Blockchain Papers

Muhammad Azizur Rahman Ramli, Azlin Suzana Salim, Amir Abidin Bashir Mohammed

No abstract is available for this record.

Batool Allan, Yara Rahhal, Salahaldin Abukhalaf, Anastassia Gharib

The incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) into daily life has brought about challenges related to security and privacy. Smart home security systems using physical locks connected to the internet continue to be susceptible to unrecognized key duplication and unauthorized entry. To overcome this challenge, this work proposes a decentralized smart lock system using the blockchain technology as a means of providing improved access control and security in smart homes. The proposed system integrates the coupling of an IoT device with a keypad entry and a Solidity-based smart contract logic on the IOTA Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) test network. A webbased frontend using Node.js enables homeowners to grant access permissions remotely, where Web3.py ensures safe blockchain interactions. The initiative eliminates the vulnerability that comes with physical keys, facilitates secure remote access control, and improves the safety using hashed access codes, time-limited procedures, and non-repudiation of transactions. Experimental results further show that the proposed IOTA-based smart lock system keeps the usage of resources lower compared to existing Ethereum-based solutions.

Navarro Vargas, Guillem

This thesis presents a comprehensive framework for intelligent energy management in residential environments through the development and implementation of an advanced integrated hardware and software architecture. The primary objectives were to design a modular, scalable system capable of real-time energy monitoring, predictive consumption analysis, and secure peer-to-peer energy trading; to implement this system using cost-effective hardware components and open-source software solutions; to develop a prototype demonstrating core functionalities; and to evaluate the system's performance, limitations, and potential for future enhancement within the evolving smart grid ecosystem. The methodological approach encompassed a layered architecture integrating physical hardware sensors with containerized software components. At the hardware level, a Raspberry Pi 4 platform was utilized as the central computing unit, augmented with specialized energy monitoring components including the RPICT7V1 module, SCT-013-000 current transformers, and ZMPT101B voltage sensors. This configuration enabled granular measurement of electrical parameters with ten-second sampling intervals. The software architecture was constructed on a Linux-based server environment using MicroK8s for lightweight Kubernetes orchestration. This containerized microservices framework incorporated InfluxDB for time-series data storage, Grafana for real-time visualization, and a Large Language Model (LLM) for predictive analytics. External data integration was achieved through a REE API connection that provided real-time electricity pricing information from the Spanish market. Additionally, a decentralized energy trading system was conceptually designed using the Cardano blockchain, featuring smart contracts implemented in Plutus and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for transaction traceability. The testing and validation phase confirmed the successful deployment and operational functionality of the core system components. The hardware sensing layer demonstrated accurate data acquisition capabilities, reliably capturing voltage and current measurements across multiple channels. The containerized software infrastructure exhibited stable operation and effective inter-service communication within the Kubernetes environment. End-to-end data flow validation verified the complete pathway from sensor readings through storage in InfluxDB to visualization in Grafana dashboards. The integration of external energy market data from the REE API was successfully implemented, enabling real-time electricity price monitoring. Functional Grafana dashboards provided intuitive visualization of key energy metrics including power consumption, voltage levels, current intensity, and PVPC pricing. While computational constraints of the Raspberry Pi platform limited full LLM functionality, and the peer-to-peer trading system remained at the architectural design stage rather than full implementation, these limitations were clearly identified as areas for future development. In conclusion, this research successfully demonstrated the viability of integrating real-time monitoring, containerized microservices, and foundational blockchain technologies within a residential energy management context. The prototype represents a significant advancement toward democratized energy management through its modular, open-source architecture and cost-effective hardware implementation. Future work will focus on migrating the computational stack to more powerful hardware such as the NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano platform to enable full LLM integration, implementing the complete peer-to-peer trading functionality, and developing advanced features including dynamic load balancing, demand response integration, and multi-site energy management. This research contributes to the evolving field of intelligent energy systems by providing a blueprint for scalable, decentralized solutions that enhance grid resilience, empower energy prosumers, and support the transition toward sustainable, efficient energy ecosystems

