Blockchain Papers

선문대학교 전자공학과 부교수, Jiho Han, Changyong Shin

비트코인은 개발 직후부터 엄청난 주목을 받으며 상업적 성공을 거듭해 왔고, 수백 가지 다른 암호화폐로 파생 또는 변형되기도 하면서 암호화폐 기술의 진화를 주도해 왔다. 이 논문은, 비트코인 초기의 CPU (Central Processing Unit) 기반 홈브루 기계장비로부터 주문형 반도체 ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)에 의해 체계적으로 구축되어 운용되는 최신 데이터센터에 이르기까지, 비트코인 채굴을 위한 하드웨어와 관련 기술 의 발전을 다룬다. 이를 통해 암호화폐 시스템을 떠받치고 있는 거대한 규모의 네트워크 연산 시스템에 대한 전체 적인 시각을 제공한다. 비트코인 채굴을 위한 ASIC 클라우드는 행성 규모 컴퓨팅의 미래를 대표하는 것들 중 하나이다. 이는 또한 반도체 설계 및 공정은 물론 암호화, 소프트웨어를 아우르는 융합적인 것이기 때문에 기술적으로 매우 중요한 주제이다.

Yeonwoo Hong, Hyunjun Jung

기존 티켓 시스템은 암표 거래 문제를 효과적으로 해결하지 못해, 구매자와 주최자 모두에게 경제적 손실과 신뢰성 문제를 야기해 왔다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 NFT(Non-Fungible Token)와 SBT(Soulbound Token)를 기반으로 하는 스마트 컨트랙트를 활용한 암표 방지 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 티켓 발급 시 IPFS(InterPlanetary File System)를 활용하여 티켓 정보와 구매자 정보를 안전하게 분산 저장하며, 거래 과정에서는 DID(Decentralized Identifier)와 타임스탬프를 사용하여 신뢰성과 투명성을 확보한다. 특히, 암표 거래 방지를 위해 가격 인상 제한, 허위 거래 차단, 티켓 중복 거래 방지, 즉시 재판매 제한 등 다양한 거래 시나리오에 대응할 수 있는 기능을 구현하였다.

Tao, Jing Yi, Zhang, Liang, Kan, Hai Bin

As a distributed approach to problem solving, crowdsourcing reduces costs and efficiently utilizes resources. While blockchain technology is introduced to solve the problem of over-centralization in traditional crowdsourcing platforms, its transparency brings the risk of privacy leakage. The traditional anonymous authentication can hide the user’s identity, but the anonymity is abused, and the worker selection gets more difficult. In this study, a decentralized accountable attribute-based authentication scheme is proposed and combined with blockchain to design a novel crowdsourcing scheme. Using decentralized attribute-based encryption and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof, the scheme protects the privacy of users’ identities with linkability and traceability, and the requester can devise access policies to select workers. In addition, the scheme improves the security of the system by implementing attribute authorization authority and tracking groups through the threshold secret sharing technique. Through experimental simulation and analysis, it is demonstrated that the scheme meets the requirements of time and storage overhead in practical application.

D. D., K. Santhosh Kumar

The Internet of Things (IoT) is in a recent state of instability due to the flooding of virtual data. It is believed that IoT and cloud computing have met their maximum thresholds and loading them with data after this point will only deteriorate their performance. Hence, edge computing has been introduced to mitigate the processing burden of IoT. To meet the security demands of edge computing, we intend to combine the method of blockchain along with edge computing for a better solution. Accordingly, this paper proposes the introduction of a novel blockchain model that is based on artificial neural networks and trust estimation called the behavioral monitoring trust estimation model. Performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure are calculated under normal conditions and under the injection of attacks like false data injection, booting attack, and node capturing. The proposed behavioral monitoring trust classification model is compared with existing classifiers like Naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbor, Auto Encoder, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine, and is found to have improved performance. Additional evaluation parameters like execution time, encryption time, storage cost, computational overhead, energy efficiency, and packet drop possibility are also calculated for the proposed model and compared with existing blockchain techniques of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger, Direct and indirect trust model, and mutual trust chain based blockchain model. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 95%, a precision score of 90%, a recall score of 94%, and an F-measure of 94% indicating superior performance.

