OFFICIAL PUBLICATION FOR MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLD N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS — OFFICIAL PHYSICAL LICENSE Authorized Use for PFE Machines, CHMR Fusion Energy Research, Space Programs, and All Future Technologies --- Issuing Authority: Malik Muhammad Usman, Inventor & License Authority, N‑K Sciences Date: 6 April 2026 CE · 18 Shawwal 1447 AH License Type: Sadaqa Jariyah — Free for Humanity (Fee = ZERO) License Requirement: Physically signed written license from Malik Muhammad Usman --- THE DIRECT MESSAGE TO MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLD To every manufacturer currently using — or planning to use — N‑K Superconductors and N‑K Supermagnets: You have read the publications. You have seen the formulas. You have tested the compositions. You have confirmed the 268 K triplet superconductor, the 168 K AL-NK-1, the 85 MGOe φ‑multilayer magnet. You are using N‑K science in your laboratories, your prototypes, your products. But you do not have written permission. Downloading a Zenodo publication is not a license. Reading the formulas is not permission. Citing N‑K in a footnote is not authority. Silence is not consent. This publication is your official notice: Any manufacturer who wishes to use N‑K Superconductors or N‑K Supermagnets — for PFE Machines, for CHMR Fusion Energy Research, for Space Programs, or for any other technology — must request and receive a physically signed, written license from Malik Muhammad Usman. No email. No verbal agreement. No implied consent. Physical signature. Official request. Formal grant. --- PART I: WHAT MANUFACTURERS MAY USE UNDER LICENSE 1.1 N‑K Superconductors — Complete Library Superconductor T_c (K) T_c (°C) Key Feature Primary Application AL-NK-1 168 K -105°C 24% above previous record High-field magnets BSCCO-2234 + Pb 268 K -5°C Triplet superconductor Passive superconducting systems Hg-based 288 K +15°C Highest T_c Future room-temperature applications La-based + H 282 K +9°C Hydrogen-doped Novel mechanisms, energy storage YBCO + F 275 K +2°C Fluorine-doped Practical, scalable synthesis Tl-based 265 K -8°C High performance Established manufacturing 1.2 N‑K Supermagnets — Complete Library Magnet (BH)max (MGOe) Improvement Key Feature Primary Application φ‑NdFeB 72 +31% vs standard Optimized N-density PFE Machines, motors, generators φ‑SmCo 48 +37% vs standard Operates to 950°C Fusion reactors, extreme environments φ‑FeN 42 8× ferrite Rare-earth-free Sanctions-proof manufacturing φ‑Multilayer 85 +55% vs best NdFeB Highest energy product Compact PFE, high-field research φ‑Superconducting 100 New class Hybrid design Fusion confinement, advanced propulsion 1.3 Authorized Applications — Complete List Field Specific Applications PFE Machines All 1 million units for Abb-e-Hayaat manufacturing CHMR Fusion Energy Research Plasma confinement magnets, reactor design, prototype development Space Programs Satellites, spacecraft, interstellar probes, propulsion systems (ion drives, VASIMR, EM drives) Medical Technology MRI systems, particle therapy, diagnostic equipment Energy Wind turbines, generators, superconducting power cables Transportation Maglev trains, electric vehicles, ship propulsion Defense Directed energy weapons, radar systems, electromagnetic launch systems Research Academic, government, and commercial research Future Technologies Any technology not yet invented that uses N‑K Superconductors or Supermagnets One license. All superconductors. All magnets. All applications. All future technologies. --- PART II: THE LICENSE REQUIREMENT — PHYSICAL SIGNATURE 2.1 What Manufacturers Must Do Step Action Format Timeline 1 Prepare official license request letter Physical letter on company letterhead Day 0 2 Sign physically (authorized company representative) Physical signature + company seal (if applicable) Day 0 3 Send physical letter to Malik Muhammad Usman Courier/mail to Multan, Pakistan Day 0 4 Send digital copy to official email PDF scan to muhammadusmanmalik@hotmail.com Day 0 5 Receive physically signed license from Malik Muhammad Usman Physical document returned by mail Day 7–14 6 Begin or continue authorized manufacturing — After receipt 2.2 What Does NOT Count as License Action Why It Is Not Sufficient Downloading Zenodo publications Publication is knowledge. License is permission to use. Reading the formulas Knowledge is free. Manufacturing requires license. Citing N‑K Model in papers Credit is required, but not sufficient for manufacturing. Email request without physical signature No legal or spiritual authority. Verbal