Suale Yakubu, Agnes Mindila, Peter Kihato

This paper presents a novel solution for a secure and efficient data-sharing framework for the PainlessMesh protocol in the Internet of Things (IoT) application scenario. The paper introduced the integration of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanism into the PainlessMesh protocol to secure the data transmission process between sender and receiver using ESP32 microcontrollers as communication nodes. The proposed solution addresses challenges in decentralized communication by focusing on secure peer-to-peer data transmission in IoT-based networks, enhancing the traditional PainlessMesh protocol into a PoS-enabled PainlessMesh protocol. The results demonstrate effectiveness in showcasing high data integrity with no data losses observed, a substantial throughput of 268.26 kbit/s, and a 100% packet delivery ratio making it a promising solution for secure and scalable IoT applications. Although other works have shown better performance in some specific areas, the proposed protocol demonstrates its potential to balance performance with security and reliability crucial for data-sensitive networks.

Lena Phung

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahmuda Akter Keya, S. Mandal, Swarojani Dhar, Homaira Tahsin · 8 authors

The Internet of Things (IoT) is now causing a massive wave of digitization, creating vast amounts of data in the Internet of Everything era. Distributed ledger technologies like blockchains and IOTA are essential to IoT data services. The IOTA Foundation has completely redesigned distributed ledger technology to enable secure cash and data exchange, fee-free microtransactions, and scalable network growth for IoT device networks. It provides an approach and transaction confirmations to enable smart device microtransactions. The quicker the network uses the IOTA Tangle, the more transactions are verified. However, IOTA’s maximum transaction rate of approximately seven transactions per second (TPS) limits its potential. In May 2020, the community network achieved 600 confirmed Transactions Per Second (CTPS), showcasing progress. Motivated by the need to enhance IoT scalability and efficiency, this research proposes a methodology to integrate Tangle into IoT blockchains, leveraging Tangle as the backbone for IoT devices. The approach addresses message flooding, reducing overhead while offering a distinct web interface cost-cutting strategy to minimize transaction time and storage for microtransactions. Experimental results demonstrate that the framework improves transaction throughput, substantially reducing processing time and resource usage. These findings underscore its efficacy in enabling efficient and scalable IoT microtransactions. The research concludes that the proposed integration of Tangle enhances IoT transaction efficiency and sets a foundation for future innovations in secure, lightweight IoT data exchange.

Mohammed Mujeer Ulla, Preethi Preethi, Md. Sameeruddin Khan, L Shakkeera · 5 authors

Strobe appears to be a promising solution to address some of the challenges associated with securing IoT devices. Its lightweight nature and flexibility make it well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as microcontrollers and small hardware devices. By providing support for cryptographic primitives and network protocols, Strobe offers a comprehensive framework for securing IoT ecosystems. The support for Schnorr signature variant with an elliptic curve or other group primitives further enhances the security features of Strobe, making it suitable for applications where authentication and integrity are crucial. Furthermore, the lightweight implementation of Strobe is particularly noteworthy, as it addresses the constraints imposed by microcontrollers and small hardware devices. By optimizing resource usage and maximizing efficiency, this implementation ensures that Strobe can be deployed effectively in a wide range of IoT devices without compromising performance or reliability. NFTs have been widely used in blockchain systems to represent unique and irreplaceable assets. Traditional NFTs typically have one identifier representing an asset and ownership by a single entity. This work introduces smart NFTs, tagging IoT devices as Tangible Smart Assets. These devices have blockchain account addresses, establish secure communication channels, and operate in different modes based on their token states. By using Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), each smart NFT is securely linked to its IoT device, enabling private key recovery and corresponding blockchain address recovery. This secure pairing ensures trusted hardware and software throughout the device's lifecycle. We will demonstrate this concept using ESP32-based IoT devices and the Ethereum blockchain, utilizing the ESP32's SRAM as the PUF.

