Blockchain Papers

Bernadette Krejs

No abstract is available for this record.

Jesús Felicidades García, Ángeles Piñeiro Antelo

The incorporation of the territorial perspective into the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), through the delimitation of fishing areas and the creation of Fishery Local Action Groups (FLAGs), has allowed the decentralized management Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) through the application of the LEADER method in this sectoral policy. The present study brings together the research of five case study regions (including Portugal) and their FLAGs in the period 2007-2013. Based on the analysis of each participatory local development strategy (LDS) and measures financed, there are different responses to the experience: misalignment and lack of cohesion between projects, excessive dependence on local power, and, in contrast, very meritorious actions and impact both in the fisheries sector and in the sustainable development of the coastal communities.

Jesús Felicidades García, Ángeles Piñeiro Antelo

The incorporation of the territorial perspective into the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), through the delimitation of fishing areas and the creation of Fishery Local Action Groups (FLAGs), has allowed the decentralized management Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) through the application of the LEADER method in this sectoral policy. The present study brings together the research of five case study regions (including Portugal) and their FLAGs in the period 2007-2013. Based on the analysis of each participatory local development strategy (LDS) and measures financed, there are different responses to the experience: misalignment and lack of cohesion between projects, excessive dependence on local power, and, in contrast, very meritorious actions and impact both in the fisheries sector and in the sustainable development of the coastal communities.

Zehua Chen, Cheng Li

In recent years, sponge city construction has aroused widespread concern; the financing mode of the sponge city also has the discussion value due to its important safeguard function to smoothly carry on the construction of sponge city. The financing mode of the sponge city is divided into two parts in this paper, including the financing mode in Japan and America with the developed capital market, and the financing mode & experience in Germany whose capital market is less developed but has the complete market economy system, and introduces significance to our country brought by the successful experiences of the financing mode of the overseas -the decentralization of the local government bond issuance right, the establishment of the effective supervision mechanism; the flexible use of bank loans, supported by the preferential fiscal policy; the establishment of the government credit rating system, perfect the credit information publicity system; charge to the residents of the installation fee of the sponge city, relief the cost to who build the devices by themselves.

Joan Costa‐Font, Cristiano Gori, Silvina Santana

The progressive ageing of the European population and the transformation of family care giving arrangements bring to the fore the question of how best to Finance long-term care (LTC). Particularly important is the specific financial organization of LTC systems when both social and demographic constraints compete with economic motivations to rationalize public insurance schemes. LTC provides support for old age dependants that need some health care, but primarily social care. However, Southern European countries are facing the paradox of health care being a top policy priority as in almost all European countries, whilst social care is nearly privatized or has been heavily decentralized to local authorities, and subject to means- as well as needs-testing (Costa-Font and Font-Vilalta, 2006; Gil, 2009; CostaFont, 2010a; Santana, 2010). Private financing is primarily dominated by intra-household interactions and self Financing. The role of private financing alternatives is developing in some countries such as Spain, but is still far from taking off. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Shin'ichiro SUGIURA

