This thesis examines how the structure of municipal finance and budget governance affects the economic capacity of municipalities on the Faroe Islands. In recent decades, Faroese municipalities have been assigned increasing responsibility for welfare services, including elderly care, while substantial differences persist in municipal size, tax bases, and administrative capacity. These structural differences raise questions about whether the current decentralized governance system provides sustainable economic conditions for all municipalities. The study analyzes how the Faroese municipal financing and budgeting model is organized and explores the economic challenges municipalities face in practice. The analysis draws on qualitative interviews with Faroese mayors combined with document analysis of policy reports, legislation, and economic assessments. The empirical findings are interpreted through theoretical perspectives from fiscal federalism, incremental budgeting, soft budget constraint theory, and research on intermunicipal cooperation.The analysis shows that differences in population size, demographic composition, and tax bases create unequal economic conditions across municipalities. Smaller municipalities appear particularly vulnerable to economic shocks, demographic ageing, and large investments. While intermunicipal cooperation can enhance administrative capacity, it may also generate coordination challenges and common-pool dynamics. Furthermore, the financing model for elderly care contributes to uneven financial pressures between municipalities. The thesis concludes that the current institutional framework may create long-term challenges for the sustainability of municipal welfare provision. Possible policy responses include adjustments to the financing model, stronger equalization mechanisms, or structural reforms aimed at ensuring more economically robust local governments.
The article examines the assessment of OSINT results in judicial practice through the criteria of relevance, admissibility, and reliability. Attention is drawn to instances where the relevance, admissibility, and reliability of such evidence have been challenged. The approaches of the Criminal Cassation Court to this issue are presented. The effectiveness of such challenges is analysed in detail on the example of the decision of the Criminal Cassation Court in case no. 201/11849/23, in the context of the defence’s arguments and the counter-arguments (regarding the relevance, admissibility, and reliability of factual data). It is concluded that, where OSINT results are recorded in a report under Article 237 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine with annexes, the report itself constitutes the source of evidence, as a type of document. Accordingly, issues of admissibility may concern exclusively the manner in which the inspection was conducted and recorded, compliance with the requirements of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine as to the competent authority, the time limits of the pre-trial investigation, and other procedural aspects of the collection and recording of the data contained in the report. By contrast, if doubts arise concerning the content of the originally recorded data, their origin in open sources (the author of the content, the person who published it, and the purpose of such publication), their possible creation by artificial intelligence, their creation and dissemination for the purpose of disinformation, the correctness of their technical collection, the immutability of online content of any kind, metadata, or hash values, the issue at stake is the reliability of the evidence. In this situation, initiating a claim for the recognition of such factual data as inadmissible evidence is meaningless. OSINT results may contain factual data that lack the quality of relevance, but this is in no way connected with the analysis of their source – namely, open data – since relevance is determined by the existence (or absence) of a connection with the circumstances subject to proof. Accordingly, initiating a claim for the recognition of evidence as irrelevant on the basis of doubts concerning the content of the originally recorded data or their origin in open sources (the author of the content, the person who published it, and the purpose of such publication) is also meaningless. In judicial decisions, OSINT results must be presented in such a way that an impartial observer can understand why the court considers them reliable. The foundation for this lies in proper recording during the pre-trial investigation, in compliance with the recommendations of the Berkeley Protocol.
The article examines the assessment of OSINT results in judicial practice through the criteria of relevance, admissibility, and reliability. Attention is drawn to instances where the relevance, admissibility, and reliability of such evidence have been challenged. The approaches of the Criminal Cassation Court to this issue are presented. The effectiveness of such challenges is analysed in detail on the example of the decision of the Criminal Cassation Court in case no. 201/11849/23, in the context of the defence’s arguments and the counter-arguments (regarding the relevance, admissibility, and reliability of factual data). It is concluded that, where OSINT results are recorded in a report under Article 237 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine with annexes, the report itself constitutes the source of evidence, as a type of document. Accordingly, issues of admissibility may concern exclusively the manner in which the inspection was conducted and recorded, compliance with the requirements of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine as to the competent authority, the time limits of the pre-trial investigation, and other procedural aspects of the collection and recording of the data contained in the report. By contrast, if doubts arise concerning the content of the originally recorded data, their origin in open sources (the author of the content, the person who published it, and the purpose of such publication), their possible creation by artificial intelligence, their creation and dissemination for the purpose of disinformation, the correctness of their technical collection, the immutability of online content of any kind, metadata, or hash values, the issue at stake is the reliability of the evidence. In this situation, initiating a claim for the recognition of such factual data as inadmissible evidence is meaningless. OSINT results may contain factual data that lack the quality of relevance, but this is in no way connected with the analysis of their source – namely, open data – since relevance is determined by the existence (or absence) of a connection with the circumstances subject to proof. Accordingly, initiating a claim for the recognition of evidence as irrelevant on the basis of doubts concerning the content of the originally recorded data or their origin in open sources (the author of the content, the person who published it, and the purpose of such publication) is also meaningless. In judicial decisions, OSINT results must be presented in such a way that an impartial observer can understand why the court considers them reliable. The foundation for this lies in proper recording during the pre-trial investigation, in compliance with the recommendations of the Berkeley Protocol.