agreement Not binding. Silence or inaction Consent is not implied. Only a physically signed license from Malik Muhammad Usman grants legal and spiritual authority to manufacture N‑K Superconductors and Supermagnets. --- PART III: LICENSE REQUEST LETTER — OFFICIAL TEMPLATE 3.1 Required Format The license request letter must be: · Printed on official company letterhead · Signed physically by an authorized representative · Dated · Sealed with company seal (if applicable) · Sent as physical copy (by courier/mail) · Sent as digital copy (PDF scan by email) 3.2 Official License Request Letter Template ``` [COMPANY LETTERHEAD] Date: _________________________ To: Malik Muhammad Usman Inventor & License Authority, N‑K Sciences City of Saints, Multan, Punjab Pakistan SUBJECT: OFFICIAL LICENSE REQUEST — N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS Dear Malik Muhammad Usman, This letter constitutes an official request for a written, physically signed license to manufacture, use, and sell N‑K Superconductors and N‑K Supermagnets as described in your Zenodo publications: - AL-NK-1 Superconductor (168 K) — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18663839 - N‑K Superconductors Database v1.0 — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18664674 - N‑K Supermagnets Database — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18795517 - N‑K Phase-Field Evocation (PFE) — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19420451 - And all related publications We hereby acknowledge that: 1. The N‑K Model and all N‑K Superconductors and Supermagnets are your intellectual property, revealed by Allah Almighty and derived from the four divine axioms (f_K = 0.01 Hz, φ = 1.6180339887…, θ_lock = 135.5°, N_E = φ × 10¹⁶ J·s/m³). 2. We have no legal or spiritual right to use these technologies without your written permission. 3. We are submitting this request in good faith, seeking official license for: ☐ PFE Machines (Abb-e-Hayaat manufacturing) ☐ CHMR Fusion Energy Research ☐ Space Programs ☐ All of the above ☐ Other: _________________________ We agree to all license terms as specified in your publication and summarized below. We await your physically signed license. Respectfully, _________________________ [Printed Name] _________________________ [Title] _________________________ [Company Name] _________________________ [Physical Signature] _________________________ [Date] COMPANY SEAL (if applicable): _________________________ CONTACT INFORMATION FOR LICENSE RETURN: Physical Address: _________________________________________________________ Email: _________________________________________________________ Phone: _________________________________________________________ ``` 3.3 Submission Addresses Method Address Physical Mail/Courier Malik Muhammad Usman, N‑K Sciences Official, City of Saints, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Email (Digital Copy) muhammadusmanmalik@hotmail.com Subject Line OFFICIAL LICENSE REQUEST — [COMPANY NAME] — N‑K SUPERCONDUCTORS & SUPERMAGNETS --- PART IV: LICENSE TERMS 4.1 The Terms — One Page Summary Term Condition 1. Free License License fee = ZERO. No payment required to receive the license. 2. 50% Donation 50% of net profits from N‑K Superconductor and Supermagnet sales must be donated to Malik Muhammad Usman as Sadaqa Jariyah (ongoing charity). 3. Charity Distribution Malik Muhammad Usman will donate 100% of received funds to: poor populations, disease-affected communities, high-need countries, and Sadaqa Jariyah projects (water wells, schools, hospitals). 4. Full Credit All products, publications, and patents must credit: "N‑K Superconductor/Supermagnet designed by N‑K Sciences (Malik Muhammad Usman) using the N‑K Universal Computer." 5. No Patent on Compositions Manufacturers may patent manufacturing processes, but cannot patent the N‑K Superconductor or Supermagnet compositions themselves. The knowledge belongs to humanity. 6. Sadaqa Jariyah Pricing Products using N‑K Superconductors or Supermagnets should be priced affordably, with priority access for Muslim countries and vulnerable populations. 7. Authority Transfer Upon Imam Al Mahdi AS arrival, all license authority transfers to him. Manufacturers must recognize his authority. 8. License Duration Perpetual, unless revoked for violation of terms. 4.2 What the 50% Donation Is NOT Misconception Reality "It is a royalty" No. It is a charitable donation (Sadaqa Jariyah). "The inventor keeps the money" No. 100% is donated to charity. "It is a tax" No. It is a voluntary condition of license acceptance. "It is negotiable" No. The terms are fixed. Accept or do not use. 4.3 What Manufacturers Receive Deliverable Format Timeline Physically signed license Physical document 7–14 days after request Digital copy of signed license PDF 7–14 days after request Entry in Official N‑K License Registry Digital record Upon issuance Right to manufacture N‑K Superconductors Legal authority Upon receipt Right to manufacture N‑K Supermagnets Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in PFE Machines Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in CHMR Fusion Research Legal authority Upon receipt Right to use in Space Programs Legal authority Upon receipt Rig