Decentralization of welfare policy for the elderly in recent Japan made local municipalities have responsibility to provide services. This means, however, the varieties in the quantity and the quality of services between municipalities. It is difficult to obtain the land for institutions especially in urban municipalities because of the high price of land. Therefore, the shortage of provision is serious problem in urban administration. Furthermore, the demand for services can not be satisfied in own municipality and affects neighborhood municipalities.From these problems, the present paper aims to clarify how the institutional care services were provided and the needs for services were satisfied in and out of one municipality. Nagoya City, the study area, is one of the major metropolitan city in Japan, with over two million population and it is divided into 16 wards. The object of this study is nursing home for the elderly, which is the most major service in institutional care in Japan.The results of the study can be summarized as follows:1) The locations of nursing homes are remarkable in peripheral than central wards of the city relatively. The capacity of beds by wards is not proportional to the population 65 and above.2) Each nursing homes bases on a variety of types of the organizations; public, welfare facilities, hospital, religious group, private person and so on. Since 1994, the outer organization of the administration, which had financed half by the administration, had built many homes remarkably. Consequently, the location of homes proceeded also in the central wards, where there were no homes so far. This means that unless positive policy for the provision of homes by the administration is adopted it is not easy to increase homes in urban region, where the availability of land is low.3) Regarding use of nursing homes, many of migrations to enter homes leave for own or neighbor wards. There are more immigrations from other wards where the degree of congestion of homes (the number of beds per 100 people aged 65 years and over) is relatively loose.4) Correlation coefficient between the provision of nursing homes (the number of persons entered in homes) and the demand (the number of entered and waiting lists) was not significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the level of territorial justice on nursing homes in Nagoya City is not high.5) As a result of the principal component analysis on the migrations to enter homes in Nagoya City, six components (cumulative percentage of the total variance; 73.3%) were extracted. By the interpretation of the components, major patterns of immigrants were to“northeast wards”, “southwest wards”and“eastern wards”.6) Although immigrations to other municipalities leave for the whole of Aichi Prefecture, municipalities in western region of the prefecture had accepted many people from Nagoya City. Immigrations to the municipalities in the next region, policy for provision of services for the elderly, of Nagoya City is surpassing from the peripheral ward which locates on a line from the central of Nagoya City toward to a municipality of destination.7) Although by municipalities in the prefecture the degree of congestion of homes doesn't have relations with the number of persons from Nagoya City, by the policy district it was obviously proportional to ones. Consequently, most of eleven cities with populated above 100 thousand people had so congested that immigrations from Nagoya City were not so many, except for Toyohashi and Toyokawa where the degree of congestion of homes were loose.8) Finally, horizontal intergovernmental relations between Nagoya City and its next municipalities were evaluated through the comparison the number of immigrations from Nagoya City and each of their own demand for homes.

E. Marcelpoil

This thesis is a contribution to the analysis of spatial organization: it aims at determining and analyzing the social and economic organization of the " Sillon Alpin ", which is the space going from Geneva to Grenoble in the Rhône-Alpes region. This research participates to public decision, and particularly to the definition of differenciated development policies. Due to Decentralization and European construction, the notion of " territory " has taken the place of the traditional levels of decision and action and is considered as the relevant level for development. The very polysemic term of territory results from the crisis of the seventies, which proved the importance of social, historical, cultural and institutional factors in understanding the diversity of development paths. The main hypothesis is that the concentration of population and economical activities remains the main trend but is not contradictory with a certain autonomy of territories, which leads to a wide range of territorial forms. Very cohesive and autonomous territories are indeed situated near territories which have lost this autonomy and have been included in the influence area of a metropole, whereas the situation of other territories is intermediate. If this diversity of territorial forms is to be taken into account, a method for identifying territories must be elaborated. Thus, every dimension of the territories has been represented by a statistical indicator. Using quantitative data for the " départements " of Isère, Savoie and Haute-Savoie, we have been able to show the spatial organization of " Sillon Alpin " : it is mainly structured by the agglomerations of Grenoble, Chambéry, Annecy and Annemasse, but, nevertheless, it also contains territories with a relatively autonomous development. We have thus characterized the diversity of typical territorial forms of the " Sillon Alpin ". However, using mainly statistical data implies taking also into account qualitative information, which could validate the qualification of a given territorial form on one hand, and, on the other, precise its functionment. Combining quantitative and qualitative data should also enable to analyse dynamically this territorial typology, by characterizing their different trajectories and by putting the stress on the part played by the actors in territorial evolution. / La thèse a pour objet l'organisation territoriale ; son objectif est d'analyser la structuration socio-économique du Sillon Alpin, c'est-à-dire l'axe Genève-Grenoble en région Rhône-Alpes. La recherche s'inscrit dans un contexte d'aide à la définition de politiques de développement différenciées. Les échelons traditionnels d'action sont remis en cause au profit du territoire, le nouvel échelon pertinent pour penser le développement. Ce terme de territoire est le fruit de la crise des années 70, laquelle a mis en évidence l'importance des facteurs sociaux, historiques et institutionnels dans la compréhension des modes de développement. Ainsi, l'hypothèse est faite que la logique de concentration de la population et des activités économiques reste prégnante mais s'articule avec des marges d'autonomie territoriale, conduisant à une large palette de formes territoriales. De fait, des territoires très cohérents avoisinent avec des territoires ayant perdu cette même autonomie relative au profit d'une intégration dans l'aire d'influence d'une métropole de proximité ; d'autres territoires sont eux qualifiés d'intermédiaires car sous l'effet de plusieurs dynamiques de développement contrastées. Appréhender cette diversité de formes territoriales impose une méthodologie d'identification des territoires, relativement exhaustive ; ce qui nous a amené à retenir une entrée statistique. La mobilisation de données quantitatives sur l'exemple du Sillon Alpin a permis de visualiser son organisation territoriale. L'axe est essentiellement structuré par les agglomérations de Grenoble, Chambéry, Annecy et Annemasse. Cependant, cette polarisation n'empêche pas l'existence de territoires, certes intégrés à l'aire d'influence des métropoles mais qui parviennent néanmoins à affirmer une certaine autonomie de développement. La thèse a donc permis de caractériser la variété des formes territoriales typiques du Sillon Alpin. Cependant, l'utilisation préférentielle de données statistiques implique en parallèle de mobiliser des informations qualitatives. Une telle articulation données quantitatives-qualitatives permettrait de dynamiser la typologie des territoires, en mettant en particulier l'accent sur le rôle des acteurs dans l'évolution des dits territoires.