This paper examines the operational activities of cryptocurrency exchanges and the distinctive challenges associated with their accounting practices. Unlike traditional exchanges, cryptocurrency exchanges operate within a decentralized and highly volatile environment, which presents unique accounting and regulatory challenges. The paper explores various operational aspects of these exchanges, such as spot and margin trading, deposits and withdrawals, commission structures, liquidity management, and wallet services. Additionally, it analyzes the practices related to staking and lending services, highlighting the specific accounting issues faced in revenue recognition, asset valuation, and compliance with evolving regulatory requirements. Given the absence of uniform international accounting standards for digital assets, cryptocurrency exchanges must address several critical accounting issues. These include accurate revenue recognition from transactions, handling of client assets, and establishing robust security measures to protect client funds. The study discusses the implications of accounting for transaction fees and staking rewards, emphasizing the need for reliable revenue recognition methods aligned with existing accounting standards while also accommodating price volatility in digital assets. Furthermore, the paper addresses the unique nature of cryptocurrencies as intangible assets that require special handling in financial reporting. It examines the implications of recording cryptocurrencies held on behalf of clients versus those owned by the exchange, considering the regulatory uncertainties and market volatility inherent in this sector. The discussion extends to compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements, which add to the operational and accounting complexities faced by these platforms. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of developing new accounting frameworks and standards tailored to the unique characteristics of cryptocurrency exchanges. Such frameworks would support more accurate financial reporting, enhance user trust, and ensure regulatory compliance in a rapidly evolving financial landscape. The findings of this study provide practical recommendations for adapting existing accounting standards to meet the operational needs of cryptocurrency exchanges and underline the role of robust internal controls in mitigating risks associated with decentralized digital finance.
The article examines the institutional foundations of the formation and features of the use of the concept of multi-level governance, the determination of methodical approaches to the formation and possibilities of applying an integrated approach to multi-level governance at the subnational level in the context of the implementation of European policies on the development of Ukraine. It has been found that the role of sub-national structures in European politics is becoming increasingly independent and may partially depart from the direct influence and control of national governments. At the same time, regionalization, which took place in a number of leading European countries, ultimately contributed to the decentralization of political power and the transfer of significant powers from the national to the subnational level. The most significant principles of multi-level governance are defined, which should include: transparency and openness of the process of development and adoption of political decisions; compliance with the principles of subsidiarity, inclusiveness and proportionality within this process; comprehensive protection of basic individual rights; development of partnership with the participation of institutions and persons of both public and private law; achieving management efficiency and budgetary balance at all levels of multi-level governance. The principle of partnership in the system of multi-level governance provides for the equality of different levels of power within the European Union, as well as their recognition of mutual democratic legitimacy. The specified principle also provides that the supranational, national and subnational levels of government should develop cooperation, which is carried out on a voluntary and mutually beneficial basis. It is emphasized that the institutional capacity of the governing bodies of the subnational level is the ability of these bodies to effectively, competently and stably perform their functions and powers. This concerns the legal, resource capabilities, competences of the relevant bodies and their ability to coordinate collective actions in the direction of promotion and implementation of public projects and public initiatives that are significant for society. It provides for effective partnership and coordination of relevant bodies, including with government institutions; interdepartmental partnership and coordination; increasing one's own capacity in the field of finance and in the provision of public services in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity and inclusiveness; partnerships and coordination outside the sphere of public administration; as well as audit, evaluation and citizen feedback. Attention is focused on the fact that the consolidation of efforts, that is, the joint interaction of local state authorities and local self-government bodies, is an important condition and at the same time a means of implementing democratic, decentralized management of territories and a condition for proper multi-level governance in the context of the European integration goals and objectives of Ukraine. The implementation of such cooperation will ensure the effectiveness of the mechanism of interaction between executive authorities and local self-government bodies; establish high-quality interaction of local authorities with territorial divisions of central executive authorities; to increase the professional level of employees of local state administrations; regulate the legal status of heads of local executive bodies; to ensure the provision of services to the population of appropriate quality.
