The rapid expansion of institutional repositories (IRs) has heightened concerns about digital rights management (DRM), copyright protection, content authenticity, and long-term digital preservation, particularly in developing countries where institutional and technological capacities remain constrained. This study examines the feasibility of adopting blockchain technology as a DRM solution for Ghanaian institutional repositories and evaluates whether its application is transformative or largely aspirational. Guided by the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework and Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory, the study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design that integrated quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews with ICT directors, repository managers, academic librarians, systems librarians, and faculty members from eight Ghanaian universities. The findings reveal low DRM maturity across institutional repositories. 40% of participating institutions lacked formal DRM mechanisms. Although awareness of blockchain technology was moderately high among respondents, substantial disparities existed across stakeholder groups, with ICT personnel demonstrating higher levels of understanding than faculty members and academic librarians. Institutional readiness for blockchain adoption remained generally poor, constrained by inadequate infrastructure, funding limitations, insufficient technical expertise, weak policy frameworks, and low organizational preparedness. Despite these limitations, stakeholders expressed strong support for blockchain’s potential to strengthen tamper-proof authorship verification, enhance content authenticity and integrity, improve transparency through immutable audit trails, and automate copyright management through smart contracts. The study further suggests that capacity building, phased implementation strategies, open-source platforms, interdisciplinary collaboration, and institutional policy alignment are critical pathways for integrating blockchain into institutional repositories. The study concludes that blockchain-enabled DRM in Ghanaian IRs is a promising, emerging innovation and that its successful implementation depends on sustained investment in digital infrastructure, institutional reforms, technical training, and supportive regulatory frameworks.
Supplementary appendix to the article "Digital Cash and the Governance of Payment Finality." It contains material displaced from the main text for length, referenced at the corresponding points in the article, and forming no part of the manuscript word count. The appendix documents in full the evidence that claims for digital cash treat technical irreversibility as legal finality, with the passages and page references from Böhme, Christin, Edelman and Moore (2015), Cong and He (2018), De Filippi and Hassan (2016), Kiviat (2015), Atzori (2017) and Politou, Casino, Alepis and Patsakis (2019), together with the passages in which several of those authors qualify or abandon the claim. It further sets out the argument that append-only recording does not entail unrecoverable entitlement: the regulatory history of write-once, read-many electronic recordkeeping under SEC Rule 17a-4 and its 2022 amendment; the accounting mechanics by which a chargeback operates as a contra entry rather than an erasure; the equivalence between that mechanism and reversal by subsequent transaction on a distributed ledger; and two limits on the argument, being value irretrievable because no person holds the key, and records whose own existence is the wrong, as with personal data subject to an erasure right.
Bu çalışma, Non-Fungible Token’ların (NFT), 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu (FSEK) çerçevesinde hukuki açıdan nasıl değerlendirilebileceğini incelemektedir. Blokzincir teknolojisine dayalı olarak oluşturulan NFT’ler, benzersiz ve değiştirilemez dijital varlıklar olarak özellikle dijital sanat ve fikri mülkiyet alanlarında yeni hukuki tartışmaların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Çalışmada, NFT’lerin hukuki niteliği ile eser sahipliği, mali haklar ve manevi haklar bakımından doğurduğu sonuçlar ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca minting işleminin hukuki boyutu, NFT kaynaklı telif hakkı ihlalleri ve bu kapsamda ulusal ile uluslararası düzeyde ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada doktrinel yöntem benimsenmiş; konu, literatür taraması, mevzuat incelemesi ve örnek yargı kararlarının analizi yoluyla çok yönlü biçimde incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, NFT’lerin FSEK kapsamında açık ve net bir şekilde tanımlanmasına ihtiyaç bulunduğu, eser niteliği taşıyan NFT’ler bakımından hak sahipliğine ilişkin belirsizliklerin giderilmesi gerektiği ve pay takip hakkının dijital ortama uyarlanmasına yönelik yasal düzenlemelerin yapılmasının zorunlu olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, teorik tartışmaları somut uyuşmazlık örnekleriyle destekleyerek Türk hukuk doktrinine katkılar sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Mariachiara Restuccia, Achilleas Boukis, Charles Hofacker, Fulya Açikgöz
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have become part of the product portfolios of many brands, ranging from individual creators to established firms. Yet, we currently have a limited understanding of how NFTs should be designed, launched, and managed effectively over their lifecycle journey. To fill this gap, we explore the distinctive lifecycle of this novel digital product category. Rather than focusing on the macro-view of the product lifecycle at the aggregate product category level (e.g., introduction, growth, maturity, and decline), our work offers a micro-view of the lifecycle at the individual NFT level, focusing on the relevant decisions to be made and activities to be performed by a creator or a firm. Drawing on the product lifecycle management literature and field exemplars, our proposed NFT lifecycle consists of three main stages: 1. Inception (featuring content creation, minting, and dropping), 2. Circulation (involving experience, trade, and commercial exploitation), and 3. Termination (including timed expiration, regeneration, and retirement decisions). Our conceptual work contributes to the emerging literature on blockchain assets by developing an original and integrative lifecycle framework. It also offers marketers actionable insights into how to manage each of the different lifecycle stages of a decentralized digital offering like NFTs, broadening the focus from short-term activities (e.g., Inception and Circulation) to the long-term ones (e.g., Termination).