Jingli Feng, Tingting Jiang, Qinglei Guo, Deisheng Bai · 6 authors

Under the goal of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in China, reliable carbon emissions in industrial parks have become a key focus of monitoring and calculation. There are still doubts about the authenticity of uploaded information, cumbersome data accounting processes, and difficulties in storing and tracing data in current carbon emission monitoring. This article constructs a trustworthy blockchain-based monitoring model for park carbon emissions. The model considers the business characteristics of park carbon emissions, uses blockchain distributed ledger as the underlying architecture, designs a key data trustworthy storage mechanism, and realizes online verification, accounting, and warning of carbon emissions indicators considering user green electricity consumption through smart contracts. The model builds a blockchain-based trusted monitoring platform for carbon emissions through the linkage mechanism of underlying trusted technology, distributed storage technology, and smart contract optimization, achieving efficient, transparent, and traceable dynamic monitoring of carbon emission data.

EbenezerBoahene Teye, Hyoungmin Ham

현대 사이버 공간에서 데이터는 가장 중요하고 높은 가치를 가진다. 데이터 중에서도 스마트홈처럼, 사적이고, 안전하고, 보호되어야 하는 장소의 데이터의 중요성은 더 크다. 스마트 홈에는 라이프스타일 패턴, 건강데이터 등과 같은 민감한 개인 사용자 데이터가 포함되어 있기 때문이다. 스마트 홈에서 스마트 장치에 의해 수집되거나 생성된 데이터로 인한 개인 정보 및 보안 위험은 무단 액세스 및 사용으로부터 보호되어야 한다. 최근 Distributed Ledger Technology(DLT)가 견인력을 얻으면서 전통적인 스마트 홈의 아키텍처는 현재 DLT를 스마트 홈 IoT 환경에 통합하기 위해 변경되고 있다. 그러나 1세대 DLT인 블록체인은 확장성 부족, 낮은 처리량, 확률적 합의, 선행 실행 등의 한계가 있어 고도로 분산된 스마트 홈 IoT 환경에 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 DLT를 스마트 홈 IoT 환경에 통합하기 위한 Hedera Hashgraph 아키텍처를 제안한다. 제안된 아키텍처의 성능 분석을 통해, 낮은 트랜잭션 대기 시간을 유지하면서 개인 정보 보호 및 보안을 강화하는 안전하고 효율적인 스마트 홈 환경을 보장하는 것이 가능하다는 결과를 도출하였다.

Yong Gyu Lee, Jong-Tak Lee

Elections are an essential process for securing public opinion and legal justification in a democratic society. In the case of the Republic of Korea, a rigid electoral culture was established during the military dictatorship, which caused many electoral systems to become unilateral. However, as times have changed, various means of communication between candidates and voters have been newly introduced, and various ways to lower election costs and actively promote election activities have been attempted. Among them, the introduction of the use of social media reflects the transition from group focus to individual focus and from one-sided publicity to active election campaigns through interaction between candidates and voters. In this study, we present examples of election campaigns using the recently developed NFT(non-fungible token) as part of promoting the election atmosphere and encouraging the supporters of each party's presidential candidates to participate in the vote. The HOK (House of Kard) was a tournament project that used NFTs for the advance voting of candidates in the 20th Korean presidential election. In each round, the candidate-'s’ NFTs were presented with a new concept. The HOK project presented NFTs in graphic form as entertainment elements called league matches based on the presidential election. Consumers with NFTs tried a virtuous cycle structure where they could choose candidates they support or cards with a high probability of winning for various reasons, and small sales were attempted to increase the NFT value for owners who support and sponsor them. The HOK project had the goal to promote a new way of lighthearted participation in the presidential election away from the rigid election culture of the past, and became one example of the various NFT applications that may be attempted in the future.