This article examines the peculiarities of legal egulation of electronic trade documents circulation in Ukraine and internationally (in particular, theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter – the UK)). It is assessed to what extent the national legislation on the relevant issues is suitable for the transfer of such documents by electronic means, and the aspects in which it does not meet the requirements. The authors prove the insufficiency of the norms of the national legislation regulating the circulation of trade documents (bills of lading, bills of exchange, etc.) and the basic laws that define the basic organizational and legal principles of electronic document management and the use of electronic documents (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Circulation»), organizational and legal principles of activities in the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Commerce»), legal and organizational principles of electronic trust services (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Trust Services») for transition to electronic document circulation of trade documents. With this in mind, and taking into account the obligation of the G7+ countries to promote the use and recognition of electronic transferable records (model laws of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), in particular in developing countries, and the experience of the United Kingdom, the development and adoption of a separate law «On Electronic Trade Documents» (taking into account the norms of existing national legislation and national interests), which would contain a clear concept of trade documents and their classification is substantiated.
 The feasibility of developing and recognizing uniform standards at the international level for the transfer of electronic trade documents (in particular, the introduction of new systems and their integration with internal systems by all carriers, customs authorities, etc.), which will ensure such transfer, as well as uniform terms for their implementation, is being determined. It is proved that distributed ledger technologies, in particular blockchain, have significant potential for ensuring the circulation of electronic trade documents.
Abstract The safe transport of special and dangerous cargos is essential for the ecological environment and human health. Modern solutions are based on monitoring of the parameters of their transport with sensors in real time, which allows rapid response to unexpected events. Despite the information available from the sensors, the process of proving an insurance event and paying compensation is the same as for other insurances. This paper proposes a blockchain and IoT based model that chronologically records the data from the sensors located at the vehicle with goods, and the smart contract which sends timely signals to stakeholders (including the insurer) when the parameters of the sensors exceed the set thresholds. An experimental implementation on HyperLedger Fabric is presented, which proves the applicability of the proposed model.
The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyzed. It has been found out that the vast majority of Western European countries abdicate the unitary state model by introducing decentralization. The leading idea of reforming is to move the center of solving local issues to the local and, in particular regional level that is achieved by optimizing relations between different levels of territorial organization of power. National traditions, formation and functioning of public agencie in the past, specific features of administrative and territorial structure of the state, existence of autonomous territories, multiethnic population have a significant influence on the formation of the constitutional system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries. The positive experience Poland, France, Italy, Latvia, Germany and Denmark has been studied. The author has theoretically substantiated that the principle of decentralization has been successfully implemented in the practice of the European Union countries. It has been indicated that the prerequisite for the successful implementation of decentralization processes to create an effective model of governance within the system of decentralized government of Ukraine is: the establishment of the rule of law principle; recognition and guarantees of local self-government; equal legal protection of all forms of ownership; democratic and effective electoral legislation; independence, efficiency, accessibility and transparency of the judicial system, functioning of administrative justice institutions; perfect budget process and high financial discipline; availability of adequate social standards; developed public sector and stable tendency towards its development.
Andrii Mykhailov, Вікторія Макарова, Н. О. Капінос, Наталія Петрова
Research has been conducted on land development and land management in Ukraine and evaluation of their effectiveness in terms of new land relations. The main purpose of the article is to investigate some aspects of land development and land management in Ukraine and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of new land relations. The analysis of the land management works on the reform of land relations is carried out; the measures for the elimination of problems in land management are proposed. The implementation of modern technologies - namely open e-commerce, the introduction of distributed ledger technology - blockchain, simplification of land registration procedures will contribute to the quality of land management and transparency.