The transformation of the copyright institution in the context of the intensive development of digital technologies and the globalization of the information space is studied. The legal nature of objects created with the help of artificial intelligence systems is analyzed, and the challenges facing the traditional anthropocentric model of authorship are identified. The features of non-fungible token technology (NFT) as a tool for monetizing digital art are identified
This study aims to examine how Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), based on blockchain technology, are creating new digital cultural values in the field of photography in the era of digital transformation, as well as to analyze their legal regulation and practical applications. The research employs qualitative methodologies, including document analysis, comparative analysis, and case study approaches. Within the framework of Mongolia’s Law on Intellectual Property and Law on Virtual Asset Service Providers, the legal status of NFTs is examined, alongside an analysis of the operations of domestic platforms such as “Mongol NFT” and “Complex.” The findings reveal that NFTs technologically reconstruct the “digital aura” and uniqueness of photography, enabling what can be described as “digital permanence” whereby cultural heritage can be archived immutably. Legal analysis indicates that blockchain-based records have the potential to be recognized as “electronic evidence” within the Mongolian judicial system. However, a key challenge remains in the ambiguous distinction between ownership rights and copyright. Furthermore, the study identifies environmental concerns associated with the NFT minting process, estimating an average carbon footprint of approximately 20 kg of CO₂ per NFT, thereby highlighting ecological risks. While NFTs present new opportunities for photographers to protect and monetize their intellectual property, the study concludes that enhanced technological literacy, market stability, and more refined legal regulation are essential for sustainable development in this domain. Гэрэл зургийн NFT дижитал соёлын үнэт зүйлийн тээгч болох нь Энэхүү судалгааны ажил нь дижитал шилжилтийн эрин үед блокчэйн технологид суурилсан NFT (Non-Fungible Token) нь гэрэл зургийн салбарт хэрхэн дижитал соёлын шинэ үнэт зүйлийг бий болгож буйг тодорхойлох, түүний эрх зүйн зохицуулалт болон практик хэрэглээнд дүн шинжилгээ хийхийг зорьсон болно. Ингэхдээ чанарын судалгааны арга, баримт бичгийн шинжилгээ, харьцуулсан шинжилгээ болон кэйс шинжилгээний аргуудыг ашиглалаа. Монгол Улсын "Оюуны өмчийн тухай хууль", "Виртуал хөрөнгийн үйлчилгээ үзүүлэгчийн тухай хууль"-ийн хүрээнд NFT-ийн эрх зүйн статусыг шинжлэн, "Mongol NFT", "Complex" зэрэг дотоодын платформуудын үйл ажиллагаанд дүн шинжилгээ хийсэн. Судалгаагаар NFT нь гэрэл зургийн "дижитал аура" болон ховор шинж чанарыг технологийн аргаар нөхөн сэргээж, "дижитал мөнхлөл" (digital permanence) буюу соёлын өвийг өөрчлөгдөшгүйгээр архивлах боломжийг олгож байгааг тогтоов. Эрх зүйн дүн шинжилгээгээр блокчэйн дээрх бүртгэл нь Монгол Улсын шүүхийн шатанд "цахим нотлох баримт" болон үнэлэгдэх боломжтойг баталсан боловч өмчлөх эрх ба зохиогчийн эрхийн зааг ялгаа тодорхойгүй байгаа нь гол сорилт болж байна. Мөн NFT-ийг "mint" хийх үйл явц нь байгаль орчинд нүүрстөрөгчийн ул мөр үлдээж буйг (нэгж NFT тутамд дунджаар 20 кг ) тооцооллоор гаргаж, экологийн эрсдэлийг тодорхойлов. NFT нь гэрэл зурагчдын оюуны өмчийг хамгаалах, эдийн засгийн эргэлтэд оруулах шинэ гарц мөн боловч технологийн мэдлэг, зах зээлийн тогтвортой байдал болон эрх зүйн нарийвчилсан зохицуулалт зайлшгүй шаардлагатай байна. Түлхүүр үг: Блокчэйн технологи, Гэрэл зургийн архив, Дижитал өмчлөл, Ухаалаг гэрээ, Метаверс, Зохиогчийн эрх