Tahsin Alam, Md. Rokonuzzaman, Sohag Sarker, AFM Zainul Abadin · 6 authors

The increasing ability of internet-connected daily life electronic gadgets has propelled smart homes into a global trend. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables ambient devices to communicate and interact seamlessly through various sensors. Emerging technical concepts like Web3 and Industry 5.0 require decentralised and intelligent systems near the network's edge. Petabytes of IoT sensor-generated data cause a shortage of storage on the Cloud servers, adding a delay factor to the IoT system. Standard cloud-based IoT systems can't fully function in areas with unstable internet. This paper addresses these challenges and proposes a solution to integrate edge computing concepts. The proposed system is developed using a Raspberry Pi 3 Home Server (RHS) driven by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The designed prototype includes a fire and smoke detection system with MQ2 gas, dust, temperature, and flame sensors. The SVM and these sensors form a data fusion module integrating with Network Mapper (NMAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker, MariaDB SQL server, and InfluxDB time series database. The experiments demonstrate a fundamental edge operation with a latency of 2.45 ms (milliseconds), while NMAP integration ensures data security and device verification for sensor data storage. The synthetic simulations show positive outcomes for the data fusion-based monitoring system, where alerts are promptly triggered as sensor values change, with an overall system latency of approximately 24 ms. The developed system manages home automation, real-time monitoring for fire, smoke, gas leaks, network scans, anomaly detection, appliance usage tracking, and cloud data backup. A multi-level alert system ensures early threat mitigation, with alarms, SMS, notifications, and email alerts to maximize awareness.

Alysson Augusto Pereira Machado, Rodrigo Fiorotti, Rodolfo da Silva Villaça, Hélder R. O. Rocha

No abstract is available for this record.

Gowtham Arjun, G. Fathima

As we depend more and more on online platforms, keeping user login secure is a top priority. Traditional methods, which often store usernames and passwords on central servers, are increasingly at risk from cyberattacks like data breaches, phishing scams, and identity theft. To overcome these problems, this project suggests a decentralized login system based on block chain technology. Blockchain provides a secure and transparent record where login information are managed safely without a central authority. Smart contracts enable automated checks that are resistant to tampering and unauthorized access. Unlike standard systems, this approach eliminates the single point of failure by spreading data across a blockchain network, ensuring better uptime and security. Users have more control over their online identities because blockchain-based systems avoid storing cleartext passwords or sensitive information in one location. Integrating blockchain with crypto wallets, like MetaMask, further strengthens user login by enabling secure, key-based identity checks. This method not only boosts user confidence and privacy but also fits with the future of the decentralized web (Web3). This proposed solution shows how blockchain can transform login systems by providing a secure, scalable, and transparent alternative to traditional login processes.

Samaher Ahmed Yousiff, Ra'ad A. Muhajjar, Mishall Al-Zubaidie

Although the idea of communication between devices is not new, its developmenthas been rapid and significant since it helps people do their jobs more efficiently and keeps them fully informed of events at their homes and workplaces thanks to technology like the Blockchain (BC) based Internet of Things (IoT). However, this new technology suers from security issues and the existing research has not addressed these issues in depth. In this paper, a simulation of the smart network of the firefighting station was made. BC technology was used with one of the consensus algorithms which was proof of authority (PoA) to make this network more secure and private, in addition to the use of a hash function such as secure hash algorithm 384 (SHA-384), which is a one-way encryption function and was used to verify the BC data integrity so that it was dicult to hack the data and thus be the data transmission process is more secure. Also, the Espressif 32 (ESP32) device was chosen for this project because it oers several useful characteristics, including Wi-Fi and the capacity for rapid data transmission. It was observed from the results obtained from the application of consensus algorithms that the firefighting station network was made more secure and the PoA algorithm was better in several aspects such as execution time (maximum 0.4 S) and memory used (maximum 610 KB). Finally, the proposed work that was applied to the firefighting station was good in terms of safety and privacy, as the work of this station became more efficient.

Ammbika Vamanrao MIttapally, Shrinivasa D Rao

Basically operating system is known as distributed ledger technology operating system maintains various records like stamp time record, 51% attack, distributed technology. With the fundamental details this paper suggests formal learning and informal learning with its benefits and limitations which make operating system as innovative technology. From Industrial Era innovation of electric the telegraph and the telephone, the internal combustion engine and the automobile informatics, data science. Operating system used in different sectors like real estate, schools modules information technology. This paper focuses on e-learning appliance and tried to express operating system can be useful to in education system. Article initially focused with benefits of operating system how it overcomes problems associated with students and teachers in Education system related to analysis of students and teacher both parties. Some suggestions on future directions and practical appliance are also included in this paper.

