The article proposes an algorithm for alerting the population in case of fires using feedback via SMS and mapping services. The mechanism integrates distributed ledger technology and artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy, coverage and adaptability of the system. The article also develops a model that takes into account the distribution of population density during alerting in a given zone, as well as the optimal radius of the alert zone. The model is implemented in the form of software “Model of the effective radius of alerting in case of fire”. Results. The results obtained can be used to adjust the existing model of public notification in case of large fires, both natural and man-made. This work is intended for those who make managerial decisions and manage the forces and means of extinguishing fires.
With the widespread adoption of mobile smart devices, mobile crowd sensing(MCS) has provided better services for people. To meet the growing sensing demands within a limited budget, platforms have integrated two modes—opportunistic sensing and participatory sensing—to utilize their complementary strengths. However, location privacy issues may reduce workers' willingness to participate, thereby affecting task completion rates. Although existing methods have addressed privacy protection in a single sensing mode, there remains little focus on location privacy in hybrid sensing modes. There are two main limitations in privacy issues related to task allocation: (i) how to effectively preserve workers' location privacy in hybrid sensing modes, and (ii) the usual reliance on trusted thirdparty institution. To address these issues, we propose a privacypreserving hybrid multi-task allocation for MCS (PPHMA). This approach preserves workers' location privacy without relying on a fully trusted third-party institution, while maximizing the number of tasks completed. Specifically, for opportunistic task allocation, we employ zero-knowledge range proofs to protect workers' location , thereby avoiding location privacy leaks. Subsequently, based on the performance capability indicator of opportunistic workers, we select appropriate workers for task allocation. For participatory task allocation, we employ a worker location obfuscation generation algorithm to locally generate and upload obfuscated locations, ensuring that both the worker's real and obfuscated locations satisfy ϵ-Geo-Indistinguishability within the protected range. Then, based on the execution capability indicator of the participatory workers, we screen for candidate workers and use a greedy immune clone algorithm to optimize the workers' travel distances. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the scheme through experiments using two real-world datasets
Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) is a paradigm where a crowdsourcer recruits a set of workers through a campaign to collect data using sensors in their mobile device. This process greatly reduces the costs of data collection processes; however, most of the historically proposed systems are centralized. Since this makes the MCS platform a single point of failure, there is an increasing interest in decentralized blockchain-based solutions; regardless, most of the current proposals have a vertical focus and do not account for the heterogeneity of MCS. We propose a decentralized high-level architecture for MCS, based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), that is adaptable to most MCS deployments. We then implement our architecture using the IOTA protocols and evaluate its performance over a real deployment in terms of scalability, showing its advantages over classic blockchains for MCS data.
B. Balázs, Tamás Vicsek, Gergő Somorjai, Tamás Nepusz · 5 authors
Abstract Coordination of local and global aerial traffic has become a legal and technological bottleneck as the number of unmanned vehicles in the common airspace continues to grow. To meet this challenge, automation and decentralization of control is an unavoidable requirement. In this paper, we present a solution that enables self-organization of cooperating autonomous agents into an effective traffic flow state in which the common aerial coordination task—filled with conflicts—is resolved. Using realistic simulations, we show that our algorithm is safe, efficient, and scalable regarding the number of drones and their speed range, while it can also handle heterogeneous agents and even pairwise priorities between them. The algorithm works in any sparse or dense traffic scenario in two dimensions and can be made increasingly efficient by a layered flight space structure in three dimensions. To support the feasibility of our solution, we show stable traffic simulations with up to 5000 agents, and experimentally demonstrate coordinated aerial traffic of 100 autonomous drones within a 250 m wide circular area.