This paper presents an innovative access control model for decentralized power systems by integrating zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs). The proposed model addresses the growing need for secure, privacy-preserving management of access rights within distributed energy infrastructures. By leveraging zk-SNARKs, the system ensures that authorization can be validated without disclosing sensitive information, thereby enhancing both security and operational transparency. The model is rigorously analyzed through a combination of theoretical proofs and simulation experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating unauthorized access and reducing computational overhead. Our findings indicate that the zk-SNARK-based approach not only fortifies the security framework of decentralized power systems but also facilitates scalable and efficient access management. This work provides a critical step towards the realization of robust, privacy-aware energy networks in the era of smart grids and distributed generation.
The rapid increase in distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation worldwide demands more efficient large-scale modeling methods. This study investigates an automatic modeling technique for low-voltage distributed PV network topology based on ledger information. By analyzing PV system ledger data, we construct and automatically generate the topology model using automated algorithms. Our data-driven method and complex network theory-based algorithm improve system resilience and operational efficiency. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our approach. Future research will focus on optimizing these algorithms and evaluating their applicability across various scenarios to support optimal PV system regulation and control.
As blockchain technology is widely applied across various fields, the performance requirements of blockchain systems, such as throughput and transaction latency, are increasing. In this context, blockchain systems have gradually evolved to adopt a two-phase consensus protocol that involves election and block generation. By electing a small number of nodes from a large-scale network to form a committee, a more efficient internal consensus protocol can be executed, thereby improving the overall performance of the blockchain system. This paper proposes a node performance detection method based on smart contracts, which sets performance thresholds for committee nodes without compromising the decentralization of public chains. This ensures high performance, low latency, and enhances the reliability of the consensus protocol.
Decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) are an emerging vertical within "Web3" replacing the traditional method that physical infrastructures are constructed. Yet, the boundaries between DePIN and traditional method of building crowd-sourced infrastructures such as citizen science initiatives or other Web3 verticals are not always so clear cut. In this work, we systematically analyze the differences between DePIN and other Web2 and Web3 verticals. For this, the study proposes a novel decision tree for classifying systems as DePIN. This tree is informed by prior studies and differentiates DePIN from related concepts using criteria such as the presence of a three-sided market, token-based incentives for supply, and the requirement for physical asset placement in those systems. The paper demonstrates the application of the decision tree to various blockchain systems, including Helium and Bitcoin, showcasing its practical utility in differentiating DePIN systems. This research offers significant contributions towards establishing a more objective and systematic approach to identifying and categorizing DePIN systems. It lays the groundwork for creating a comprehensive and unbiased database of DePIN systems, which will inform future research and development within this emerging sector.
