Abstract Non-technical summary DPV systems, typically small to medium-sized solar power installations on buildings, which primarily and directly supply electricity to industrial, commercial, or residential consumers in proximity. DPV is an advocated renewable substation for climate change and energy saving for merits of low installation costs, high energy efficiency, and the ability to provide decentralized power supply. Our research has theoretical significance in explaining and understanding the development and policy evolution of DPV in China and provide valuable suggestions for future industry policies during grid parity. Technical summary Since 2021, China has been phasing out its decade-long feed-in tariff policies, reducing the photovoltaic industry's dependency on subsidies. Despite the challenges posed by declining electricity prices and slowdown in economic growth, the authorities continue to prioritize the development of DPV due to its low investment costs, high energy efficiency, and decentralized power supply, and these technologies have already achieved demand-side parity. Driven by this phenomenon, this study examines the trajectory of DPV diffusion and the evolution of related policies over the last decade. It unravels the dynamic mechanism of DPV investment through theoretical analysis and develops a macro model to identify optimal installation strategies and renewable energy proportions. Our findings highlight the increasing role of green energy and suggest that green finance is crucial for stimulating DPV investment in the era of grid parity. The study concludes with practical recommendations for overcoming DPV challenges in China. Social media summary DPV has become a prominent renewable energy solution in other countries but not in China. We probe the system dynamics modeling to give explanation and solution during grid parity.
Cryptocurrency mining farms (CMFs), as a new type of electrical load in the power grid, can cause issues in terms of security and stability due to their high consumption and excessive grid loading. These problems can lead to disruptions in the performance of the grid, resulting in increased network maintenance and repair costs, reduced reliability, and diminished power quality. Therefore, this article proposes an energy management framework for a microgrid in the presence of renewable sources and CMFs. The proposed model includes two stages of day-ahead and real-time scheduling. The first stage focuses on the day-ahead scheduling, minimizing the operation cost while increasing reliability. The second stage updates the first stage planning to minimize fluctuations for 5-minute time windows. The impact of increasing the demand of CMF on the operation cost is evaluated, and the results show that despite a 50% increase in demand, the overall cost increases by 7.34%.
Tian Wang, Ning Zhou, Yongfeng Yang, Jingnan Li · 5 authors
With the large-scale integration of new energy sources like distributed photovoltaics, distribution grids are facing challenges related to reactive power flow, voltage distribution, and power loss. This paper introduces a distribution grid load balancing method based on regional precision control to accommodate the integration of new energy, ensuring the safety, stability, and economic operation of the distribution grid. A comprehensive model of the distribution grid, including new energy sources, has been established. By combining the asset ledger and operational data of medium voltage graphical model equipment, a panoramic simulation environment is created.Utilizing the improved Newton-Raphson power flow calculation method and considering the safety of the distribution system and operational constraints of the energy storage system, the dynamic load and operational loss of the distribution grid are analyzed. Through precise analysis, the optimal operational mode of the grid lines and the opening and closing positions of switches are determined, achieving relatively balanced load and minimal operational loss. Taking into account the output of new energy and equipment load characteristics, staggered and orderly electricity usage strategies are formulated to reduce peak electricity load and alleviate operational pressure on the grid.Simulation results indicate that this method thoroughly considers the randomness and uncertainty of distributed photovoltaics. Through precise control strategies, it effectively reduces the operational loss of the distribution grid, ensures power balance and voltage stability, and meets the requirements for the safety and economic operation of the distribution grid.
Moupeng Liu, Xin Chang, Nan Zhang, Guodong Li · 5 authors
Compared with the traditional power system, the proportion of renewable energy in the new power system has increased significantly, especially the access of many distributed power sources, which further deepens the complexity and structural diversity of the new power system. It also brings certain changes to the security of the grid and the corresponding transaction mode. From the perspectives of blockchain data encryption, distributed ledger and chain clearing model, this paper studies the transaction system of distributed power supply when participating in power grid transactions, deeply optimizes the end-to-end transaction mechanism of distributed power supply and builds an experimental model of distributed power supply participating in market transactions on this basis. It would make the impact of the transaction system and mechanism on the security performance of the power grid transaction and the income of both sides of the transaction be verified.
