Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
35 results · page 1 of 2
Oliveira, Ana Patrícia, Costa, Liliana Vale, Azevedo, Salomé
Editorial
Marian Ileana, Angel Popgeorgiev, Pavel Petrov, Vassil Milev
This paper proposes a distributed educational system that integrates smart RFID technology, blockchain, and gamification to improve student engagement and performance monitoring. Students use RFID-enabled cards to gain access to interactive simulators and training kiosks designed for various academic disciplines. Each student's progress is recorded on a blockchain ledger, ensuring secure and transparent tracking of their achievements. This approach enables advanced data analysis, allowing teachers to access anonymized performance data and guide students in their learning process without directly affecting grading. By doing so, it reduces the incentives for academic dishonesty, as students are not under pressure to achieve specific grades. The system also allows for real-time attendance monitoring, adaptive learning paths based on individual progress, and predictive analysis of student performance over time. Furthermore, API-based communication ensures seamless integration between distributed kiosks and educational management systems. This decentralized model enhances transparency, security, and efficiency, providing real-time insights for both students and educators. By utilizing these technologies, the proposed system aims to optimize the learning and evaluation processes, supporting more personalized and data-driven educational experiences.
Adrianna Trzaskowska-Dmoch, Maria Kocot, Izabela Gontarek, Stanislaw Rodowicki · 6 authors
Purpose:The aim of the article is to present an agile management model using Spotify as an example and to develop an original management model for an agile organization.An attempt was made to identify key mechanisms that allow organizations to maintain flexibility and innovation in conditions of dynamic development.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was based on a case study method, analyzing the implementation of an agile management model at Spotify.Qualitative analysis was conducted, including internal documentation, interviews with employees, and observation of organizational processes and management culture.Findings: It was found that implementing a decentralized organizational structure based on autonomous project teams has a positive impact on operational efficiency, innovation and employee engagement.The developed model proves useful in medium and large organizations operating in a dynamic market environment.Practical Implications: The presented results can be a basis for companies implementing agile management models, especially in the context of building modular organizational structures and developing a culture of trust and responsibility.The proposed model facilitates scaling operations without losing operational agility.Originality/Value: The originality of the study lies in the presentation of an original management model in an agile organization, inspired by Spotify's practices, which can be adapted to the needs of various industries and sizes of companies.The article provides practical tips for leaders and managers implementing an agile approach to management.
Adrian Stelmach
This article explores the impacts of digital transformations and new technologies in industrial sector (particularly through the Fourth Industrial Revolution) on optimizing production processes. Characterized by key technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchains, and advanced robotics, Industry 4.0 has significantly shaped modern manufacturing management. IoT enables autonomous communications between machines and equipment, providing real-time insights into production parameters and enabling predictive maintenance, and big data plays a vital role by analyzing the large volumes of data that are generated by these devices, thus supporting informed management decisions. AI and machine learning help automate complex tasks, optimize production schedules, and improve product quality through real-time adjustments. Blockchain enables decentralized and secure data recording, which is particularly useful in supply-chain management. Advanced robotics increases production speed and accuracy, thus reducing labor costs and mitigating any risks that are associated with hazardous tasks. Integrating these technologies requires strategic planning, including identifying key challenges, conducting pilot projects, integrating with existing IT and OT systems, and managing organizational change. Measuring the effectiveness of Industry 4.0 implementation should involve well-defined key performance indicators (KPIs) and return-on-investment (ROI) analysis. The primary challenges that are associated with adopting Industry 4.0 include the alignment of technology with specific business needs, employee resistance to change, and hidden costs of implementation. In summary, industrial transformation offers opportunities for companies to optimize production processes, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness in the global marketplace. However, a careful approach is necessary to maximize efficiency, foster innovation, and secure long-term success in an increasingly digitalized world.
Rostislav Yavorskiy, Oleg Lavrov, Nikolai Tatarovskii
No abstract is available for this record.