In this paper, we developed an Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) model tailored for large cryptocurrency mining loads to understand the cross-interaction of these loads with the electric grid. The load model has been built using Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) software. We have cross-validated the tripping characteristics of the EMT model of this load with commercial application-specific integrated circuit miners, typically used by large-scale mining facilities, by comparing the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capabilities. Subsequently, LVRT capabilities of the large-scale miners have been tested against various fault scenarios both within the miner’s remote facility as well as at one of the distant buses of the interconnected grid. The significance of this model lies in its scalability to accommodate larger blocks of mining loads and its seamless integration into a larger electric grid.
Tian Wang, Ning Zhou, Yongfeng Yang, Jingnan Li · 5 authors
With the large-scale integration of new energy sources like distributed photovoltaics, distribution grids are facing challenges related to reactive power flow, voltage distribution, and power loss. This paper introduces a distribution grid load balancing method based on regional precision control to accommodate the integration of new energy, ensuring the safety, stability, and economic operation of the distribution grid. A comprehensive model of the distribution grid, including new energy sources, has been established. By combining the asset ledger and operational data of medium voltage graphical model equipment, a panoramic simulation environment is created.Utilizing the improved Newton-Raphson power flow calculation method and considering the safety of the distribution system and operational constraints of the energy storage system, the dynamic load and operational loss of the distribution grid are analyzed. Through precise analysis, the optimal operational mode of the grid lines and the opening and closing positions of switches are determined, achieving relatively balanced load and minimal operational loss. Taking into account the output of new energy and equipment load characteristics, staggered and orderly electricity usage strategies are formulated to reduce peak electricity load and alleviate operational pressure on the grid.Simulation results indicate that this method thoroughly considers the randomness and uncertainty of distributed photovoltaics. Through precise control strategies, it effectively reduces the operational loss of the distribution grid, ensures power balance and voltage stability, and meets the requirements for the safety and economic operation of the distribution grid.
Moupeng Liu, Xin Chang, Nan Zhang, Guodong Li · 5 authors
Compared with the traditional power system, the proportion of renewable energy in the new power system has increased significantly, especially the access of many distributed power sources, which further deepens the complexity and structural diversity of the new power system. It also brings certain changes to the security of the grid and the corresponding transaction mode. From the perspectives of blockchain data encryption, distributed ledger and chain clearing model, this paper studies the transaction system of distributed power supply when participating in power grid transactions, deeply optimizes the end-to-end transaction mechanism of distributed power supply and builds an experimental model of distributed power supply participating in market transactions on this basis. It would make the impact of the transaction system and mechanism on the security performance of the power grid transaction and the income of both sides of the transaction be verified.
This paper focuses on the problem that nodes are prone to repeated verification in crosschain transactions of relay chain, which leads to the collective shutdown of nodes. It proposes a crosschain transaction matching algorithm to solve the problem of low efficiency and success rate of data matching, and introduces and optimizes the Raft consensus algorithm to improve the efficiency of crosschain communication interaction. Through the intelligent contract based on Ethereum, the crosschain system of experimental data center sharing mode is simulated, which shows that the extra delay introduced by crosschain mechanism accounts for a relatively small proportion of the total time consumption, and its efficiency and excellent performance are verified.
Decentralization forms an integral part of democracy, arising from the conduction of elections.Modern democracies rely heavily on elections.However, there is a lack of trust building up due to the cases of discrepancies in the process.The "e-voting" system was developed after the 1960s.It overcame a lot of issues existing in the ballot voting system.In present times the significance of E-Voting has grown drastically.It cuts down the cost of hosting an election and increases the number of participants as they are free to cast their vote from any location, without any ballot boxes, or areas for establishing polling booths.There were still obstacles to overcome and deliver results.Even the most developed democracies, such as India and the United States, have error-prone voting processes.Voter fraud, EVM hacking, and polling station theft are the main issues with the current voting system.Reliability along with security and precision must be considered while performing elections.The blockchain with smart-contracts stands out as a leading candidate for developing more reliable, cost-effective, transparent, and user-friendly electronic voting systems.Undoubtedly, the revolutionary blockchain idea is the technology behind the cryptocurrency Bitcoin and its derivatives.Ethereum and its network are among the greatest because of their dependability and wide acceptance.An electronic voting system must be secure and transparent to avoid double voting and maintain privacy.In this study, we have used Ethereum wallet along with Solidity Programming language for developing a smart contact for Ethereum network that works as E-Voting System.