G. Ramesh, B. Anil Kumar, J. Praveen

Smart homes with IoT and cloud integration have many security challenges and scalability issues. The reason behind security issues is that the environment is distributed in nature and thousands of devices may participate in the network. When any device is compromised or when security credentials are stolen, the whole system will be exposed to security risks. The existing solutions to the problem of security in smart homes are not scalable and they do have loopholes like lack of standards, prone to DDoS attacks and other attacks. They are not able to provide end-to-end solutions to the transactions in IoT-enabled smart homes. There is a need for end-to-end security in such systems. Since blockchain is the distributed ledger of transactions that is accessible to all legitimate devices, it can help devices to be smart enough to prevent any security attacks. In other words, the smart home with all its participating devices and data are protected with blockchain technology integration. This chapter presents the design and implementation of an IoT-enabled smart home system with blockchain technology for end-to-end security, irrespective of the make and platform of applications and devices that participate in distributed computing. It presents experimental results in terms of latency for block creation and data retrieval.

Muhammad Umer, Saima Sadiq, Reemah Alhebshi, Maha Farouk S. Sabir · 9 authors

For the past few years, the concept of the smart house has gained popularity. The major challenges concerning a smart home include data security, privacy issues, authentication, secure identification, and automated decision-making of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Currently, existing home automation systems address either of these challenges, however, home automation that also involves automated decision-making systems and systematic features apart from being reliable and safe is an absolute necessity. The current study proposes a deep learning-driven smart home system that integrates a Convolutional neural network (CNN) for automated decision-making such as classifying the device as "ON" and "OFF" based on its utilization at home. Additionally, to provide a decentralized, secure, and reliable mechanism to assure the authentication and identification of the IoT devices we integrated the emerging blockchain technology into this study. The proposed system is fundamentally comprised of a variety of sensors, a 5 V relay circuit, and Raspberry Pi which operates as a server and maintains the database of each device being used. Moreover, an android application is developed which communicates with the Raspberry Pi interface using the Apache server and HTTP web interface. The practicality of the proposed system for home automation is tested and evaluated in the lab and in real-time to ensure its efficacy. The current study also assures that the technology and hardware utilized in the proposed smart house system are inexpensive, widely available, and scalable. Furthermore, the need for a more comprehensive security and privacy model to be incorporated into the design phase of smart homes is highlighted by a discussion of the risks analysis' implications including cyber threats, hardware security, and cyber attacks. The experimental results emphasize the significance of the proposed system and validate its usability in the real world.

Authors unavailable

Decentralization forms an integral part of democracy, arising from the conduction of elections.Modern democracies rely heavily on elections.However, there is a lack of trust building up due to the cases of discrepancies in the process.The "e-voting" system was developed after the 1960s.It overcame a lot of issues existing in the ballot voting system.In present times the significance of E-Voting has grown drastically.It cuts down the cost of hosting an election and increases the number of participants as they are free to cast their vote from any location, without any ballot boxes, or areas for establishing polling booths.There were still obstacles to overcome and deliver results.Even the most developed democracies, such as India and the United States, have error-prone voting processes.Voter fraud, EVM hacking, and polling station theft are the main issues with the current voting system.Reliability along with security and precision must be considered while performing elections.The blockchain with smart-contracts stands out as a leading candidate for developing more reliable, cost-effective, transparent, and user-friendly electronic voting systems.Undoubtedly, the revolutionary blockchain idea is the technology behind the cryptocurrency Bitcoin and its derivatives.Ethereum and its network are among the greatest because of their dependability and wide acceptance.An electronic voting system must be secure and transparent to avoid double voting and maintain privacy.In this study, we have used Ethereum wallet along with Solidity Programming language for developing a smart contact for Ethereum network that works as E-Voting System.

Vinod Patil, Prasad Kadam, SUDHIR KADAM

No abstract is available for this record.

Anne Rose, Priya G. Das

No abstract is available for this record.