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of commerce, leading to new challenges in the protection and enforcement of trademark rights. Traditionally, trademarks functioned within territorial boundaries and were primarily associated with physical goods and services. However, the emergence of digital platforms such as e-commerce websites, social media, domain name systems, blockchain technologies, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and the metaverse has expanded the scope of trademark usage into virtual environments. This Paper examines the evolving nature of trademark protection in the digital and virtual world, with particular emphasis on the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing contemporary challenges. It analyzes key issues such as cybersquatting, keyword advertising, social media infringement, unauthorized use of trademarks in NFTs, and the complexities of trademark use in the metaverse. The study also highlights jurisdictional challenges arising from the borderless nature of the internet, which complicate enforcement mechanisms and legal remedies.
This chapter covers a couple of other technological developments worth mentioning: blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). This chapter serves a basic overview of what these technologies do and how they may, or may not, impact the music industry.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token), son yıllarda kripto varlık ekosisteminde önemli bir dönüşüm yaratmış dijital varlıklardır. Dijital sanat eserlerinden koleksiyonluk eşyalara, oyun içi varlıklardan sanal gayrimenkullere kadar birçok alanda kullanılmakta olup, dijital içeriklerin özgünlük ve sahiplik niteliklerini kripto varlık biçiminde temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada NFT kavramı, tarihsel gelişimi, kullanım alanları ve türleriyle, NFT’lerin güvenilirliğini sağlayan Blokzincir, ikinci nesli Ethereum ile akıllı sözleşmeler gibi teknik yapısı üzerinde durularak hukuki niteliği konusunda değerlendirmeler yer almaktadır.
Dr. Soumya M Anakal, Sharanabasava, Vinayak S Chakki
The global creator economy exceeds $100 billion but remains dominated by platforms such as YouTube, Spotify, and Patreon. These platforms control distribution and monetization, charging high fees, delaying payments, and exercising censorship. To address these issues, a decentralized Web3 Music and Content Monetization Platform is proposed. The system uses blockchain, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), decentralized storage, and crypto wallets to enable creators to upload, mint, and sell their digital content directly to audiences. Each asset is stored on the Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) and represented on the Polygon blockchain as an ERC-721 token. Consumers purchase NFTs via MetaMask, and smart contracts automatically transfer payments to creators, enforcing royalties without intermediaries. A prototype demonstrates NFT minting, wallet-based payments, and content access control, validating the technical feasibility of the approach. Compared with centralized systems, the proposed platform offers instant payments, transparent ownership, and censorship resistance, aligning with similar advancements in decentralized music and publishing platforms. Future work includes exploring multi-chain support, decentralized governance through DAOs, and integrating metaverse applications.
