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Karam Eddine Bilami, Jaafar Gaber, Pascal Lorenz, Azeddine Bilami
No abstract is available for this record.
Edison Andres Arteaga Lopez, Gustavo RamÃrez-González, Andrea Sabbioni, Carlos A. Astudillo
Abstract Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) can enhance trust and auditability in the Internet of Things (IoT). Among them, IOTA has been specifically designed to support machine-to-machine interactions and IoT data anchoring through scalable DLT architectures. However, their integration with Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) remains limited due to device constraints, strict timing requirements, and the operational costs of on-chain transactions. The transition from the fee-less Stardust to the fee-based IOTA Rebased model introduces explicit transaction costs, questioning the viability of continuous IoT data anchoring. IOTA provides a suitable platform to examine the challenges of integrating distributed ledger technologies with LPWAN-based IoT systems. Its transition to a fee-based execution model raises important questions regarding cost predictability and performance in continuous data anchoring scenarios, particularly under the constraints of resource-limited and latency-sensitive environments. This article investigates the practicality of the execution and payment model introduced by IOTA Rebased for IoT scenarios requiring continuous data notarization. We provide an empirical evaluation of continuous IoT data notarization on the public IOTA Rebased Mainnet and characterize the performance implications on edge-oriented deployments, including resource-constrained and resource-rich devices. We implement a notarization oracle that ingests LoRaWAN uplinks from The Things Network (TTN), canonicalizes payloads, generates SHA-256 commitments, and records them on-chain through reusable notarization objects. The oracle enables continuous anchoring of IoT telemetry while minimizing transaction overhead through object reuse. Two 24-h experimental campaigns compare a notarization oracle on resource-constrained and resource-rich hardware under periodic workloads. Results show consistent steady-state gas consumption for UPDATE operations, indicating that object reuse enables stable on-chain cost behavior in IOTA Rebased regardless of the deployment platform. From a performance perspective, both environments achieve stable execution; however, the resource-constrained edge deployment exhibits higher median and tail latency, alongside tighter memory margins compared to the resource-rich centralized baseline. These findings confirm the feasibility of deploying notarization services on constrained edge infrastructure under the new fee-based model.
Jaynil D. Panjwani, Neha Agrawal
In the deployment of smart home IoT there is a critical security Loopholes that centralized management system are not able to solve. We present LiDIA, a lightweight Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) blockchain framework integrating Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) distributed storage and zeroknowledge authentication for residential IoT. we performed various simulation and result demonstrate end-to-end confirmation averaging 18 ms, throughput exceeding 1,200 Transactions Per Second (TPS), device-level energy reductions exceeding 99% over Proof-of-Work and AI-driven threat detection accuracy of 87.3% 92.5%, establishing a scalable and secure foundation for smart home environments.
Edison A. Arteaga López, Gustavo A. RamÃrez González, Carlos Alberto Astudillo
The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has highlighted the limitations of centralized data platforms, particularly in terms of security and scalability. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) offer a solution, but traditional DLT architectures, such as blockchain, are often incompatible with low-power wireless IoT networks (LPWAN) due to their latency and operational cost. This paper presents a comparative and empirical performance analysis of two end-to-end data oracle systems designed to record data from a LoRaWAN sensor network. The first implementation uses IOTA Tangle, while the second is based on a blockchain compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). By evaluating key indicators such as latency and transaction costs, our results demonstrate that the IOTA system offers significant superiority, with a predictable median latency of 4.47 seconds and transaction costs that are economically negligible. In contrast, the blockchain implementation incurred measurable gas costs and demonstrated an architecture with inherently higher and extremely unpredictable latency, with a median of 11.52 seconds and outliers exceeding 200 seconds. We conclude that the IOTA Tangle architecture is technologically and economically better prepared to support scalable and sustainable IoT applications over wireless infrastructures.
Rodrigo Olivares Órdenes, Pablo Olivares Zúñiga, BenjamÃn Serrano Barba, VÃctor RÃos Tapia
Intelligent infrastructures require control strategies that overcome the limitations of centralized management. This study critically reviews the 2015–2025 literature on the convergence between bioinspired algorithms and distributed decision-making, highlighting their capabilities in decentralization, self-organization, and resilience. Based on an analysis of numerous representative cases, it is evident that Swarm Intelligence and Differential Evolution achieve significant improvements in efficiency and notable reductions in decision latency in power and traffic networks; Artificial Immune Systems strengthen the cybersecurity of critical infrastructures. Challenges remain in scalability, explainability, and ethical governance, which we address with an agenda based on federated Digital Twins and new bioinspired consensus protocols. We conclude that bioinspired algorithms not only optimize daily operations but also enable infrastructures capable of learning and recovery, laying the foundation for more sustainable and user-centered urban services.