Sergei Ivanovich Rodzin, Viktoriia Viktorovna Bova
The metaverse is a collective common space for interaction created as a result of the convergence of physical reality and virtual space, including augmented reality and the Internet. The potential of the metaverse in the field of education is of growing interest, and many researchers are exploring ways to improve the effectiveness of student learning, while reducing time and labor costs to ensure the educational process. However, the systemic and technological aspects of providing education through the metaverse remain insufficiently developed. To fill this gap, the paper presents the concept and architecture of the metaverse, combining artificial intelligence technologies, Web3 and blockchain technology to create a learning environment. The existing approaches to the creation of intelligent systems and gamification of learning, as well as some projects for the creation of a metaverse, are analyzed. The purpose of the proposed approach to creating a metaverse is to design a virtual learning space that begins with reflecting the physical world, storing user learning trajectories, knowledge trees in the blockchain, and providing a secure and open community. The main stages of the metaverse development are presented, including cloning, expansion and integration of physical and virtual components, as well as blockchain technologies. It is noted that by now the necessary prerequisites have developed in Russia for the realization of the metaverse as one of the foundations of future education.
Paritosh Basu
Technology formally entered academia around 1450s AD when the printing press started being used for making books available to learners. Long after about seven centuries, gradual adoption of information, communication, and digital technologies brought overwhelming changes for speedier, more effective, and impactful teaching, learning, training, and evaluation. These rendered both synchronous and asynchronous modes much smarter and more exciting particularly for generations Y and Z. The advent and evolution of Web1 to Web3 has made globally accessible distance learning an indispensable part of contemporary education management development systems. Efforts have been made to narrate certain major dimensions and the collective effects of all these technologies culminating in EdTech. It has also deleneated the taxonomies behind and the impacts of AI and Generative AI on EdTech.
Md Aminul Islam, Naahi Mumtaj Rihan
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is transforming education and the way we live and work. To cope with the challenges of 4IR, there is a need for innovative and sustainable teaching and learning tools. AI and blockchain technologies hold great promise in this regard, with potential benefits such as personalized learning, secure credentialing, and decentralized learning networks. This chapter presents a review of existing research on AI and blockchain in education, analyzing case studies and exploring the potential benefits and challenges of these technologies which suggests a unique model for integrating AI and blockchain into sustainable teaching and learning practices. Future research directions are discussed, including the need for more empirical studies and the exploration of ethical and social implications. By enhancing accessibility, efficacy, and security in education, AI and blockchain have the potential to revolutionize the field to ensure that students can benefit from these potentially game-changing technologies as technology develops, it will be crucial to find ways to harness its power while minimizing hazards.
С. С. Гончаров, Andrey Nechesov
This paper explores the issues of building digital twins for smart cities, which can be controlled manually or with the assistance of intelligent systems. For these purposes, a specialized logic platform, Delta, is being built, which has such properties as transparency, reliability, and predictability. The Delta platform allows us to represent the digital twins of cities as a network of smart contracts that interact with each other within a unified multi-blockchain system. The inclusion of Delta-learning and Delta-connection modules facilitates knowledge acquisition and utilization for AI-driven process management and sensor integration within smart cities.
E. V. Melnik, Irina Safronenkova, A. Yu. Taranov
The paper considers the problems associated with the organization of the computing processin monitoring systems with mobile components based on a distributed ledger (DL), including thetask of redistributing the computing load. The requirements for the functioning of modern distributedmonitoring systems include the coordinated operation of nodes of the entire system belongingto various layers of the computing environment, including foggy and edge layers, which are highlydynamic. The joint use of DL technologies and mobile components as part of distributed monitoringsystems makes it possible to expand the range of tasks solved by such systems, including due tothe fact that it removes issues related to the synchronization of geographically distributed copiesof data. However, with such an organization of a distributed system, it is necessary to take into account the following features of the computing environment: latency associated with data synchronizationat DL nodes, changes in the geographical location of mobile components, limitedonboard energy resources and high dynamism of the fog and edge layers. Previous studies haveshown that in highly dynamic computing environments, the use of the search space reductionmethod based on ontological analysis is effective. For the correct operation of this method, it isnecessary to develop an ontological model reflecting the features of the considered computing andcommunication environment, including DL and mobile components. In this paper a new ontologicalmodel of the functioning of a distributed monitoring system has been developed, taking intoaccount the presence of mobile components and DL nodes. Production rules for placing computationalload in foggy and edge layers have been developed and a software model has been implementedbased on them, which allowed a number of computational experiments to be carried out.The results of experimental studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approachand the adequacy of the developed ontological model.