Centralised streaming platforms have become the dominant mode for distributing web series and digital video content; however, they continue to face persistent challenges related to opaque royalty mechanisms, delayed payments, high intermediary commissions, limited creator autonomy, and widespread piracy. These limitations have raised concerns among independent creators and production houses regarding fairness, transparency, and sustainability. Block-chain technology, characterised by decentralisation, immutability, and programmable smart contracts, offers a promising alternative to conventional streaming infrastructures. This paper critically examines block-chain adoption within the media and entertainment sector and proposes a simulated block-chain-based streaming framework named IndieWeb Originals. The proposed model integrates Hyper ledger Fabric, decentralised storage systems, and non-fungible tokens for content access control and monetisation. Two detailed case studies—IndieWeb Originals and the real-world Theta Network—are analysed using performance metrics including royalty payout delay, creator revenue share, transparency, and piracy resistance. The analysis indicates that block-chain-based platforms can significantly reduce royalty settlement times while improving revenue transparency, creator earnings, and intellectual property protection. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions involving artificial intelligence-driven fraud detection, cross-chain interoperability, and global regulatory standardisation to support large-scale adoption. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/3117.4825.202502
The convergence of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has triggered a doctrinal crisis in copyright, contract, and evidence law across several major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, and selected Asian legal systems. By 2025, over 70% of top NFT sales feature hybrid human–AI creations, yet most remain in legal and economic “gray zones” across jurisdictions. This article examines the challenge of partial AI authorship through a comparative analysis of U.S., EU, and Asian legal frameworks, revealing enduring gaps in originality doctrine, inconsistencies in the treatment of blockchain-based evidence, and contested approaches to smart contract enforceability and royalty mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the technical processes through which AI systems source, transform, and recombine data from public and private domains, raising unresolved questions of infringement, attribution, and authorship when copyrighted works are used without authorization. Drawing on originality doctrine, transformative use standards, and fair use principles, the analysis argues that legal protection should be confined to AI-assisted outputs that reflect meaningful human creative judgment and demonstrable transformation, rather than automated reproduction. Situating these doctrinal tensions within broader patterns of market volatility, regulatory arbitrage, and unequal access to justice. It concludes that adaptive, pluralist governance is essential to achieving legally coherent and socially sustainable outcomes in the digital creative economy.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the music industry by reshaping creative processes, lowering barriers to entry, and redefining governance structures. This article examines AI’s dual role as both a catalyst for innovation and a potential source of artistic and economic disruption. On the creative front, AI-assisted tools enable rapid composition, personalized learning, and new forms of experimentation; however, they also risk homogenization, cognitive dependency, and diminished originality. From the standpoint of accessibility, AI democratizes music production by reducing costs and technical barriers, yet disparities in digital access and algorithmic visibility persist. Governance challenges are equally significant, as AI-driven platforms influence discovery, revenue distribution, and authorship attribution, often reinforcing existing power asymmetries. To address these concerns, this article evaluates emerging decentralized frameworks, particularly blockchain and Web3 systems, which offer mechanisms for transparent attribution, equitable royalty distribution, and participatory governance. These technologies provide a potential counterbalance to centralized algorithmic control, enabling more artist-centered ecosystems. Ultimately, the impact of AI in music depends not on the technology itself but on the institutional structures guiding its use. Thoughtful integration can position AI as an augmentative tool that enhances human creativity while preserving artistic integrity and equity.
Rohith John Jacob, Shane Jacob Sebastian, Varsha S Panicker, Vishnu Satish · 5 authors
Digital art marketplaces have been expanding rapidly, resulting in a greater focus on issues of ownership verification, copyright infringement, and content tampering. Current blockchain non-fungible token (NFT) systems only keep ownership data on the blockchain, with the media files stored off the blockchain, resulting in a lack of trust in the ownership of assets secured by NFTs. This work proposes a framework for verifying the ownership of digital art in a decentralized fashion, using invisible frequency domain watermarks, cryptographic hash functions, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based semantic checks. This results in a method for embedding ownership directly into the image being protected by an NFT, with the cryptographic fingerprint of the image stored on the blockchain for easy access. An AI-based semantic verification layer provides assurance that ownership can only be confirmed by performing consistent content checks. As has been verified through experimentation, the framework developed will allow owners of digital images to preserve ownership of their images and to securely and decentralized verify ownership.
Abstract This chapter examines non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that purportedly embody rights in creative works, revealing a fundamental disconnect between marketing claims and legal reality. It traces the evolution of NFTs from technical experiments through speculative fervor, collapse, and resurgence, establishing the economic and social context for legal analysis. The chapter identifies two dominant issuance models: the standardized approach using platforms like OpenSea and Mintable, and the bespoke approach employed by major issuers, including Yuga Labs and Dapper Labs. For standardized issuances, an examination of the terms of service reveals that while claiming to be passive facilitators, platforms retain substantial control and explicitly deny any property link between NFTs and underlying creative works. For bespoke issuers, the analysis demonstrates a mischaracterization of property law, including claims that ownership is “mediated” by blockchain technology, attempts to condition property rights through contractual terms, and intellectual property licensing frameworks that are indeterminate and potentially invalid across jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the chapter argues that NFTs possess genuine commercial potential, which could be unlocked if they were structured in a manner consistent with established private law frameworks rather than attempting to circumvent them, as is the case in the present landscape. It concludes by proposing legitimate commercial applications, including pure digital collectibles, access-gated services, and digital certificates of authenticity that embrace legal frameworks while delivering meaningful market value.