Ukraine has a high navigable potential of rivers. At the same time, in Ukraine only about 0.5 % of goods are transported by river transport. The current situation of research in the scientific field in most cases is based on the study of the statistical basis for the use of ports in transportation, transshipment volumes, but scientists do not pay attention to the place of ports as a center of river transport infrastructure and transport development in general. An important step for Ukraine for the development of river ports should be the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine "On Inland Water Transport". This law will address a significant number of issues that have accumulated in the field of river transport and encourages the industry to actively develop soon. In our opinion, the state's efforts to obtain direct revenues from water transport operations, rather than indirect revenues through savings from reducing the load on road infrastructure, accelerating the flow of funds from businesses, payment of wages to river workers, indicates an underestimation of economic industry potential. In the context of decentralization, the transfer of the method of generating revenues to the indirect ones allowed to significantly support the united territorial communities in their search for opportunities to attract investors in their territory and the development of existing ports. International experience in port management shows that among the many sources of financing, modernization and renovation of port infrastructure, the concession is the most attractive tool for raising funds. There is another negative point of distorted statistics: the lack of accurate data contributes to the development of the shadow business on the river. The most striking example here is illegal sand mining, which significantly reduces tax payments, and not only state but also local budgets suffer from this. Shadow "developers", in particular, do not pay rent, VAT, income tax, single social contribution. They also "manage" without paying land rent and the cost of environmental measures, including not compensating for losses to fisheries. If in Ukraine the accounting and control of cargo handling in river terminals was carried out, it would always be possible to stop such activity. However, the adopted law is a lesson for our Ukrainian realities. Only equal relations between business and the state will stimulate both the growth of transshipment in ports, the development of new areas of logistics, and, in general, the development of the country's economy.
The paper deals with the experience of reforms of local self-government and administrative and territorial structure in Latvia after its independence was restored. The following components and directions of reform are systematically and elementally studied: organizational and structural aspect; functional transformations; restructuring of the framework of interaction with the central government; problems of financing of powers and formation of local budgets; administrative and territorial division reform; regional development programs; accountability and state supervision. Conclusions have been drawn regarding the feasibility and expediency of using the experience of Latvian local self-government reforms in the context of finalization of the decentralization reform in Ukraine and further reforms in this sector.
М. I. Romashchenko, O. O. Dekhtiar, Yu. V. Husyev, M. V. Yatsiuk · 11 authors
Climate change has caused rapid soil dehydration in Ukraine; therefore sustainable agriculture will only be possible applying throughout irrigation or water regulation. Meanwhile, the use of the irrigation and drainage systems potential remains extremely unsatisfactory. In 2019, 532,000 ha were actually irrigated, and water regulation was performed on less than 300,000 ha. The purpose of the research. To analyze the existing state and substantiate the areas of the irrigation and drainage sector development to ensure the sustainable agriculture in the face of a changing climate. Materials and methods of the research. In the work, a set of methods was used: analytical, expert evaluations, surveys, comparisons and analogues, experimental. Observation data from the state meteorological stations network were used to evaluate hydrothermal conditions and the data from the network of hydrological posts of Ukrhydrometcentre were used to evaluate the river condition. To assess the technical condition of the engineering infrastructure, methodological approaches were used in accordance with the requirements of the international and European standards and the normative documents currently in force in Ukraine. To identify the possible ways and mechanisms to restore the irrigation and drainage systems potential, the reasons of the existing state were analyzed and it was determined that the uncompleted land and economic reforms, imperfections in the existing legislation and state support mechanisms, especially in the sector management, caused the long-year underfunding of irrigation and drainage facilities operation and restoration and resulted in the crisis situation in the sector. Conclusions. Based on the study of the world experience and the carried out research, it was established that the restoration and development of irrigation and drainage in Ukraine are possible only along with the implementation of a legal and institutional reform to introduce decentralization, improvement of the existing legislation, modernization of irrigation and drainage systems through the development and implementation of investment projects for restoration and development of irrigation and drainage systems, creation of attractive investment environments, development and introduction of a financing mechanism to cover management, operation and maintenance costs based on a new tariff formation system, introduction of the scientific support and staffing system for the land reclamation sector. The basis for the deployment of irrigation and drainage restoration should be the "Irrigation and Drainage Strategy in Ukraine until 2030", and the appropriate plan of measures, formed on the basis of fundamentally new institutional, scientific, technical and technological, economic, organizational, social and environmental approaches, should become a tool for achieving the goals of the "Strategy ...". Successful implementation of the goals of irrigation and drainage restoration in Ukraine will create the conditions to sustainable and profitable agricultural production in the face of climate change, to restore irrigation on the area of about 1,0 to 1,2 mln. ha and drainage on the area of 1,0 mln. ha and to additionally get up to 10 mln. tons of grain, 8-10 mln. tons of fruit, berries and vegetables annually.