А.А. Сахипов, М.А. Ермаганбетова, Т.Ж. Байдильдинов
Актуальность заявленной тематики научного исследования обуславливается широким распространением технологии блокчейн в различных сферах жизни современного общества и значительными перспективами, открывающимися при практическом внедрении элементов данной технологии в современных высших учебных заведениях. Целью данной научно- исследовательской работы выступает определение основных методических рекомендаций по практическому применению технологии блокчейн в высших учебных заведениях, способных качественно изменить структуру использования данной технологии в современных высших учебных заведениях и позитивно повлиять на общее качество обучения в системе современных высших учебных заведений, с учётом преимуществ данной технологии. Основу методологии данной научно-исследовательской работы составило сочетание методов системного анализа преимуществ практического применения технологии блокчейн в современной системе высших учебных заведений, с аналитическим исследованием различных аспектов внедрения данной технологии в деятельность современных высших учебных заведениях, для реализации различных задач организации учебного процесса и научно-исследовательской работы. Результаты данной научно-исследовательской работы наглядно свидетельствуют о наличии существенных преимуществ применения технологии блокчейн в системе современных высших учебных заведений, а также представляют собой практические рекомендации по внедрению подобной технологии в систему высших учебных заведения Республики Казахстан с целью создания оптимальных условий для хранения информации. Результаты и выводы данного научного исследования имеют существенную практическую значимость для работников системы современного высшего образования, по роду деятельности сталкивающихся с необходимостью практического использования технологии блокчейн в своей профессиональной деятельности, а также для разработчиков данной технологии, адаптирующих новейшие разработки в данной области под нужды системы высшего образования. Ключевые слова: обработка информации, хранения данных, высшее образование, технология распределённого реестра, аккаунт. Ғылыми зерттеу тақырыбының өзектілігі қазіргі қоғам өмірінің әртүрлі салаларында блокчейн технологиясының кең таралуына және қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындарында осы технология элементтерін практикалық енгізу кезінде ашылатын маңызды перспективаларға байланысты. Бұл ғылыми-зерттеу жұмысының мақсаты қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындарында осы технологияны қолдану құрылымын сапалы өзгерте алатын және осы технологияның артықшылықтарын ескере отырып, қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындары жүйесіндегі оқытудың жалпы сапасына оң әсер ететін жоғары оқу орындарында блокчейн технологиясын практикалық қолдану бойынша негізгі әдістемелік ұсыныстарды анықтау болып табылады. Осы ғылыми- зерттеу жұмысы әдіснамасының негізін қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындарының жүйесінде блокчейн технологиясын практикалық қолданудың артықшылықтарын жүйелі талдау әдістерінің осы технологияны қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындарының қызметіне енгізудің әртүрлі аспектілерін Талдамалық зерттеумен, оқу процесі мен ғылыми-зерттеу жұмысын ұйымдастырудың әртүрлі міндеттерін іске асыру үшін үйлестіру құрады. Осы ғылыми-зерттеу жұмысының нәтижелері қазіргі заманғы жоғары оқу орындары жүйесінде блокчейн технологиясын қолданудың елеулі артықшылықтары бар екенін айқын көрсетеді, сондай-ақ ақпаратты сақтау үшін оңтайлы жағдай жасау мақсатында Қазақстан Республикасының жоғары оқу орындары жүйесіне осындай технологияны енгізу жөніндегі практикалық ұсынымдар болып табылады. Осы ғылыми зерттеудің нәтижелері мен тұжырымдары қазіргі заманғы жоғары білім беру жүйесінің қызметкерлері үшін, өз қызметінде Blockchain технологиясын практикалық қолдану қажеттілігіне тап болған, сондай-ақ осы саладағы соңғы әзірлемелерді жоғары білім беру жүйесінің қажеттіліктеріне бейімдейтін осы технологияны жасаушылар үшін маңызды практикалық мәнге ие. Түйін сөздер: ақпаратты өңдеу, деректерді сақтау, жоғары білім, үлестірілген тізілім технологиясы, аккаунт The relevance of the stated topic of scientific research is due to the widespread use of blockchain technology in various spheres of modern society and the significant prospects that open up with the practical implementation of elements of this technology in modern higher educational institutions. The purpose of this research work is to determine the main guidelines for the practical application of blockchain technology in higher educational institutions that can qualitatively change the structure of using this technology in modern higher educational institutions and positively affect the overall quality of education in the system of modern higher educational institutions, taking into account the advantages this technology. The basis of the methodology of this research work was a combination of methods of system analysis of the advantages of the practical application of blockchain technology in the modern system of higher education institutions, with an analytical study of various aspects of the implementation of this technology in the activities of modern higher education work. The results of this research work clearly indicate the existence of significant advantages of using blockchain technology in the system of modern higher educational institutions, and also represent practical recommendations for introducing such technology into the system of higher educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to create optimal conditions for storing information. The results and conclusions of this scientific study are of significant practical importance for workers of the modern higher education system, by the nature of their activities, who are faced with the need for the practical use of blockchain technology in their professional activities, as well as for developers of this technology, adapting the latest developments in this area to the needs of the higher education system. Keywords: information processing, data storage, higher education, distributed ledger technology, account.