Chamath Liyanage, U. A. D. S. Kavinda, Dinuka Dasanayaka, P. G. J. Shehara · 5 authors

In many cases, children between this age are using smartphones and other technology devices, to play games, watch cartoons, take photos and sometimes the chance is getting higher than we think that children access unnecessary contents due to lack of guidance and unawareness of parents. This interactive mobile application is used as an adaptive learning tool for the primary school students. Utilizing children’s comfort with technology allows for the development of their talents. In math skills development, some attractively designed gamified activities to solve basic math questions are given according to the skill level the child is currently in. The accuracy was much higher in the Convolutional Neural Network approach as it recorded a value of 0.9919. In environmental skills development component, the app will ask child to identify the surroundings according to a flow, starting from the house and towards the garden using object detection and the results were detected with a higher accuracy level around 0.9-0.99 after training the Machine Learning model. And in the language skills development component the child is given activities to develop pronunciation skills using audio processing and finally the verification of online achievements of a child by Non-Fungible Token technology, is fulfilled via the app.

Jose Anand, M Shobika, T Sneha

The healthcare and medicine production goals are to provide quality goods and prevent any counterfeit drugs with the help of the supply chain. The medicine tends to deteriorate its chemical properties when it is exposed to extremely high temperatures or low temperatures beyond its specified optimum level. The optimum temperature should be controlled even when it is subjected to high or low temperatures. When the medicine is exported, the entire flow process from the manufacturer to the customer should be monitored to meet the goals. The principal motive was to solve the issue of the transport of putrescible goods such as medicines, vaccines food products, etc. liable to the changes in the environment which might affect their chemical composition. An RFID tag is employed to track the temperature of the package, during transportation and storage. The components involved are a passive High-Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (HF-RFID) tag kept within the package to read the surrounding temperature, an RFID reader which gets updated with the readings from the tag, a smart device, here, a phone, to access the information graphically via an application and a temperature adjusting installation inside the containment box. Another biggest challenge is to prevent counterfeit drugs. Blockchain technology is proposed to use in the supply chain to prevent data manipulation and data breaching. The blockchain platform along with the Internet of Things (IoT) framework is used to store and secure data at the end of each process in the supply chain and provided to the customers to view.

Nada Ratković

The major problem with the use of smart home technology is that it often leads to various security issues. This mainly happens because the devices use open internet connections that may be vulnerable and subjected to multiple threats, hackers, and viruses. Some household IoT devices are forcefully introduced to the market, exposing the customers to significant risk factors. The websites and links do not have any copyright information or any privacy policies, due to which the hackers may immediately steal the confidential information of the user. For instance, the door locking password may be hacked by cyber criminals, and they may use it to attack the home when there is nobody in the home. This paper presents how to use block-chain to improve home security.

Binu Kuriakose Vargis, Mohammad Shabbir Alam, Kamal Upreti, Ranjana Raut · 6 authors

The recent pandemic has brought an unprecedented tangible effect on the adversaries of understanding the importance of Vaccines. Prior to this situation there were scenarios where the drip in Vaccine efficacy has affected the public health sector and even the Government's. Vaccination is the only assertive way of procuring immunization against such deadly pandemics. This study discusses such events which motivated the need of managing and monitoring the vaccine supply chain. The applications of IoT and Blockchain have been depicted and converged in this regard. Blockchain is the apparent solution to manage and monitor the vaccines effectiveness by delivering the same to the public health centers timely. Moreover, the counterfeit vaccines can also be identified. Internet of Things (IoT) has given a significant contribution in terms of fetching the real time readings in many applications. In our study temperature and moisture parameters are collected using Sensors in IoT and then the complete voyage of vaccine cold units will be monitored using Blockchain Transactions till it has been delivered. A framework is proposed on a Ethereum platform and consensus mechanism which will eventually avoid any possible alterations and counterfeiting of the deliverable Vaccine Units ensuring a safe transit which will be accessible and transparent even to the receiving patients, healthcare members along with the Governments body.

