Blockchain Papers

S. Priyan, A. Brindha, Piratdin Atabayev, Bikash Paul

No abstract is available for this record.

Ravitheja Papareddy

The global data center industry faces a convergent crisis: cooling accounts for 30-50% of facility energy consumption, while traditional synthetic refrigerants used in Computer Room Air Conditioners and chillersincluding R-410A (GWP = 2,088) and R-134a (GWP = 1,430)-are now banned for new data center installations under the U.S. AIM Act (effective January 2025) and EU F-Gas Regulation. This mandatory regulatory transition, combined with AI accelerator heat densities exceeding 700W per chip, creates a structural opportunity for CO₂ (R-744) natural refrigerant cooling: GWP = 1, zero ozone depletion, superior thermodynamic properties at high heat flux, and near-zero water consumption versus 1.8-9.5 L/kWh for evaporative alternatives. This paper presents RTSC (Rapid Technology System Cooling), a Layer-2 blockchain attestation protocol on Ethereum that quantifies, verifies, and tokenizes cooling efficiency improvements achieved through natural refrigerant systems. RTSC introduces a novel three-dimensional Cooling Efficiency Unit (CEU): energy efficiency (CEU-E), refrigerant environmental impact (CEU-R-a new metric capturing GWP elimination with no equivalent in existing standards), and carbon avoidance including waste heat recovery (CEU-C). CEUs are minted exclusively from oracle-attested sensor data secured by FROST threshold signatures and Zero-Knowledge proofs. A Monte Carlo simulation (n = 10,000) projects median PUE improvements of 35%, 100% WUE elimination (closed CO₂ loop), and 99.95% refrigerant GWP reduction. A game-theoretic analysis proves baseline manipulation is economically irrational. Economic sensitivity analysis identifies a break-even token price of $2.48-$4.38, with positive energy savings NPV independent of token price for median facilities.

Christian Kaps, Serguei Netessine, Vishrut Rana, Ömer Karaduman

Achieving SDG 7 requires closing persistent energy access gaps while simultaneously scaling renewable generation and reliably integrating intermittent supply into electricity systems. In 2024, 655 million people remain without access to electricity, and about 2 billion still rely on polluting cooking fuels. Simultaneously, clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and deployment is accelerating. Still, adoption and scaling remain constrained by affordability, supply-chain and infrastructure bottlenecks, coordination failures among decentralized actors, financing, and institutional frictions. We highlight the grand challenges behind these operational frictions and discuss how the operations management research community can contribute to the progress towards SDG 7 targets.

M.A. Ehyaei, Farbod Esmaeilion, Moein Shamoushaki, Hamid Afshari · 5 authors

Abstract In this paper, a multigeneration cycle of electricity, cooling, and Bitcoin whose energy source is geothermal, has been subjected to energy, exergy, and economic analyses. The cycle under consideration includes the steam cycle (upstream cycle), the carbon dioxide cycle (downstream cycle), and the liquid–gas line to absorb the heat dissipated by the carbon dioxide cycle. In this cycle, the steam cycle condenser acts as the carbon dioxide cycle evaporator. Part of the electricity generated by this cycle is used to generate Bitcoins. Energy and exergy efficiencies at baseline (excluding Bitcoin production) are 45.8% and 38.1%, respectively. In this cycle, if more power is spent on producing Bitcoin as a product, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the cycle are reduced. Because Bitcoin itself is not valuable in terms of energy and exergy. Considering the average price of Bitcoin during the years 2015–2022 and if 100% of the electricity generated by the system is spent on Bitcoin production, the payback period in 2018, 2021, and 2022 when the price of Bitcoin is equal to $13,412.4, $21,398.8, and $47,743.0, respectively, are less than the baseline. Therefore, the production of Bitcoin with a variety of renewable energies can be considered as a solution. Of course, it should be noted that large changes in the price of Bitcoin can affect the issue of economic benefit.

Lei Yang

This study presents an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategic model to manage pharmaceutical supply chains with financial obstacles. ESG environmental, social, and governance research can help managers make informed decisions so that managers can better choose the corresponding operating strategies, pay attention to environmental protection, and actively fulfill social responsibilities. We consider matching strategies between manufacturers and retailers by classifying them into no matching, decentralized matching, and centralized matching strategies between manufacturers and retailers. Under the matching strategy, we consider the decentralized ESG operation strategy and centralized ESG operation strategy, divide the decentralized ESG strategy into a supplier-dominant mode (SD), manufacturer-dominant mode (MD), and retailer-dominant mode (RD), and study the optimal decision-making methods of supply chain members in different modes. The innovation of this study lies in (1) considering financing constraints; (2) the impact of indicators on society and the environment; (3) no matching strategy, decentralized matching strategy, and considerations of centralized matching strategy; (4) decentralized and centralized strategies under relevant ESG indicators to improve the accuracy of the model; (5) the decentralized ESG operation strategy is divided into a supplier-dominant mode (SD), manufacturer-dominant mode (MD), and retailer- dominant mode (RD); and (6) Applying the ESG strategy to Pharmaceutical supply chain Management. The different models are compared and analyzed to find the equilibrium strategy and the optimal solution under different models. Through various analysis, we found that integrating a pharmaceutical supply chain and the ESG governance strategy can effectively promote the innovation of the industrial chain supply chain. A supply chain matching strategy is more effective in managing a supply chain than a no-matching strategy and can improve the financing efficiency of capital-constrained manufacturers. In the matching strategy, centralized matching can better attract consumers who prefer green and “double carbon” products than decentralized matching. Under the lower level of green investment, the centralized ESG governance strategy can better contribute to developing the pharmaceutical supply chain.

Bruno Marino, Nahuel Bautista, Brandt Rousseaux

No abstract is available for this record.

Sagar Sen, Sagar Sen, Hans Agarwal, Sagar Sen · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.