Mounira Tarhouni, Faten Ben Aicha
This paper presents a novel approach to enhancing the security of Internet of Things (IoT) data by integrating Long Range (LoRa) communication with Ethereum-based blockchain smart contracts. Our system collects environmental data from IoT nodes using LoRaWAN and leverages smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain to ensure data immutability, traceability, and trustless validation. We demonstrate the feasibility of our architecture through a full-stack implementation using Dragino hardware, The Things Network (TTN), MetaMask, Web3, and Solidity. Experimental results show that our system is effective for secure, decentralized, and transparent IoT data management.
Ravi Kumar Munaganuri, Yamarthi Narasimha Rao, Sai Chandana Bolem
This research is anchored on the burning need for irrigation optimization and crop water use efficiency improvement, which remains a challenge in smart agriculture processes. Traditional irrigation methods normally lead to inefficiency, resulting in wasted water and non-maximum crops. These traditional ways normally lack attributes of real-time adaptability and secure data management—things that are very key to modernizing agricultural practices. In this work, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain techniques will be integrated to design a comprehensive system for monitoring and predicting soil moisture levels. In the proposed model, long short-term memory (LSTM) networks are considered for soil moisture level prediction, taking into consideration past data, weather, and crop type. LSTM networks are chosen here for their high performance in timestamp series prediction tasks with an mean average error (MAE) of 0.02 m 3 /m 3 over a 7-day forecast horizon. For real-time monitoring, IoT sensors based on long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) technology are field-deployed for conducting long-range communications while consuming very limited energy to extend the sensor battery life over 5 years and bring down the data transmission latency below 5 s. It has an inbuilt permissioned blockchain framework—Hyperledger Fabric—which offers a secure and transparent system for data management and maintaining a record of soil moisture data, irrigation events, and metadata from sensors. This ensures the immutability and integrity of sets of data. Smart contracts automate irrigation upon reaching preconfigured soil moisture thresholds, and hence zero data integrity breaches occur with a transaction throughput of 1,000 transactions per second, taken into view with smart contract execution latency of less than 2 s. Moreover, it utilizes reinforcement learning with Deep Q-Learning to derive an optimized irrigation schedule. In this regard, it enables learning optimal irrigation policies and implements them to improve efficiency in the usage of water by 25% and increases crop yield by 15% compared to the traditional methods. Clearly from field trials, results indicate evident efficiency of the integrated system: a 20% water usage reduction and a 12% increase in crop yield within one growing season. This is rather an innovative take on irrigation practices, increasing a great deal of accuracy and sustainability for such and providing a really strong solution toward better agricultural productivity and resource management.
Tehseen Mazhar, Syed Faisal Abbas Shah, Syed Azeem Inam, Joseph Bamidele Awotunde · 6 authors
The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the fields of Neurosurgery and Neurology has transformed the landscape of the healthcare industry. The present study describes seven dimensions of AI that have transformed the way of providing care, diagnosing, and treating patients. It has exhibited unparalleled accuracy in analyzing complex medical imaging data and expediting precise diagnoses of neurological conditions. It has also enabled personalized treatment plans by harnessing patient-specific data and genetic information, promising more effective therapies. For instance, AI-powered surgical robots have brought precision and remote capabilities to neurosurgical procedures, reducing human error. In AI, machine learning models predict disease progression, optimizing resource allocation and patient care, whereas wearable devices with AI provide continuous neurological monitoring, and enable early intervention for chronic conditions. It has also accelerated drug discovery by analyzing vast datasets, potentially leading to breakthrough therapies. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI, enhance patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans. It holds promise in further personalization of care, augmented decision-making, earlier intervention, and the development of groundbreaking treatments. The present study mainly focuses on the incorporation of blockchain technology and provides a reasonable understanding of the associated issues and challenges along with its solutions. It will allow AI and healthcare professionals to advance the field and contribute towards the improvement of an individual's well-being when facing neurological challenges.