We study the rational behaviors of participants in DAG-Based Distributed Ledgers. We analyze generic algorithms that encapsulate the main actions of participants in a DAG-based distributed ledger: voting for a block, and checking its validity. Knowing that those actions have costs, and validating a block gives rewards to users who participated in the validation procedure, we study using game theory how strategic participants behave while trying to maximize their gains. We consider scenarios with different type of participants and investigate if there exist equilibria where the properties of the protocols are guaranteed. The analysis is focused on the study of equilibria with trembling participants (i.e. rational participants that can do unintended actions with a low probability). We found that in presence of trembling participants, there exist equilibria where protocols properties may be violated.
Virtual power plants are among the promising ways that variable generation and flexible demand may be optimally balanced in the future. The virtual power plant is an important branch of the energy internet, and it plays an important role in the aggregation of distributed power generation resources and the establishment of virtual power resource transactions. However, in the existing virtual power plant model, the following problems are becoming increasingly prominent, such as safeguard, credit rating system, privacy protection, benefit distribution. Firstly, the operation and transaction mechanism of the virtual power plant was introduced. Then, the blockchain technology is introduced into the virtual power plant transaction to make it more conducive to the information transparent, stable dispatch system, data security, and storage security. Finally, the operation and transaction system based on blockchain technology for the virtual power plant was design.
Taeyun Ha, Donghyun Lee, Chunghyun Lee, Sungrae Cho
We design the power smart contract system based on VCG-auction-based transaction algorithm and block chain in the power trading market consisting of Prosumer (producer + consumer) capable of producing renewable energy. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy and the differences between power sources are analyzed in detail. Investigate production and storage technology of renewable energy. The requirements and roles are organized from the perspective of the buyer/seller/intermediation system/blockchain, and the scenario is established. Establish overall system flow.
Tianlu Gao, Wei Gao, Jun Jason Zhang, Wenzhong David Gao
With the installed capacities of Distributed Generations (DGs) dramatically increasing in power systems from Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass, the operation methods of DERs tradings or transactions become more and more complicated. However, the energy market of DERs in Microgrids (MGs) is still under devolvement due to low security and transparency at present. Therefore, a small-scale microgrid energy market is proposed in this study based on Decentralized Autonomous Organization of Parallel, Integrity, Longevity, and Transparency (PILT-DAO) of the features of the blockchain. The microgrid owners can complete the transaction in the PILT-DAO market. In order to implement this energy trading platform, the first step is to simulate a modified distributed IEEE 13 node test feeders system. The next step is to develop a price mechanism method based on a consensus + innovation distributed algorithm to calculate the distributed Distribution Locational Marginal Price (DLMP). At the meantime, smart meters record the Power Flow (PF) data of each DG as one node of the whole simulated distributed power system and send them to blockchain including distributed price and power generation data. The third step is to constitute a decentralized autonomous market by programming smart contracts in Ethereum DAO, running in an artificial system parallelly. A case study of a small-scale microgrid energy market based on PILT-DAO is illustrated followed by the conclusion.
Nowadays,our country's agriculture development is at its critical period of transformation and upgrading,the family farm is one of the effective measures to solve the problem of excessive decentralization management of household contract responsibility system.The authors introduced the development of family farm and analyzed the existing problems and causes from aspects of revenue, production efficiency,operators' quality and financing channels.Then the corresponding countermeasures were proposed from aspects of perfecting land transfer mechanism,broadening farmers' income channels, optimizing infrastructures of family farm,perfecting socialized service system and training system,and broadening financing channels.
Game models and optimization models analysis showed that low educational level and decentralized management of farmers result in the low income and high cost of farmers' innovation.Besides,the difficulties in gaining access to technical innovation loans also restrict farmers' technological innovation.Technological innovation lift the threshold of farmers on capital input,yet farmers' difficulties in financing limit farmers to adopt new technologies,which in turn lead to greater volatility of the agricultural income,and further restrict the enthusiasm of farmers to adopt new technologies.Finally,the countermeasures for promoting agricultural technological innovation were discussed.
According to a series of problems appeared in the rural finance management,this thesis applied trusting-agent theory,internal control theory,centralization and decentralization theory,accounting rent-seeking and control theory,and put forward a series of affective measures to improve the present situation of financial management in the countryside,which including township finance trusting to govern,democratic financial management,democratic management,democratic decision-making,democratic supervision,perfecting supporting measures,and so on.