In response to the mandates in the MINER Act of 2006, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted refuge alternatives research that included characterizing the utility, practicality and survivability of refuge chambers and outby safe havens. NIOSH also prepared and delivered a report to Congress in late December 2007 that summarized the findings of the research, included recommendations concerning the design and performance specifications for refuge alternatives, and focused on specific information that could inform the regulatory process on refuge alternatives. This paper highlights NIOSH’s research and recommendations concerning refuge alternatives, survivability evaluations of refuge chambers and presents a brief review of the current deployment of refuge chambers in underground coal mines in the U.S. The research has lead to the conclusion that refuge alternatives have the potential for saving the lives of mine workers if they are part of a comprehensive escape and rescue plan and if appropriate training is provided. Introduction The U.S. coal mining industry experienced an increase in fatalities during 2006 when 37 miners perished in the nation’s underground coal mines. Nineteen miners perished in three disasters: 12 miners perished in a methane explosion at the International Coal Group, Sago Mine, two more miners died in a fire at the Aracoma Coal Co., Alma No. 1 Mine, while another methane explosion resulted in the loss of five more miners at the Kentucky Darby, LLC, Darby No. 1 Mine. This reversed the downward trend of fatalities that had taken place during the previous 21 years (Fig. 1). The causes of all the underground coal mine fatalities in 2005, 2006 and 2007 are listed in Table 1. Table 1 illustrates that fewer fatalities occurred in 2005 and 2007 than 2006 with the goal of zero fatalities as desirable. The Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (MINER Act), PL 109-236, was passed in response to this increase in fatalities resulting from the three mine disasters that occurred in 2006 (United States, 2006). Section 13 of the Act – Research Concerning Refuge Alternatives, specifies NIOSH’s responsibilities with respect to refuge alternatives. Section 13, subsection (a) of the Act states that “The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) shall provide for the conduct of research, including field tests, concerning the utility, practicality, survivability and cost of various refuge alternatives in an underground coal mine environment, including commercially available portable refuge chambers.” Subsection (b)(1) then states that “Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health shall prepare and submit to the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives a report concerning the results of the research conducted under subsection (a), including any field tests.” This document summarizes NIOSH’s refuge alternatives research that was included in the report to the U.S. Congress. The concept of utilizing refuge chambers dates back as far as 1912 when the U.S. Bureau of Mines advocated the building of refuge chambers to fight mine fires (Rice, 1912) in the main sections of mines (Paul et al., 1923). In the late 1930s and early 1940s, some small refuge chambers had been established in some coal mines in the central states and these chambers saved lives (Harrington and Fene, 1941). In addition, the Harwick Coal and Coke Co. built a number of large refuge chambers in the Harwick Mine. These chambers were 23-m(75-ft-) long, 2.4m(8-ft-) high and 3.3-m(11-ft-) wide, cut out of the coal and connected to the surface by two boreholes to provide air, communications, food and water (Harrington and Fene, 1941). More recent research efforts were completed under contract for the U.S. Bureau of Mines starting around 1970 and extending into the mid-1980s. Five major contract efforts were completed between 1970 and 1983 that addressed mine rescue and survival, the design of explosion-proof bulkheads, post survival and rescue research needs, and guidelines for rescue chambers. As a result, one refuge chamber was constructed and is still located in NIOSH’s Bruceton Safety Research Coal Mine (Fig. 2). In general, these contract efforts did not point to any one specific component that would ensure survival during a mine disaster but stressed that survival is a collaboration of subsystems. The subsystems that make up the overall survival strategy include escape, rescue, communications, breathable air and barricading (refuge). NIOSH’s recent research on refuge alternatives was limited to underground coal mine applications. Historically, the use of refuge alternatives has been more prevalent in underground metal/nonmetal mines. The underlying differences between mining sectors are significant and practices in one sector cannot be generalized to the other. Even so, the findings from this research may be useful for metal/nonmetal application. The research efforts summarized in this document involved a number of activities. First, a literature search was performed to identify the findings from any past research on refuge alternatives and topics related to mine refuge and mine disasters, escape and mine rescue. Visits were made to mines, nationally and internationally, and meetings were held with mining experts from labor, industry and government in the U.S., Australia and South Africa to collect information on refuge alternatives, specific refuge regulations and to discuss contemporary issues associated with refuge alternatives. Several contract efforts were completed that examined existing U.S. and international practices, regulations and refuge products. However, these efforts revealed very little information related to coal mining refuge applications, while identifying several knowledge and technology gap areas. In response, a major research contract was awarded to address the gap areas, including guidance for locating and positioning refuge alternatives and establishing specifications for chambers and in-place shelters1. 1The gap areas were identified at the end of the international survey effort, which was performed during July through October 2006. The technical part of the contract to address these areas was completed at the end of October. The actual contract award, conducted in compliance with the Federal Acquisition Rules, was made in March 2007. Work on this contract will continue through 2009. The contractor was able to provide key inputs for the preparation of the report to Congress. Concurrently, NIOSH researchers examined nonminFIGURE 1 Underground coal mine fatalities 1987-2007 (Bauer Kohler, 2009.