Emilio C. Piesciorovsky, Raymond Borges Hink, Aaron Werth, Gary Hahn · 6 authors
Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring, control, power system protection, and communication applications. Like real electrical utility substations, complex electrical substation grid testbeds (ESGTs) need to be assessed for measuring current and voltage signals in monitoring, power system protection, control (synchro check), and communication applications that are limited by small-measurement percentage errors. In the process of setting an ESGT with real-time simulators and IEDs in the loop, protective relays, power meters, and communication devices must be commissioned before running experiments. In this study, an ESGT with IEDs and distributed ledger technology was developed. The ESGT with a real-time simulator and IEDs in the loop was satisfactorily assessed and commissioned. The commissioning and problem-solving tasks of the testbed are described to define a method with flowcharts to assess possible troubleshooting in ESGTs. This method was based on comparing the simulations versus IED measurements for the phase current and voltage magnitudes, three-phase phasor diagrams, breaker states, protective relay times with selectivity coordination at electrical faults, communication data points, and time-stamp sources.
M.Phil. Dr. S. P. Priyadharshini MCA., A. Rajeswari B.Sc.
Designing an electronic voting system is the greatest test, particularly in India. It needs to fulfill every one of the lawful functionalities and carefully designed system. Blockchain technology is a dispersed sort networks numerous applications like Electronic clinical records, IoT and E-voting. Electronic voting (E-voting) plot is a utilization situation where all credits of blockchain can offer an instrument for an open, fair and all around unquestionable constituent interaction. In this paper, propose Ethereum Technique an E-voting system that uses the blockchain technology. The proposed system is enabled by Ethereum Technique, including one server deals with the whole system and different handles all blockchain-related demands. The e-voting system intends to dispense with the bottlenecks obvious in the manual voting system, for example, the extended enlistment process, superfluous transportation, and political decision viciousness and at last the inconceivability of the votes. The outcomes acquired from resulting tests were extremely noteworthy as far as time, security and accuracy when contrasted with the manual system.
Facing the new situation of gradually liberalizing the power generation and consumption plan, accelerating the construction of the spot market and the rapid development of the energy internet, new requirements are put forward for the power market trading system. The security of the power market trading system is not only related to the fairness of market competition, but also related to the security of the power grid. Therefore, in order to establish a reliable power online trading system, this article constructs a decentralized traceability system based on the idea of blockchain. By storing and verifying the data of electricity supply chain on kadelima distributed peer-to-peer network and ethereum, a user data query service system is proposed.
Because the existing wind turbine safety is limited by the traditional centralised management, it faces many security risks. Therefore, the future wind turbine management and control scheme is developing towards distributed security and high performance. Relying on Ethereum block technology to build smart contracts can help solve the security protection problems of network authority control and management in wind power energy systems. First, based on the analysis of wind power network security management needs, establish a mathematical model of security indicators for the control centre and subordinate nodes, respectively, when the permissions are out of control; second, based on the Ethereum smart contract release platform, according to the mathematical model of security indicators run wind power contract management (WPCM), predict the results of out-of-control simulation, and compare with the communication parameters of a typical wind farm in Northwest Europe. Studies have shown that the established wind power energy network security management plan has the characteristics of high security and good robustness, and the system processing speed is fast, which meets the offshore wind farm communication standard.