Open access
Environmental Science and Water Management
Scientific Research Methodologies and Applications
Rural areas occupy the major part of the territory of Ukraine, but they are characterized by low levels of socio-economic development, limitations in the amount and quality of public services, negative demographic trends. The purpose of the article is to systematize modern means of financing rural development in Ukraine and to identify problems of their application by local governments. The authors proposed to improve the mechanism for financing rural development by active use its budgetary, credit and investment instruments. The prevalence of budgetary funding, whose limitation constrained rural development, was proven. Modern approaches to financing rural development were stated based on broadening community involvement in local budgeting, as well as in attracting investment resources.
It has been found out that government subventions are the most powerful support instrument for rural development in the spheres of infrastructure, education, health care, etc. The possibilities of financing rural development through the development budgets under financial decentralization have been investigated. It was noted that the use of participatory budgeting and other forms of project finance most clearly demonstrated real democratic transformations in local finance in Ukraine. The proposals for the use of PPP agreements, crowdfunding, and international funds’ grant programs for financing rural development were provided.
Nataliia M. Kriuchkova, Наталія Михайлівна Крючкова, Наталья Михайловна Крючкова
In the process of active implementation of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, the level of Ukrainian society is increasing by creating financially viable united territorial communities. Today, decentralization is an opportunity for community to have the authority and resources to meet the current needs o f the region. The updated system of financial support for local budgets contributes to an increase in the share of their income, but the current results of fiscal decentralization indicate that not enough additional local government resources have been created to finance municipal powers and powers delegated by the state. At the same time, the land resources of territorial communities are the basic category in the formation of the financial and material basis of the local government system. Possession, effective use and disposal of land resources guarantee the effective organization of the territorial community's life. At the same time, the level of capacity o f territorial communities in Ukraine indicates that despite the state's efforts to organize effective management of land resources as the property of a territorial community, the impact of the latter on the growth of economic, social, household, and cultural development, especially rural and settlement communities, remains insignificant in the future. Given that there have been significant changes in the legislation on land relations recently, the issue o f taxation of land under the new legislation and its impact on the income of communities and their financial viability is relevant.
The article is aimed at disclosing the issue of financial support for the construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of motor roads in the context of implementation of budget decentralization and decentralization of road management. The article specifies the steps taken towards implementation of decentralization in the sphere of road infrastructure of Ukraine and the introduction of budget decentralization: distribution of functions and powers in the road sphere at the subregional level of management and the updated mechanism of financing the road industry. Both the dynamics of formation and distribution of the State Road Fund and the status of distribution of subvention on the streets and roads of settlements are analyzed. The vision of the main risks of financial support for the maintenance of streets and roads of communal property in settlements in 2021 is disclosed. The directions of improvement of the system of financial support for the construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of motor roads are proposed, including in particular: the need to deepen diversification of sources of formation of the State Road Fund; consolidation of the proper guaranteed part of the State Road Fund’s costs for the maintenance of streets and roads of communal property in settlements; balancing the expenditure load and financial support for the implementation of road projects; increasing the level of transparency of decision-making in the distribution of financial resources intended for the construction, reconstruction, major, ongoing repair of motor roads.
The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyzed. It has been found out that the vast majority of Western European countries abdicate the unitary state model by introducing decentralization. The leading idea of reforming is to move the center of solving local issues to the local and, in particular regional level that is achieved by optimizing relations between different levels of territorial organization of power. National traditions, formation and functioning of public agencies in the past, specific features of administrative and territorial structure of the state, existence of autonomous territories, multiethnic population have a significant influence on the formation of the constitutional system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries. The positive experience of Denmark and France has been studied. The author has theoretically substantiated that the principle of decentralization has been successfully implemented in the practice of the European Union countries. It has been indicated that the prerequisite for the successful implementation of decentralization processes to create an effective model of governance within the system of decentralized government of Ukraine is: the establishment of the rule of law principle; recognition and guarantees of local self-government; equal legal protection of all forms of ownership; democratic and effective electoral legislation; independence, efficiency, accessibility and transparency of the judicial system, functioning of administrative justice institutions; perfect budget process and high financial discipline; availability of adequate social standards; developed public sector and stable tendency towards its development.