Andreas Baumgartner, Nada Akkari, Sudip Barua, Thomas Bauschert
In this work, we propose a network hierarchy to enable low-power IoT services applying the directed-acyclic graph (DAG) based Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) IOT $\Lambda$ Streams on top of the low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocol LoRaWAN. For LPWAN technologies, the challenges for applying distributed ledger application layer protocols are the small payload sizes and duty cycle regulations with open frequency spectrum protocols and the transport protocol limitations in massive-machine-type mobile communication protocol derivations (e.g. NB-IoT). For low-power embedded end devices, additional challenges may arise in terms of local computation limitations, which can be a limiting factor in performing necessary DL protocol-related functions at the device level (e.g. hashing, encryption) to maximize DL-related technology benefits end-to-end. In this paper, we show the concept of a scalable, feeless, low-power communication solution for reliable and secure data transmission and processing in sensor networks employing the DL technology IOT $\Lambda$ based Streams protocol together with the LPWAN protocol LoRaWAN and demonstrate our design for the use case of a smart metering application.
Pierluigi Locatelli, Francesca Cuomo
LoRaWAN networks have become popular for enabling long-range, low-power connectivity in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Traditional LoRa Wannetworks typically rely on a centralized architecture, which may pose limitations regarding scalability, reliability, and adaptability. In contrast, decentralized LoRaWAN networks offer a compelling alternative with several distinct features. This study explores the advantages of decentralized LoRaWAN networks over their centralized counterparts and presents DeLoRaN, a completely decentralized and fully compatible LoRaWAN network. Firstly, a decentralized network architecture enhances the availability of services by leveraging multiple copies of a LoRaWAN Network Server (NS), here called Network Controller, thereby eliminating the single points of failure. Secondly, the decentralized nature of the network improves data availability and integrity by utilizing shared and decentralized ledgers, such as blockchain technology. This ensures that data remains accessible and tamper-proof even in the presence of malicious actors or network failures. Thirdly, a decentralized network strengthens resilience by tolerating faulty or malicious nodes through the consensus mechanisms employed by the Network Controller. To prove our point, we present an implementation of our distributed approach and test it in different scenarios, to appreciate performance and scalability of DeLoRaN when compared to a centralized approach.
J. Gissing, Carsten Brockmann
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), a large share of the energy demand arises from wireless communication, especially in wide area networks where transmission distances are at the scale of kilometers.Ensuring reliability of communication links while optimizing energy demand requires heterogeneous radio configurations throughout the network demanding for an automated process for identifying suitable transceiver settings in order to mitigate the effort of manual configuration during deployment.Furthermore, wireless links are susceptible to dynamic influences such as environmental conditions and interference from concurrent channel usage, rendering static radio configuration impractical.Therefore, autonomous organization and self-configuration of wireless communication networks, such as transmission parameter optimization, drastically reduce cost and effort for installation and maintenance of large-scale sensor systems.Such dynamic adaptive behavior can be achieved by local execution of decentralized methods that enable decision-making at the network edge, while also inherently offering advantages such as enhanced system robustness and scalability.In this work, we present a method that exemplifies this approach and experimentally evaluate its performance on real hardware.The adaptive algorithm optimizes the transmitter configuration of a LoRa transceiver by employing a model-free reinforcement learning approach based on an actor-critic setup using a parameterized stochastic policy and state-value function approximation.Experimental results show that the approach surpasses a standard approach in terms of long-term energy demand.Furthermore, the method's capability of adapting to dynamic wireless channels is demonstrated.
Sergey Khvan, Refik Çağlar Kızılırmak, Mehdi Shafiee
The integration of blockchain and IoT presents tremendous potential for unlocking new opportunities and capabilities. With additive decentralized features, businesses and individuals can benefit from increased security, transparency, and efficiency in various applications. This chapter first presents the technical aspects of this integration, including the role of smart contracts in decentralized IoT systems and how blockchain enhances the security, stability, and transparency of IoT networks. Then, a step-by-step tutorial for developing smart contracts and ledger on Ethereum blockchain is presented, particularly from the perspective of IoT nodes. The considered scenario is for an IoT device that writes/retrieves data from the blockchain; however, the presented methodology can easily be extended for different use cases.
Vamshi Sunku Mohan, Sriram Sankaran, Priyadarsi Nanda, Krishnashree Achuthan
No abstract is available for this record.