Yangsun Lee

The hyperledger fabric is a modular blockchain framework used by private companies to develop blockchain-based products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components. The smart contracts operating in this framework is created by implementing a chaincode. When implementing a chaincode, there may be a security weakness inside the code, which is the root cause of the security vulnerability. However, when the contract is completed and the block is created, the chaincode cannot be arbitrarily modified, so the security weakness must be analyzed before execution. This paper conducted a study on chaincode intermediate code generation for security weakness analysis of chaincode operating in hyperledger fabric blockchain framework. Analysis of security weaknesses at the source code level is not easy because the code logic is not clear and the complexity is high. On the other hand, security weakness analysis at the intermediate code level is easy to analyze because the code logic of the source code is clearly represented and the complexity is lower than that of the source code.

강형구, 천경훈, 문정빈

본 논문은 사회적 경제 활성화와 특히 사회적 가치의 과학적인 합의에 기초한 거래를 위하여 사회적가치거래소(SOVEX: Social Value Exchange)의 설립과 운영 가능성을 고찰한다. SOVEX는 사회적 가치에 초점을 두고 인터넷을 이용한 상거래와 투자를 할 수 있는 플랫폼이다. SOVEX는 거래비용을 줄이고 참여자들의 이해를 극대화하기 위하여 개인간 직접거래(peer to peer)를 지원한다. SOVEX는 탈중앙화된 블록체인 기반의 플랫폼에 주요 거래기록을 저장하고 암호자산을 이용한 탈중앙금융(DeFi: decentralized finance)을 기반으로 사회적 경제를 지원하기 때문에 사회적디파이(Social DeFi)라고 볼 수 있다. SOVEX에서 발행하는 암호자산은 생태계의 사회적 자본(social capital)의 가치에 연동되게 디자인할 수 있다. 그래서 생태계 발전의 외부효과가 이해관계자 유인구조(incentive structure)에 연관되어 도덕적 해이를 줄이고 블록체인의 투명성을 활용하여 정보의 비대칭성을 완화하도록 노력해야 한다. SOVEX가 성공하기 위해서는 플랫폼 전략이 필요하다. 따라서 플랫폼 운영자로서의 비시장역량이 매우 필요하다. 특히 모호한 관련 법률 해석과 개정, 그리고 이해관계자들과의 소통이 매우 중요하다. SOVEX를 통하여 블록체인을 통한 사회적 경제 활동의 성공을 이루어 낸다면 이는 다시 국내의 블록체인 경제 활동에도 정당성과 자신감을 부여하고, 업계와 규제기관은 이를 바탕으로 선순환 혁신 구조를 만들 것으로 기대한다. In this paper, we outline the possibility of a social value exchange (SOVEX) that can engage in trading that is of social value, and which can stimulate growth in the social economy sector. SOVEX is an envisaged online platform that could engage in trading and investments that are of social value. In order to reduce the transaction costs and enhance the understanding of participants, SOVEX would operate on the basis of a peer to peer (P2P) system. It could also be called a system of social decentralized finance (DeFi) because it would use decentralized blockchain to store transaction data. It is possible to design the cryptoasset that would be issued by SOVEX so that it could reflect the value of social capital in the social economy ecosystem. Then, moral hazard could be minimized through the incentive structure created by the exchange, while information asymmetry would be mitigated through the transparent nature of blockchain technology. This paper concludes by emphasizing the non-market capability of the exchange operator, since new legislation and communi- cation on the part of SOVEX with various stakeholders to ensure productive regulations come about would be essential.

Nahid Alimohammadi Madenouei

During the past few years, blockchain technologies have attracted substantial attention from researchers, engineers, and enterprises. These technologies provide decentralized platforms to validate different types of transactions without relying on a central authority. Since the advent of the popular Bitcoin network [2], [3], various types of protocols, among them DAG-based distributed ledgers, have been offered to improve the Bitcoin networks shortcomings in the areas of scalability, throughput, and security. Researchers have also been motivated to study blockchain-based applications across multiple domains with novel designs and capabilities [4]. However, when used in such capacities, failures of blockchain networks (BNs) imply catastrophes that extend beyond individuals, organizations, and countries [5]. In light of such mission criticality, the vision of turning BNs into decentralized transaction processing systems that can sustainably and securely compete with the centralized state of the art poses substantial methodological challenges for researchers [5]. Before considered for wide adoption, BN protocols and technologies must be assessed with different analytical and empirical methodologies. In this research, a novel DAG-based distributed ledger, the Tangle, has been studied and several of its features have been investigated through simulation analysis. Contributions of this research are two-fold. First, a Tangle simulator has been designed and implemented based on model-oriented design and development principles. Second, three important characteristics of Tangle networks including scalability, throughput, and their security against double-spending attacks have been investigated.