Introduction. The financial and economic mechanism rational use and protection of land forestry should be based on realization national land relations policy, which envisages comprehensive state support for efficient use of nature through financing of appropriate organizational measures and introduction of economic instruments, incentives for rational use of forest resources. The main levers of such a mechanism are fiscal, monetary, budgetary and other elements of influence on economic entities. Aims and tasks. To realization the delivered goal it is necessary to solve a number of tasks, namely: to determine the actual area of forest land within the respective united territorial communities in Ukraine, to determine the possible economic income from the use of these forested areas, to calculate the volumes of fiscal receipts to the budgets of united territorial communities from forestry enterprises. Results. With the help of geoinformation approach was installed, it was established that the forest area in the united territorial communities were concentrated in Zhytomyrskа (788.5 thousand ha), Chernihivska (583.6 thousand ha), Volynska (432.9 ha), Rivnenska (282, 8 thousand hectares), Sumska (216,0 thousand hectares) regions. Whereas the smallest forest area within the boundaries of the united territorial communities is concentrated in Kirovohradska, Zakarpatska, Mykolaivska, Zaporizka, Vinnytska, Donetska, Luhanska, Odeska, Khersonska regions. Conclusions. Besides, in the case of use of forest areas within united territorial communities utility companies, they pay 18% income tax, which comes fully to the budget of the united territorial communities. We have made calculation of such fiscal receipts by areas where forestry production it is profitable. Therefore, our proposed scientific approach to the development of a financial and economic mechanism for regulating the rational use of forest land use should be based on the totality of fiscal budgetary relationships between forest resources and subjects entrepreneurial activity, which are based on the application of the geospatial approach of accounting of forest areas as an integral part of information support for the effective functioning of the economic system as a whole. On the whole, due to the proposed financial and economic mechanism, the total amount of tax revenues to united territorial communities in Ukraine can be increased by 10.2% of the actual receipts from their own resources of the united territorial communities in Ukraine for 2015 – 2016, or 6.01% of total volume taxes on individuals' income the united territorial communities in 2018. At the same time, the forest area within the united territorial communities at the national level is only 18.95% as of 2019.
The article consider sthe essence of concepts of decentralization and determinants of sustainable development of the agr iculturalsector . It analyze st he dynamics of payment for land to local budgets of Ukraine in 2014-2019. It shows that the introduction of new normative monetary valuation significantly reduces the fiscal potential of territorial communities, whose main profitable source of budget generati on is the proceeds from payment for land. The paper proposes some a pproaches to improve the mechanism of state regulation of sustainable development of the agr icultural sector of Ukrainian economy for enhanc ing its competitiveness in the context of Ukraine's integration into the European area . The study substantiates the fact that determinants of sustainable development of the agr icultural sector of economy are identified from two perspectives: on the one hand, determinants of sustainable development of the agr icultural sector are the conditions, causes, factors on which this development depends ; on the other hand, they are constituent elements of sustainable development of the agr icultural sector of economy. The paper considers the process of transfer of agricultural land plots from state to communal ownershipof united territorial communities in Ukraine in 2018. It provides a comparative description of advantages and disadvantages of sources of investment projects financing in the agricultural sector of economy. As a result, it is determined that own funds of enterprises are the most reliable and stable investment resource. The authors p ropose to mobilize investment processes in the agricultural sector based on all possible sources, to increase state investments, to intensify alternative investments, to stimulate the inflow of foreign investments, to expand the practice of insurance and guarantee of the state-supported investment projects in the agricultural sector of economy. Key words : sustainable development, determinants of sustainable development, agricultural sector, decentralization
David Mamunts, Vladimir E. Marley, Leonid S. Kulakov, Elena M. Pastushok · 5 authors
Recently, 80% of banks admitted that they are already developing products based on this technology. The use of blockchain technology in other areas. Storage at the distribution cloud. Multiple copies in different parts of the network, the system is much safer; identity management. Identifier based on the blockchain that will replace usernames and passwords of online users; registration and verification of data. Constant control register is significantly more secure than traditional databases and etc. The respect and popularity of the blockchain in Russia. Research in this area by the Central Bank and the Ministry of communications, the representatives of these agencies have repeatedly stated. The planned creation of a nationwide automated system of accounting and information processing. Private business is moving in the same direction, there are already a number of projects. Trade and many other areas of our lives in the near future may become fully automated.