Yang Wei, Kim Fung Tsang, Hao Wang
The conventional LoRa system faces the challenges of security and privacy due to centralized architecture and transparent forwarding mechanism. To address these challenges, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)based LoRaWAN system is proposed in this paper. The proposed system is designed with distributed LoRaWAN architecture. Distributed LoRa gateways and network servers record data transmissions in tangle network to make LoRa data traceable and avoid single point of failure. In addition, a secure LoRa data ledger (SLDL) using digital signature algorithm and symmetric-key encryption is designed to defend against malicious gateway attacks, eavesdropping, etc. The proposed system is implemented and validated using DAG-based IOTA platform. The results demonstrate that the prototype system can achieve nearly up to 100 transaction per second (TPS) of throughput and about 1.3 second latency, which is about 90% reduction than existing blockchain-based solutions. As a result, the proposed DAG-based LoRaWAN system is an effective solution to ensure the security and efficiency of large-scale LoRa networks.
Steve Kerrison, Jusak Jusak, Tao Huang
Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchains are enabling technologies for modern healthcare applications, offering the improved monitoring of patient health and higher data integrity guarantees. However, in rural settings, communication reliability can pose a challenge that constrains real-time data usage. Additionally, the limited computation and communication resources of IoT sensors also means that they may not participate directly in blockchain transactions, reducing trust. This paper proposes a solution to these challenges, enabling the use of blockchain-based IoT healthcare devices in low-bandwidth rural areas. This integrated system, named hybrid channel healthcare chain (HC2), uses two communication channels: short-range communication for device authorisation and bulk data transfer, and long-range the radio for light-weight monitoring and event notifications. Both channels leverage the same cryptographic identity information, and through the use of a cloud-based digital twin, the IoT device is able to sign its own transactions, without disclosing the key to said twin. Patient data are encrypted end to end between the IoT device and data store, with the blockchain providing a reliable record of the data lifecycle. We contribute a model, analytic evaluation and proof of concept for the HC2 system that demonstrates its suitability for the stated scenarios by reducing the number of long-range radio packets needed by 87× compared to a conventional approach.
Pedro VÃlchez, Saulo Jacques, Fèlix Freitag, Roc Meseguer
Environmental monitoring is a growing application of the Internet of Things. The low cost of the sensor nodes, LoRa connectivity, and increased awareness of environmental issues have motivated many citizens to participate in open IoT monitoring applications. However, the value of these applications for decision makers is limited since the data from the IoT sensors do not have sufficient guarantees to be trusted. In this paper, we introduce a new concept that attributes value to both IoT data and devices, such as sensor nodes and gateways, and leverage distributed ledger technology to enable a data trust system. A first design decision was to assign Ethereum addresses with their associated public and private key pairs to all actors. This allows the authentication of data senders and hence the accounting for the contribution of each participant. Secondly, we introduce an auditor to validate the received IoT data. The results of these audits increase the trust in the quality of the data. We present the architectural components that we designed to enhance trust in open IoT monitoring applications and present an operational prototype to show the feasibility of the implementation. By achieving both trust in the data and accounting of contributions for giving rewards, open participatory IoT monitoring applications can become both valuable and sustainable. Then, trusted open monitoring may complement commercial solutions as a technical and economic alternative for addressing the increasing environmental monitoring needs of our society.
Houze Feng, Jingjing Wang, Zhengru Fang, Junhui Qian · 5 authors
Nowadays, the freshness of status update data is critical for emergent tasks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper analyzes the peak age of information (PAoI) in the transaction-confirmation process of blockchain technology in the context of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aided wireless sensor networks. Each access node transmits the latest packets to the associated access node, which processes the packets relying on blockchain technology. We investigate the transaction-confirmation process based on a finite-buffer batch-service${\bf GI/M^{[b]}/1/N}$queueing system. Additionally, the embedded Markov chain techniques are utilized to obtain the state probabilities of the system. Moreover, we deduce the closed-form expressions of average PAoI, which regards as the worse case of the update packet's freshness. Numerical results verify that reducing the block size and the queue length leads to a lower PAoI. Besides, fixed interval network traffic and Markov property network traffic based situations display much better aging behavior than other situations.
Li Wang, Yuhang Zheng, Yu Zhang, Feng Li
No abstract is available for this record.