Agus Hasan, Zhicheng Hu, Amirashkan Haghshenas, Anniken Karlsen · 6 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Anton Dziatkovskii
The article is devoted to technologies of digitalization of educationzero-knowledge proof, blockchain and artificial intelligence.It analyzes the features of these technologies and lists possible uses in terms of the public good.
E. V. Melnik, Irina Safronenkova
No abstract is available for this record.
E. V. Melnik, Irina Safronenkova
No abstract is available for this record.
Kuvonchbek Rakhimberdiev, Akram Ishnazarov, Oydinoy Khayitova, Otabek K Abdullayev · 5 authors
Currently, artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly entering many areas of our society. It should be said that currently several reforms are being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. In particular, the decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to create conditions for the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence technologies" dated February 17, 2021, No. PQ-4996 defines the main tasks in this regard. One of the most pressing issues studied by modern researchers is the issues related to the topic of digitalization of the educational process. In this article, the stages of development of artificial intelligence, and its application in the field of modern education are presented. The potential of artificial intelligence in education is also considered. At the same time, the processes of intellectual education are modeled mathematically. Algorithms of intellectual educational processes are proposed using CCN, and SHAP algorithms for organizing intellectual educational processes.Also, issues of ensuring the immutability and confidentiality of student evaluation results on distance education platforms, a strategy for ensuring the security of student test and control data using blockchain technology are presented.
A. Dulaimi, R. Hamida, M. Naser, M. Mawed
Abstract. The scarcity of energy is one of humanity's most pressing issues in the twenty-first century. These problems can be found in various areas, including energy supply, exchange, and consumption. Population growth, rising global energy demand, natural resource shortages, and environmental concerns contribute to energy scarcity. Furthermore, energy shortage needs the expansion of renewable energies and energy efficiency, a major concern for all governments and organisations. Building energy efficiency is a crucial concept to consider when it comes to smart cities. Buildings are the greatest energy consumers, accounting for 40% of total energy consumption. Recent advances in machine learning within a big data context have paved the way for more efficient building energy management. Building energy consumption may be successfully managed by a real-time measurement procedure, allowing the economy to shift from a linear to a circular consumption model. This will tackle the issue of late notice of failed energy-saving initiatives and allow for immediate correction to restore the energy management system to ultimate performance.The energy hub might be as small as a single home energy system or as large as an energy system for the city. This paper will present a case study on developing a smart energy hub called Hubgrade 4.0 that relies on connected products using digital twin as a significant enabler for energy-saving initiatives. Hubgrade 4.0 provides an innovative approach to successfully implementing energy efficiency improvement using artificial intelligence and real-time data. Hubgrade 4.0 is the name of Enova by Veolia smart energy hub; Enova is the regional leader in integrated energy and multi-technical services, delivering performance-based energy and facilities management solutions. The energy hub digital twin is a link between a physical platform that administers the energy hub's IoT and a virtual platform that can derive services that are valid for the energy hub. Successful enterprises are using several new technologies to achieve the goals of Industry 4.0: efficiency, speed, agility, and customer-centricity. This paper concluded and highlighted lessons learned from the successful implementation of innovative energy management, which relied on a dedicated organisation, effective adoption of digital technologies, and embracing new business models, resulting in power savings of 254 million kW and water savings of around 3 million cubic meters, as well as financial savings of about 138 million AED in 5 years since Hubgrade 4.0 started operations its first energy-saving contract in 2017.