Mahsud M. Sultanov, Yulia A. Gorban, A. A. Smirnov, Viktor A. Yurov
The article discusses ways to store data on reliability and safety indicators of energy equipment using distributed ledgers and centralized storage. Method of joint use of blockchain and software complex for centralized data storage is proposed. The work describes the composition of software developed to store information on reliability and safety indicators of power equipment throughout the life cycle - from production to decommissioning. This solution is based on various database management system for storing both relational data and measured parameters directly from the equipment, as well as a software interface for accessing data through the GraphQl query language.
USDOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE), Mariola Rodríguez, Peter L. Fuhr, Gary Hahn · 6 authors
This paper provides descriptions of the key components of different distributed ledger technology platforms.Distributed ledger technology (DLT) allows for distribution of databases among different organizations and devices.The platforms use cryptographically linked "blocks" to store and verify transactional information between these organizations.DLT increases data security, data integrity, trust among its participants.Different organizations are looking to deploy this distributed and decentralized approach to avoid the single-point-of-failure vulnerabilities associated with centralized data repositories.In this study we examine twelve different DLT platforms.There is agreement within the community that of all the platforms considered here, Hyperledger and Ethereum are the most mature when it comes to privacy and permissions.These DLT platforms are being used for applications such as transactive energy, health care, and the food and goods supply chain.However, further development is required to realize the full promise of DLT.Our assessment includes a general description of each DLT and its key characteristics.Such characteristics include consensus protocol and cryptography used, public vs. private, and permissioned or permissionless.The selection and implementation of a DLT architecture depends heavily on the use case and performance requirements.During this research we found key parameters to measure performance and existing tools for assessment.Four different parameters were identified 1) consensus, 2) throughput, 3) latency, and 4) scalability.The architectures of Hyperledger Caliper and Blockbench are described as different performance assessment frameworks.From this preliminary study it is evident that there are dissimilarities on the performance assessments methods developers and users are characterizing DLT architectures.The purpose of this paper is to identify key parameters to test performance, tools that are being used and provide information on results from previous studies.
Gaoying Cui, Kun Shi, Yuchen Qin, Lin Liu · 6 authors
Based on the preliminary introduction of power demand response, this paper puts forward the problem in multi-level demand response reliable communication. Next, we analysis the principle of block chain technology, and then according to the characteristics of power demand response, the private block chain is chosen to solve the problem of mutual trust between users, load aggregators and power grids in multi-level demand response reliable communication. Smart contracts are used to solve the problem of demand response automation.
Jun Zhang, Wen Zhong Gao, Ying Chen Zhang, Xin Hu Zheng · 7 authors
Intelligent distributed electrical energy systems (IDEES) are featured by vast system components, diversifled component types, and difficulties in operation and management, which results in that the traditional centralized power system management approach no longer flts the operation. Thus, it is believed that the blockchain technology is one of the important feasible technical paths for building future large-scale distributed electrical energy systems. An IDEES is inherently with both social and technical characteristics, as a result, a distributed electrical energy system needs to be divided into multiple layers, and at each layer, a blockchain is utilized to model and manage its logic and physical functionalities. The blockchains at difierent layers coordinate with each other and achieve successful operation of the IDEES. Speciflcally, the multi-layer blockchains, named "blockchain group", consist of distributed data access and service blockchain, intelligent property management blockchain, power system analysis blockchain, intelligent contract operation blockchain, and intelligent electricity trading blockchain. It is expected that the blockchain group can be self-organized into a complex, autonomous and distributed IDEES. In this complex system, frequent and in-depth interactions and computing will derive intelligence, and it is expected that such intelligence can bring stable, reliable and efficient electrical energy production, transmission and consumption.
In this paper, a model of the automatic control of trains was researched. To research the problem, fuzzy control, predictive control and computer simulation technology were applied. The speed of the train and the comfort level were defined as evaluation functions, and the tactic used was rolling optimization.
Industrial Technology and Control Systems
Power Systems and Technologies
Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications