests itself as the application of its management and services. In this direction, change on educational services are among the most important public services. Data are collected from national and international researches, report from OECD, World Bank reports and database, EU publications, UN IIEP (International Institute for Educational Planning) publications, Ministry of Education studies, thesis from Turkish Higher Education Counsil database, and articles from experts and researchers. The financial data are taken from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Treausory and Finance, Ministry of Interiors, and the municipalities' annual reports. This research is prepared to search the feasibility of decentralization of education services in Turkey. In this study, the results of the existing theories and the localization of educational services combined. Thus, the possible positive and negative effects of the decentralization of education services, negative economic, social and political effects have been tried to be revealed. In this context, legal ground, political environment, technical, administrative, and financial capacity of local government units, rent status, equality, necessary for the localization of education services in Turkey within the framework of factors such as the existence of the infrastructure is also examined. As a result of the study in question, there is a global scale decentralization in the field of education. There is a decentralization flow, but the current conditions of the decentralization of education services (especially under the responsibility of municipalities) in Turkey and the criteria discussed and it is concluded that it should be handled very carefully in terms of has been reached.
Ali Rıza Zafer SAYAR, Arif Engin Ergüden, Vedat Güven
Cryptocurrencies emerging with the development of information technologies, internet infrastructureand e-commerce in the world in the last ten years, are not connected to a central authority and are usedworldwide with cryptographic systems. Although Bitcoin is the most well-known and there are a widevariety of cryptographic currencies, the increase in the interest in these currencies and the widespreaduse of these currencies require the examination of tax, law and especially accounting.The definition and subsequent accounting of crypto assets creates a significant challenge. The lack of agovernment behind these assets, the absence of an issuing company in general, the fact that they havevery different characteristics and that they may have different features from conventional productsare the challenges ahead. Since there are no standard definitions and processes as a result of differentfeatures and applications, in this article, only bitcoin transactions have been studied to form a basis. Itwill be possible to expand the work on other crypto assets on the basis of this.
Karsten Schulz, Oskar Josef Gstrein, Andrej Zwitter
Societies at large still grapple to categorize digital space as a phenomenon. At the same time, scientists and developers are searching for innovative methods to better understand how the fundamental shifts caused by digital change will affect the future of humanity over the coming decades. Interdisciplinary governance research at the intersection of technological and environmental foresight is urgently needed to minimize the risks of technological change and explore how digitalization may support, hinder or re-shape sustainability transformations. In this article, we focus on the case of ‘blockchain’ or distributed-ledger technology (DLT) to investigate how recent digital technologies may support the implementation of sustainable development initiatives. Our investigation is centered on areas of public administration and governance which will most likely see an adoption of DLT over the next two decades, such as digital identity, social service provision, and innovative climate finance. To allow for a meaningful comparison of various use cases, we propose four guiding questions that can help researchers, decision-makers and practitioners to determine whether DLT might be an appropriate choice for the sustainability-related task at hand. Moreover, we illustrate how the initial design and subsequent implementation of DLTs may support more centralized or networked modes of governance.
More details: https://shivarthu.reaudito.com/ Democracy is about fair and equal treatment of everyone in a country. But itbecomes unrealistic to achieve when political parties have their conflict of interest,and leaders don’t have the expertise to make evidence-based policies and neitherhave the skill and manpower for solving problems that surround our society andecosystem. The new fair democracy provides an elegant way of governance thatseparates the representative responsibility according to their specialization and cangrow into any complexity. The governance is divided into various departments, andeach department is supervised by representatives with expertise in the field. Votersneed to have enough knowledge about the departments and their problems, in orderto vote for the selecting representatives of a department. The selection process ofrepresentatives is difficult in and easy out, which allows only serious and utilitarianactors to hold the responsibility, weeding out frivolous ones.
The concept of decentralisation became one of the most discussed concepts in the literature, especially in political science and public finance in the post-2000 era with the globalisation process and the influence of international fiscal institutions. Many studies were made and literature was formed on the topic, based on the assumption that the transfer of fiscal authorities and responsibilities of the offering of public goods and services would create positive economic consequences particularly in developing countries.
Considering the critical influencing phenomena, the study explores the causal mechanism of influences, as well as how such process works that lead to shape the dominant implications of influences on local government Union Councils’ budgetary autonomy, leading to the impact on their local governance.The research reveals the fact that the effects of the influencing phenomena on the budgetary autonomy of Union Councils in Bangladesh are evident with varying degrees and dimensions, but the influences do not always collide with the budgetary autonomy of Union Councils there. The indicator-based empirical analysis reveals that the magnitude of influences is almost double than that of the budgetary autonomy of Union Councils in Bangladesh. Thus, the autonomy of Union Councils in their budgeting decisions is a concern in the study of decentralization and local governance in Bangladesh.Originality and significance:The research contributed in the literature stream of public administration, specifically in decentralization, local government finance as well as budgeting, and in local governance studies. The study findings to some extent substantiated the rationality of conditional national government transfers to the sub-national governments in Bangladesh. Beyond the general theoretical and practical significance of the study, its findings led to inviting a fundamental debate on the national-local tax base system and appreciated the fact that central hindrance towards effective functioning of the local government Union Councils in Bangladesh is the crisis of ownership and competence of UP representatives.
Early 1990s governments across the South have embarked on democratic decentralization reforms aimed at introducing and strengthening local governance because of its assumed potential to improve the delivery of public services and alleviate poverty. To comply with that international practice, in early 2000 Tanzania government decide embarked on an ambitious Local Government Reform Program that addressed Political decentralization. Political decentralization signaled the government’s commitment to enhance the decision making authority of local government councils on matters affecting local development including determining priorities for local development, land use, finance, service delivery and human resource management. This paper sought to find out whether the selected local government council led by councilors enjoys the development planning, and service delivery authority as established in the local government law. The findings have confirmed that the case study council enjoyed modest decision making authority in the areas of local development planning, selecting local development strategy, and enjoyed even greater authority over service delivery powers.
Central governments canalize to decentralized organization for compensate public demands faster, high quality and efficiency in globalization process. Local governments take effectively charge in distribution of income, education, health, housing on local basis which are parts of public policy and increasing the welfare level of the citizens of their municipality with their own facilities. The most important mission is incumbent to municipalities which is local governments’ type, in decentralized organization. Municipalities have two types incoming source; one of them from central governments sources the other one is internal revenue. This study aims to give information about municipalities which are at the forefront among local governments and property tax which is one of income sources municipalities. In this sense, law no. 5393 which was accepted on the 3rd of July, 2007 was studied in the frame of property tax and information about the phases of municipalities from the foundation up to now and their financial structure was given. Keywords: property tax, local government, decentralization, budget.
The general purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine decentralization in education according to the literature and previous research, and to discuss the applicability of educational decentralization practices in Turkey. The literature was reviewed for the study and findings reported. It has been observed that decentralization in education practices were realized in many countries after the 1980’s. It is obvious that the educational system in Turkey has difficulty in meeting the needs, and encounters many problems due to its present centralist state. Educational decentralization can provide effective solutions for stakeholder engagement, educational financing and for problems in decision making and operation within the education system. However, the present state of local governments, the legal framework, geographical, cultural and social features indicate that Turkey’s conditions are not ready for decentralization in education. A decentralization model realized in the long run according to Turkey’s conditions, and as a result of a social consensus, can help resolve the problems of the Turkish education system.
In the last two decades, educational policy makers and educational leaders have reemphasized the importance of decentralization in education and its critical role in democratization of education and society. Leading scholars in the field state that educational decentralization is a complex process that deals with different dimensions of educational reform efforts and changes about policy making, finance, curriculum and administration of local schools in education. The purpose of this study was to examine the literature concerning decentralization and democratization efforts in education to provide a brief guidelines for government officials, educational policy makers and those who are intended to lead Turkish education and public schools for the twenty first century.