Ruyan Wang, Shiqi Zhang, Boran Yang, Zhigang Yang · 6 authors
Due to the advantages of low latency, small propagation loss, and global coverage, LEO satellite network becomes a cost-effective long-distance communication solution for loT devices in remote areas. Nevertheless, the LEO satellite loT devices deployed for specific tasks are idle most of the time, raising the obvious question for future research: how to effectively share these idle sensing resources. Fortunately, data trusts emerge as a promising strategy to leverage the idle sensing resources. How-ever, the data trust model faces privacy and security challenges in LEO satellite loT scenarios to achieve trusted data trading. Therefore, this article proposes a blockchain-enabled data trust model and a trusted data trading scheme for device providers, data trustees, and general users. Furthermore, exploiting the homomorphic encryption technology, we realize the fine-grained data query and device match in the premise of privacy protection for device providers and general users. Lastly, considering the openness of satellite-terrestrial communication links and the limited computing power of LEO satellite loT devices, we design a non-interactive lightweight authentication protocol based on zero-knowledge proof. The simulation results verify the feasibility, effectiveness, and security performance of the proposed data sharing for LEO satellite loT.
Raimir Holanda Filho, Débora Carla Barboza de Sousa, Wellington Alves de Brito, Joan Lucas Marques de Sousa Chaves · 6 authors
Solid waste management is one of the problems that has gained greater prominence in recent years. This topic has been discussed with greater emphasis in conjunction with environmental issues, driven by changes in the most diverse fields provided by the recent post-pandemic scenario. However, due to traditional or inefficient waste management approaches, most trash bins placed in cities can be seen as overflowing. Therefore, a remote monitoring system is needed to alert the level of garbage in bins to the relevant authority for waste clearance. In this scenario, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm plays a vital role in improving smart city applications by tracking and managing city processes. This paper implements a solution based on Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) and blockchain technologies to provide the required data available for increasing efficiency in solid waste collection. Finally, this paper provides an evaluation of the proposed architecture related to latency and throughput metrics.
Raimir Holanda Filho, Débora Carla Barboza de Sousa, Wellington Alves de Brito, Victor Pasknel de Alencar Ribeiro · 6 authors
This work proposes a secure architecture, based on smart contracts and permissioned blockchain, to enhance security and availability in LoRaWAN networks. To demon-strate the feasibility of the proposed architecture, a solid waste management application has been created using open-source tools and commodity hardware. Additionally, the performance of the blockchain network was analyzed in a cloud environment under multiple workloads and tests were performed to evaluate the impact of network failures. The results show a trade-off between availability and performance when choosing the number of blockchain peers in small scenarios. However, this behavior is reversed in large scenarios where the performance of multiple peers is best suited.
Jieheng Zheng, Lin Zhang, Yan Feng, Zhiqiang Wu
Internet of Things (IoT) systems have the great advantage of connecting massive low energy-consumption devices for the information delivery via wireless channels. However, IoT devices suffer from malicious attacks or eavesdropping due to the broadcasting property of wireless channels. With the aim of enhancing the security performances, we first propose a chaotic scrambler, which utilizes the natural high security property of chaotic sequences being aperiodic and sensitive to initial values, to improve the security of signal transmissions. Then, we propose to utilize the traceable and tamper-proof blockchain to integrate the confidential chaotic key into the chain for user identify management and authentications. Subsequently, theoretical security, reliability and throughput capacities are analyzed, and simulation results are provided to validate the design and the theoretical analysis. Furthermore, we present the practical hardware implementation board for the proposed secure chaotic scrambling following the long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) specifications, which demonstrates that the security performances of IoT devices can be effectively enhanced.
Sunil U. Tekale, R. Rajagopal, V. Bhoopathy
It is really a very challenging task for the private sector, public sector, and the government to make use of this blockchain technology for various applications in smart cities. The task is not going to be easy for the system for providing better and the best services for the people in the country. The solution for all the policies to be implemented is to be by making use of blockchain technology. This technology will create trust on the policymakers and will also help in reducing the cost of data storing along with security for the data stored. The technology provides security by decentralization process and will allow anyone to verify the records. As we all know, trust is going to be a big question when it comes to finance and any other kind of dealing, but blockchain will help to regain and maintain the factor of trust as it is a transparent system allowing the people to verify and check what is happening behind the policy. This banking concept is considered as it plays a vital role in every person's life. 6G will change remote correspondence by utilizing AI.
Li Wang, Yuhang Zheng, Yu Zhang, Feng Li
No abstract is available for this record.