Analyn N. Yumang, Arianne I. Rojas, Clark Joshua R. Viray

Nowadays, as modern cryptocurrency machines operate faster and hotter, the fans are insufficient to cool constant CPU and GPU usage. The researchers built specialized Mining Rig Cases for these machines to withstand excessive heat. Aside from temperature, another environmental factor that affects the performance of Cryptocurrency machines is relative humidity. The researchers created an IoT-based Monitoring system to regulate and monitor the Cryptocurrency machines as excessive heat and humidity can decrease the lifespan of these machines. The Infrared camera used color mapping and Otsu’s Segmentation Algorithm for image processing. Otsu Segmentation Algorithm separates the background and foreground of the image while Color Mapping Algorithm converts colors of the image into temperature. The researchers also tested the power consumption and data sizes to determine the efficiency of the monitoring system. Using Convolutional Neural Network, the researchers trained 300 images to assess the state of the Cryptocurrency Mining rig. Additionally, a two-tailed T-Test will determine any significant difference between the two algorithms. Upon training the images, the results obtained show that the two-tail P-value of temperature and humidity is 0.35 and 0.2566, respectively, which affirms no significant difference. However, the power consumption and data size had a substantial difference with P-values of 0.0004 and 3E-06, respectively. Moreover, it shows that the application of Otsu reduces the data size and consumes more power due to deep learning.

Abolfazl Mehbodniya, Julian Webber, Rashmi Rani, Sayed Sayeed Ahmad · 7 authors

It is the expansion and use of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in various industrial sectors and applications that are referred to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The Industrial Internet of Things includes industrial applications such as robots, medical devices, and software‐defined manufacturing processes. In terms of energy conservation, routing is extremely essential. The creation of an energy effectual steering procedure leads to a substantial rise in energy consumption. To minimize network traffic and increase network life, the article presented an Industrial IoT Fuzzy Logic Energy‐Aware Routing Protocol (FLEA‐RPL), which decreases network traffic as well as improves network life. The most suitable parent for data transfer is selected based on, among other things, the routing parameters charge, residual energy, and expected transmission count. Since the load routing metric is taken into consideration during the construction of the route, the data traffic is spread across the network. This increases network’s lifetime while maintaining a high packet delivery ratio. The proposed work proposes a Multilayer Energy‐Aware Aware RPL (MCEA‐RPL) cluster for the Internet of Things to decrease network data traffic while increasing the lifetime of the network. It is split into three phases, each including the creation of network rings, intraring divisions, and intercluster routing. First and foremost, the virtual ring is created in the network. Secondly, each ring forms an identical cluster and chooses the CH node. Finally, it is responsible for the maintenance and performance of the DODAG. Data transfer from the lesser sheet to the DODAG root is known as data transfer. By using Blockchain technology, the lifetime of a network may be extended by reducing the number of identical data package transfers. This article offers Enhanced Mobility Support RPL (EM‐RPL) in Industrial IoT which enhances mobility support with blockchain and spreads system generation. It comprises two processes: a collection of the parental static node and selection of the parent moving node. The static parent selection method uses routing metrics load and residual energy to identify the parent that is most suited for data transfer. Two phases of mobile parent selection must be distinguished: data transmission and route rediscovery. The mobile node utilizes furious logic to compute the hand‐off value of the metric packet errors ratio and the signal strength indication received from the base station. If the hand‐off value exceeds the threshold limit, the DODAG route has to be changed to work correctly. The EM‐RPL thus increases the package delivery rate by reducing the amount of route interruption caused by mobility, while offering an efficient handling mechanism.

Yehia Ibrahim Alzoubi, Ahmad Al‐Ahmad, Ashraf Jaradat

<span lang="EN-US">Due to the expansion growth of the IoT devices, Fog computing was proposed to enhance the low latency IoT applications and meet the distribution nature of these devices. However, Fog computing was criticized for several privacy and security vulnerabilities. This paper aims to identify and discuss the security challenges for Fog computing. It also discusses blockchain technology as a complementary mechanism associated with Fog computing to mitigate the impact of these issues. The findings of this paper reveal that blockchain can meet the privacy and security requirements of fog computing; however, there are several limitations of blockchain that should be further investigated in the context of Fog computing.</span>