Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents a pivotal challenge within the Ethereum ecosystem; it impacts the fairness, security, and efficiency of both Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks. MEV arises when miners or validators manipulate transaction ordering to extract additional value, often at the expense of other network participants. This not only affects user experience by introducing unpredictability and potential financial losses but also threatens the underlying principles of decentralization and trust. Given the growing complexity of blockchain applications, particularly with the increase of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols, addressing MEV is crucial. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of MEV mitigation techniques as applied to both Ethereums L1 and various L2 solutions. We provide a novel categorization of mitigation strategies; we also describe the challenges, ranging from transaction sequencing and cryptographic methods to reconfiguring decentralized applications (DApps) to reduce front-running opportunities. We investigate their effectiveness, implementation challenges, and impact on network performance. By synthesizing current research, real-world applications, and emerging trends, this paper aims to provide a detailed roadmap for researchers, developers, and policymakers to understand and combat MEV in an evolving blockchain landscape.
The cryptocurrency market has experienced remarkable growth and garnered widespread attention in recent years. Ethereum, as one of the most well-known cryptocurrencies, has faced criticism for its network congestion and high transaction fees. To address this issue, developers have proposed various scalability solutions. In this paper, we compare two different network solutions, Polygon and Arbitrum, to the Ethereum. Based on the research methodology of complex networks, this study encompasses various stages ranging from data collection and processing to the modeling and analysis of transaction networks. Our findings reveal that Arbitrum shows an advantage over Polygon when comparing the networks at the same transaction volume. With sufficient development, Rollups has the potential to become the preferred scaling solution for Ethereum. Additionally, our analysis illustrates that all transaction networks exhibit a small-world phenomenon when they reach a significant size.
The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) as a tool to accelerate chemical reactions has recently attracted much interest. A new model to calculate the optimal OEEF of the least intensity to induce a barrierless chemical reaction path is presented. A suitable ansatz is provided by defining an effective potential energy surface (PES), which considers the unperturbed or original PES of the molecular reactive system and the action of a constant OEEF on the overall dipole moment of system. Based on a generalization of the Newton Trajectories (NT) method, it is demonstrated that the optimal OEEF can be determined upon locating a special point of the potential energy surface (PES), the so-called âoptimal bond-breaking pointâ ( optimal BBP ), for which two different algorithms are proposed. At this point, the gradient of the original or unperturbed PES is an eigenvector of zero eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix of the effective PES. A thorough discussion of the geometrical aspects of the optimal BBP and the optimal OEEF is provided using a two-dimensional model, and numerical calculations of the optimal OEEF for a S N 2 reaction and the 1,3-dipolar retrocycloaddition of isoxazole to fulminic acid plus acetylene reaction serve as a proof of concept. The knowledge of the orientation of optimal OEEF provides a practical way to reduce the effective barrier of a given chemical process.
Salma Bizid, R. Mlika, A. Hajâ SaĂŻd, Mejed Chemli · 5 authors
Abstract MWCNTs have been dispersed with modified ferroceneâpoly(paraâphenylene) by Ï staking interaction to improve dispersion of MWCNTS in organic solution. Such interaction has been demonstrated through electrochemical and chemical characterization of the composite. A layer based on the formed composite (MWCNTs/FcâPPP) has been deposited on a gold surface and the electrochemical properties of the redox reaction have been studied through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We demonstrate that such association of the FcâPPP to MWCNTs allows their functionalization and introduction of redox markers which could be used as a platform for a sensing application. The proof of the concept has been demonstrated through DNA immobilization and detection of specific oligonucleotide probe of hepatitis C. The properties of the DNA biosensor construction were followed by redox properties of immobilized redox markers. The nanocomposite (MWCNTs/FcâPPP) modified by DNA probes demonstrates a sensitivity to DNA hybridization with a detection limit of 1.6 pM and a wide linear range of detection from 1 fM to 100 pM taking advantage from the large surface of MWCNTs and their electronic properties.