Pamela Doty

Advanced industrial countries around the world are making or contemplating major reforms of their systems for financing and organizing long-term care for the elderly. The paper describes major reform efforts including: the pursuit of cost efficiencies from further differentiation of the acute and long-term care delivery systems, promotion of home and community-based care alternatives to traditional institutions, and ‘systems integration’ involving consolidation of responsibility for long-term care at one level of government. The paper concludes by discussing the special relevance to the long-term care reform debate in the U.S. of recent British and German decisions to, respectively, decentralize versus centralize responsibility for long-term care.

Phoebe S. Liebig

The frail elderly have special multidimensional housing needs beyond affordability, including shelter that is more adaptive to reduced function and offers supportive services. Suitable housing for this population comprises three policy areas—housing, health care, and social services. In a federal system, development and implementation of policies in these areas involves participation of several levels of government and the nongovernmental sector. This paper uses federalism as a conceptual framework to examine and compare these policy areas in Canada and the United States. In both countries, general national housing policies—relying heavily on the nongovernmental sector and characterized by joint federal‐provincial programs in Canada and by important local government roles and age‐specific programs in the United States‐have benefited the elderly. The effects of such policies on the frail elderly, however, have been less positive because of the general lack of essential human services and, to a lesser degree, health care that enables them to live outside institutions. This is especially true in the United States, where health care policy is fragmented and is dominated by a private insurance system, partial federal financing of health insurance for the elderly, and tense federal‐state relations in financing health care for the poor. Although Canadian policies and programs operate autonomously and more uniformly within a national health plan, neither country has a universal, comprehensive long‐term care system. Geographically diverse patterns of social services, funded by grants to states and provinces and the nonprofit sector, are common to both countries. However, the United States has inadequately funded age‐specific programs and has relied on a growing commercial service provision. Housing outcomes for frail elders are moving in the right direction in both countries; however, Canada seems to be better positioned, largely because of its health care system. As increased decentralization continues to characterize the three policy areas that affect suitable housing for frail elders, the United States can learn from Canada's negotiated federalism approach to more uniform solutions to merging housing and long‐term care.