Decentralization of the power authorities inUkrainewill greatly bring science closer to the needs of production in its primary links, and will improve the use of agricultural potential in each region (Sabluk, 2017). Under these conditions, it is possible to practically implement the proposed improved model of management of agricultural projects, which is based on the coordination of efforts of agrarian producers with specialists of the relevant departments of regional state administrations (Prysiazhniuk and Plotnikova, 2017). Creation of innovative centers for the development of agricultural production and rural areas in the regions will contribute the activation of the development and implementation of innovative projects. It actualizes the problem of formation of sources of financing of agricultural projects. Material and methods. The purpose of the work is a scientific substantiation of the possibility of capitalization of agricultural lands as a potential source of project financing on the example of the regional level of management of agricultural production. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is the modern works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, as well as the results of own research. In the process of research the following methods were used: monographic, abstract-logical, statistical-economic, analysis and synthesis. Results and discussion. The possibility of capitalization of agricultural lands as a potential source of project financing on the example of the regional level of management of agricultural production inUkraine is substantiated. The evaluation of potential volumes of crediting of projects of the agricultural enterprises of regions ofUkraine depending on size of the collateral value of the land and the rights of rent is executed. The investment potential of agricultural enterprises of the regions of Ukraine in the context of project financing, taking into account the collateral value of the land resource and investment profit (the sum of net profit and amortization of fixed assets) is calculated. Conclusion. Estimation of the potential volume of credit support for projects of agrarian enterprises in the regions ofUkraine, depending on size of the collateral value of the land and the rights of rent, indicates the important role of this potential source of financing. So, for example, the potential volume of credit financing for projects of agricultural enterprises inUkraine subject to 50 % of the value of land mortgage is about 267.6 billion UAH. Involvement of these funds to finance innovative agricultural projects will contribute to the expansion of opportunities for the practical implementation of these projects and to ensure sustainable development.
<em>In the article considered the implementation problem an effective organizational and economic mechanism (algorithm) and ensuring the safety of the process of decentralization of management of natural resources is considered as an organized transfer of powers from the sphere of state management to water, land, forest and mineral resources to territorial communities.</em> <em>The concept of the mechanism of ensuring the security of the decentralization process in the system of management of natural resources with the participation of local communities is proposed.</em>
Thesis is devoted to scientific and theoretical explanation of the City Council functioning as an institution of local democracy in Ukraine. It is defined that in political foreign science, investigation of democracy institutions on the local level has its own tradition. In Ukrainian political science, there are two ways of the City Council investigation as an institution of local democracy. The first group of Ukrainian scientists carries out scientific researches devoted to the problems of the City Council institutional development. Another group of scientists discloses outlined problems due to the regional research. Researchers’ attention is paid on subjects of political process in regions. But the problem of lack amount of applied research, particularly devoted to the analysis of political practice in the interaction between the City Council and community, still exists. On the basis of analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific resources, the state of scientific research on the problem of local democracy institutions in Ukrainian literature, is highlighted. Basic methodology approaches of modern political science to the understanding of the City Council as an institution of local democracy are defined. It is proved that the research of methodological principles of the City Council as an institution of local democracy study requires a combination of several aspects. It is important to take into consideration that the City Council operates on the lowest territorial authorities’ level. Its main characteristics are autonomous authority formation from another administrative units and combination of representative direct forms of democracy and citizen participation in political process. The City Council is not only a form of state decentralization, but also a mechanism of social and political regime. As a result of interaction evolution between the City Council and community, institutions of local democracy which legalize their activity on certain territories and have a certain level of trust in society are established. The principles of subsidiary as a factor of system transformation of local selfgovernment in Ukraine. It is important to use the principal of subsidiary during the interaction between the City Council and community. It is found out that the mechanism of solving important problems on the level of their occurrence is necessary for democratization of Ukrainian political process. Special attention is paid on political and legal regulation of community participation in the process of local democracy through the prism of public authority functioning. It is proved that Ukraine has a powerful legislative framework for local democracy institutions functioning. It is found out that there are enough legislative basis for local democracy institutions functioning, but the problem of lack amount of mechanisms to regulate community participation in the processes of local democracy exists. Regulatory and legal framework in Ukraine defines basic powers of the City Council and its executive bodies in the sphere of its regulation. It doesn’t usually establish the procedure of these powers realization. That is why, procedural norms should be prescribed in the City Council’s legal documents (statutes, regulations) and their compliance will provide political and legal basis for interaction between the City Council and community. It is proved that the essence of reformation in the legal field depends on the City Councils empowerment concerning solving their vital problems, increasing their economic independence, optimizing the distribution of powers between local authorities and the City Councils and as a result ensuring required quantity and quality of social and administrative services for Ukrainian citizens.It