Oleksandr Shmatko, Yaroslav Kliuchka
Electronic health information exchange allows providers to healthcare providers and patients to securely access vital medical information of the patient and share it in electronically with other healthcare providers. The paper considers the electronic health system eHealth. The patient's medical records will be stored in a distributed ledger, and not on the server of the medical institution. So no one can change patient data or deny him access to his own data. The use of DAG is considered on the example of the transfer of medical patient data to the doctor. The process of creating and sending medical data to DAG is illustrated with a specific example.
Chaka Chaka
Much has been written about the fourth industrial revolution’s (4IR) contributions to and its impact on higher education (HE). In addition, review studies have been conducted on the contributions of 4IR technologies to and on their impact on HE. Most of these studies have reviewed single 4IR technologies in isolation as attested to by the review studies cited in the current study. Against this backdrop, the current study reviewed, discussed, and synthesized the applications, prospects, and challenges of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and blockchain at given higher education institutions (HEIs) between 2013 and 2019 as reported by 26 selected journal articles. Employing a slightly modified version of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for searching and screening, three of the findings of this study are worth mentioning. Firstly, the dominant AI technologies for learning are chatbots, and AI holds the prospect of personalized, scalable, and affordable learning. Secondly, the applications of robotics are exploratory in nature, and have a meta-teaching and a meta-learning orientation. Thirdly, some of the applications of blockchain relate to digital grading, digital credentialing and digital certification, and to real-time contracting and time stamping of learning. The implications of this review are that the three sets of technologies reviewed, have a lot applications for HE, barring the challenges that have been outlined.
В. В. Вихман
Introduction. This article aims to comprehend the possibilities of application of the technological trends in education initiated by Industry 4.0. The technological trends announced for application in education are understood as digital technologies included in the list of strategic programs for national development (in the context of Industry 4.0): the big data technologies, virtual and augmented reality, robotics and sensorics components, artificial intelligence, new production technologies, industrial internet and wireless communication technologies, quantum technologies and distributed ledger systems. Problem Statement. The article is aimed to identify the specifics and potential of digital technologies of the Industry 4.0 era, both separately and in their integration, which are provided to education in the context of its digital transformation and acquisition of its new quality as Education 4.0. Methodology. The methodology of the study is based on the author’s approach to the formation of the source base for the subsequent tasks of its analysis and synthesis. The work analyzes more than 50 foreign studies published in international citation databases over the past decade, i.e. since the moment when Industry 4.0 began to emerge. Research results. The conducted multilateral analysis of frontier foreign sources showed that not all digital technologies are equally applicable in education, but have a character ranging from “actively applied” to “potentially applicable” in this area. Significant applied potential of the digital technologies is fixed in the technologies of big data, virtual and augmented reality, robotics and sensorics, as well as artificial intelligence in the context of creating data warehouses, introducing new models of learning and educational agents, implementation of customized educational solutions. Conclusions. The vector and nature of the digital transformation of the branches of industries, including education, are set by digital technologies, which the national programs (in the context of Industry 4.0) have placed at the heart of this process. The ongoing digital metamorphosis of education, based on the active implementation and effective use of the digital technologies, allows the latter to acquire new forms and quality on the way to Education 4.0.