Jeyong Jung

No abstract is available for this record.

Suyeon Kim, Hyun Kook Kahng

In this paper, We studied the operation of distributed ledger technology used as a core technology for smart contracts and the components of distributed ledger technology. As a solution applying the entity of distributed ledger technology to NoE, we proposed the protocol of the distributed ledger technology using the thing user social group management function of NoE protocols being standardized in ISO/IEC JTC1 SC6. The management function of things user social group in NoE provides stable protocol functions and data transmission management, and provides group management functions such as member discovery function and data transmission channel management function. It is expected to be useful for member management functions of distributed ledger nodes by providing a service that apply the component of distributed ledger technology. We intend to actively reflect this technology in the future network functions of ISO/IEC JTC1 SC6, which is undergoing standardization.

Jinsu Kim, Namje Park

최근 내부자에 의한 정보 유출이 큰 화제가 됨에 따라 접근권한을 벗어나는 정보에 대한 접근을 제어할 수 있는 방안이 요구되고 있다. 하지만 악의적인 내부자에 의한 보안 위협의 경우 고의적으로 정보를 유출하며, 데이터를 복사해도 외부적으로 보이는 특징이 없는 디지털 데이터의 특성상 명확히 구분할 수 있는 방안은 전무하다는 문제가 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 데이터에 접근을 요청하는 데이터에 대한 접근 권한과 사용자의 정보를 블록데이터에 기록함으로서 무결성이 보장되는 사용자의 접근 권한 정보와, 접근 기록을 저장하는 메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안된 메커니즘은 역할에 따라 접근을 제어하는 RBAC(Role Based Access Control)를 적용하여 블록데이터에 기록되어있는 사용자의 역할을 이용하여 데이터에 대한 접근을 제어하고, 사용자의 접근데이터를 기록하는 메커니즘으로 스마트 컨트랙트를 활용하는 하나의 방안을 제안한다.

Koki YOKOYAM, Kazuyuki Morioka

Intelligent space is an environmental robot system where many intelligent sensor nodes are distributed for supporting humans and mobile robots. This paper introduces a blockchain-based sensor network system for the intelligent space. Blockchain is a system for distributed ledgers of crypto currencies such as bitcoin. Recently, blockchain is considered to be effective for construction of distributed sensor network systems without central servers. In this paper, a prototype sensor system with blockchain based on Ethereum is introduced for intelligent space.

Geun-young Kim, Junhoo Park, Jae‐Cheol Ryou

The conventional electric power system is a unidirectional configuration that delivers electricity to the consumer in the power plant, but as the prosumers emerges, microgrid technology that enables bi-directional configuration has been developed. By applying the data distribution processing technology called the blockchain to the microgrid, time and cost can be saved compared with the conventional microgrid system. Through the related research, we analyze the structure of the microgrid and the utilization of the blockchain, study the pros and cons of applying the public blockchain and the private (consortium) blockchain, and propose the possible scenarios.

Geunil Park, Bumryong Kim, Moon-Seog Jun

No abstract is available for this record.

Hyungjoo Kim, Jungho Kang

No abstract is available for this record.

전웅렬, 이윤호, 원동호

2010년, Sebe 등은 원격 투표에 사용할 수 있는, 가벼우면서도 효율적인 믹스넷 방식을 제안하였다. 이 방식은 암호학적 해쉬연산 만을 이용하기 때문에 기존 방식처럼 복잡한 영지식증면(zero-knowledge proofs)이 필요없이 간단하면서도 믹스넷의 동작을 효율적으로 증명할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 Sebe 등이 이용한 가정 사항을 그대로 유지하면서 보다 효율적인 믹스넷을 제안한다.