is stressed on the fact that democracy and society take their beginning from community and the City Council is an important element of local democracy and society. At the same time, community is a solid foundation of society development. The City Council should meet community interests and needs. It is necessary in the case of spheres and competences division between state authority and the City Council on the principles of subsidiarity and political responsibility. It is found out that community performs protection, management, coordination and regulation functions on certain territories. Community can be defined as a certain community which is united within one territory in order to solve common political, economic, social and religious problems. It is explained that political management in the community should be realized concerning local population interests, development and territory conversation on the basis of efficient use of community resources. It is mentioned that the City Council needs certain bodies of community self-organization to diagnose community problems, attract additional resources for solving social problems and advocate community interests before state government. The attention is focused on the functions of community self-organization bodies: satisfying social interests and needs, informing authorities of their problems and needs, realization of public control over the City Council activities, assistance in solving common community problems. It is stressed that community self-organization bodies are a part of civil society and a system of local self-government that mobilize residents to solve their home, street, square and region problems. Bodies of community selforganization can be financed from the local budget and use their resources on their purposes within law determined by the City Council and accepted solution of community general meetings’ members. The peculiarities of public control in the City Councils are shown. It is mentioned that public control is becoming an important factor in the process of decision making on the local level. Public control has its own characteristics. Control itself is realized by community (organized, unorganized) and in the process of its realization, community controls authority’s implementation of its social obligations. It is observed a tendency of communication activation between the City Council and community through the system of electronic petitions. The problem of trust between subjects of local democracy realization (state and community) is very topical when we talk not only about using funds, but openness and responsibility for decision implementation as well. The efficiency of public control should take into account two levels of evaluation. The first level concerns public opinion. The second one – processing of local decisions among experts. To solve the most topical problems of local community life, we should understand how these main forms of local democracy as local initiatives, general meetings, local referendums, public hearings and activities of community self-organization bodies were used. It is mentioned that an important part of the City Council democracy understanding in Ukraine is the index of publicity. Measuring this index, we can understand how open political decision making on the local level is and what involvement of local policy subjects in this process is. It is mentioned that the index of publicity contains an integrated system of indicators which give a possibility on the regularly basis to evaluate and compare the quality of bodies and local officials’ governance in the context of their activity. Defining the index of the City Council publicity, it is important to take into account such criteria as: the existence of community statute and the City Council regulations; the existence and analysis of local initiatives; public hearings and public expertise; mayors and the City Council deputies reports; general meetings of citizens; electronic petitions; public consultations. These criteria give a possibility to define the level of the City Council publicity in Ukraine. In order to increase the level of community social involvement, the state has to become an active participant in common projects devoting to partnership development among public organizations, bodies of local self-governing and community in the sphere of services provision. To implement community initiatives, it is necessary to monitor the compliance with the community rights law on realization of direct democracy mechanisms. It is stressed on the fact that internal and external factors influence on the realization of community initiatives on the City Council level. The first group of factors contains objective conditions, such as: peculiarities of political regime transformation; social and economic state development; specifics of state policy implementation and powers division between the center and regions; state of legal and regulatory functioning framework of such organizations. Among internal factors, subjective conditions can be distinguished: level of local institutional development of local democracy institutions; presence of real leaders in this organizations; existence of necessary resources (political, economic, social, demographic etc.) for policy implementation.
Decentralization processes taking place in Ukraine could not pass by such an important sector as transport, especially the road transport sub-sector. Currently reconsideration is needed both in the system of roads and in the system of their financing, so the present article gives a detailed insight of Ukrainian legal framework concerning those issues. Thus, funding and administration of the public roadways is performed by Ukravtodor and is excessively centralized, so there is a need for reform by passing local roads to regional level (under the present system - to the regional state administrations, and with possible amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine - to local governments). The article considers the system of road funding, which is currently effected from the budget (state and local) and from borrowed resources. The authors determine two stages of reforming the model of budget financing of transport and road infrastructure (the first stage (2008-2013), which began with the adoption of the Concept of Reforming the System of Administration of the Public Roadways and the second stage (2013-2018), which began with the adoption of Focus Program of public roads in 2013-2018), in which, the new scheme of road funding, except the budget and borrowed funds, will include a real application of the mechanisms of public-private partnerships, including concessions. The authors propose various improvements in the model of budget funding, which involve the creation of an effective State Road Fund, whose existence will be fixed in the Budget Code of Ukraine, with clearly defined and fixed sources of formation and direction of channeling funds. The article provides recommendations for improving the regulatory framework for the reform of the road sector.