I. O. Garina, Pavel Drogovoz
Lifecycle contracts (LCC) are a significant organizational innovation in the area of interaction between the state customer and contractors from the business sector of the economy. This method of contractual arrangement provides an effective and mutually beneficial public-private partnership when implementing infrastructural projects and programs in knowledge-based industries. According to LCC, the contractor company ensures not only the building an industrial site of public importance, but also carries out service functions at its operation stage. However, the existing LCC-technologies have sufficiently high transaction costs and do not ensure the integration of information when switching from production to the operational stage. The objective of this article is to study the prospects of the smart-contract implementation for improving the processes when an industrial facility moves through the life cycle stages. The paper proposes a non- cooperative game-theoretical model for verification of the effectiveness of using a smart-contract for service under the LCC with insurance deposits. The result of the study has shown that the implementation of the smart contracts on stages of work with the contractors increases income and reduces risks, as well as increase the transparency of the processes for both the enterprise itself and the third-party suppliers.
Diptiben Ghelani, Tan Kian Hua
In web-based education and learning, the constant growth of the Internet has thrown up inconceivable opportunities and problems. Web 3.0, the most recent version of the web, is believed to be a technologically sophisticated medium that allows users to Read/Write/Execute and also allows robots to perform some of the thinking formerly reserved for human beings. Online marketing with web 3.0 is also known as intuitive Web, which is a Semantic Web that allows web services to communicate with one another. Individualized and behavioral Web 3.0 will be the norm. Web 3.0 has generated new tools and technology for aiding web-based education and learning in a short amount of time. To begin, this article addresses certain Web 3.0 concepts, development, and features. We explored the influence of web 3.0 on marketing in this study, as well as the many aspects that contribute to marketing uplift. Web 3.0 is a word used to describe the interaction that occurs as a result of the evolution of Web use and the transformation of the Web into a database. Smart web with intelligence analysis, personalisation, interoperable web, virtualization (virtual 3D environments), and multimedia are some of the most significant elements of these technologies. The broad adoption of Web 3.0 technologies in educational settings has resulted in the creation of e-learning 3.0. Web 3.0 is defined by facilitating cooperation and is powered by co-creation tools.
Jasmin Cowin
The convergence of data, computation, and globalization in education has far-reaching consequences for educational stakeholders, institutions, and learners. Terms such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, artificial intelligence (AI), exponential technology, deep learning, personalized competency-based learning, and distributed ledger technology networks (DLTNs) are indicators of the changing dialogue between education stakeholders, businesses, and government aspirations on a global scale. Location-independent virtual environments promise an exponential expansion that goes beyond brick-and-mortar schools, colleges, and universities. AI and intelligent systems are poised to become global change agents in education, ushering in profound changes in administrative functions, strategic planning, data aggregation, student acquisition and retention, and alternative currencies, as well as curriculum design, assessment, personal learning networks, and global competitiveness generally of both institutions and their graduates. The quality of the education a nation's schools, educational institutions, and teachers provide, along with investments in science, technology engineering, and mathematics education, directly impact economic prosperity and global competitiveness. This paper explores some of the interdependencies that arise from supercharged technological advances such as AI augmented reality digital technologies (ARDTs) and DLTNs and their possible impact on education, educators, learners, and society. In addition, it unbundles the meaning and use cases of AI, ARDTs, and DLTNs in education.
Temitope Omotayo, Bankole Awuzie, Saheed Ajayi, Alireza Moghayedi · 5 authors
The contribution of smart campuses to smart cities’ development and vice versa has been elucidated in extant literature. The micro-transfer of smart technologies and probable procurement and contracting models remain critical for such contributions to take place. This study used a systems thinking approach to establish the interrelationships existing between smart campus technologies which can be scaled towards the development of smart cities and assess the critical failure factors negating the micro-transfer of these technologies to smart city development initiatives in developing countries. To achieve its objective, the study adopted a phenomenological research design wherein qualitative data was elicited from a purposively selected sample of seven interviewees in South African Universities. The next phase of the analysis involved a thematic approach for the production of a causal loop diagram (CLD) reflecting the interrelationships between the abovementioned facets and the associated impact on the transference of knowledge and technologies from smart campuses to smart cities. This CLD was subsequently validated by a cohort of five experts. Findings from the validation phase were incorporated in an improved CLD which provided different archetypes for engendering successful transference. This study holds salient implications for universities, cities and other stakeholders seeking to engage in a quadruple helix innovative arrangement for smart campus/city development. This study concluded that smart campuses could act as living labs for future smartness of cities globally. Government funding and willingness to produce smart cities from campuses is a fundamental feature of creating smart infrastructure in cities.