William Fernando Martínez Luna, Ana María Moreno Ballesteros, Edgar José Ruiz Dorantes
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are transforming the commercialisation of digital art by establishing unique blockchain identifiers that ensure authenticity and certify subsequent transactions. However, the transfer of control over an NFT does not automatically include the transfer of the associated copyrights, thereby creating legal uncertainty as to what rights are actually acquired. This interdisciplinary project between engineering and law proposes the design of a smart contract, based on the ERC-721 standard, to manage the transfer of property rights linked to digital artworks represented as NFTs. The accompanying legal contract incorporates essential clauses covering the identification of the parties, a description of the artwork and its link to the token, pricing, royalties, and the terms of rights transfer. The proposal seeks to integrate blockchain technology with existing legal frameworks, offering an innovative solution that strengthens legal certainty in the transfer of copyright within digital environments.
This research paper delves into the evolving domain of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) within the unique backdrop of India’s art and entertainment industry, a realm where NFTs have garnered global attention as a novel digital asset class enabling the tokenization and ownership of distinct digital content. The paper’s key focus areas are threefold: First, it will scrutinize the legal framework governing NFTs in India, including existing laws, regulations, legal status, copyright, intellectual property, and taxation aspects, offering comparative insights from international NFT regulations. Second, the study will assess the economic implications of NFTs on artists, creators, and collectors, evaluating benefits, challenges, and illustrative case studies, while also delving into NFT market dynamics, trends, and the roles of key players and platforms. Third, it will explore the cultural and artistic implications of NFTs, examining their influence on artistic creation and the preservation of cultural heritage, as well as their impact on the relationship between traditional and digital art forms in India. Furthermore, the research will discuss future prospects and challenges within the Indian NFT landscape, considering potential developments, risks, and uncertainties, and offering recommendations for policymakers, artists, and industry participants. In conclusion, this research aims to illuminate the legal and economic facets of NFTs in India’s art and entertainment industry, fostering a deeper understanding of NFT implications for diverse stakeholders and providing invaluable guidance for navigating this dynamic landscape. This research endeavour aims to illuminate the legal and economic facets of NFTs in India’s art and entertainment industry. By offering a comprehensive analysis of the present state and future prospects, this paper provides valuable insights for stakeholders navigating this evolving NFT landscape. It also contributes to a deeper understanding of NFT implications for India’s cultural and artistic heritage, offering guidance for informed decision-making in this emerging digital era.
Cultural and creative industries face persistent challenges in securing sustainable financing and equitable governance, particularly under traditional models reliant on centralized intermediaries and public subsidies. This study examines the potential of decentralized autonomous organizations, enabled by blockchain technology, to address these constraints through innovative governance and financing mechanisms. Using a quantitative methodology supported by t -tests, bootstrap resampling and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the analysis draws on multiple public data sets to assess the effects of these organizations on financing access, market performance, income stability and governance inclusivity across the sector. The results show that decentralized organizations substantially expand available financing, with treasury sizes far exceeding traditional benchmarks, and increase market engagement through high-value digital asset sales, although differences in broader market potential are not statistically significant. Income stability improves in several projects, while governance outcomes vary by subsector, with inclusive decision-making often challenged in larger communities. Grounded in digital economy, organizational, stakeholder and sustainability theories, the study fills a critical empirical gap in research on decentralized models within cultural and creative contexts. It offers actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners and highlights the need for future work on subsector dynamics and regulatory frameworks that can support the democratizing potential of decentralized governance.
Although the digital media ecosystem has changed creation and sharing of content, existing copyright management systems suffer from inefficiencies, such as slow payment of royalties, a lack of transparency about how much an artist is owed, high administrative costs and difficulties in tracking cross-border use. One of the most promising methods for addressing these shortcomings is the use of smart contracts, which are self-executing applications that work off a public distributed ledger called a blockchain to automatically pay royalties at the time of use, based on preconfigured conditions that are based on a predetermined number of streams, downloads or views. Current study explores the technological architecture, relevant legal issues and practical implications for automated payment of royalties to content creators through the use of smart contracts in the context of music services, audiovisual works and digital publishing. The smart contracts allow peer-to-peer transactions without a third party, based on elements of the blockchain, like the principles of decentralized consensus and immutability (integrity). The legal issues related to smart contracts using code as a contract include whether smart contracts will be legally enforceable across different jurisdictions, whether a smart contract's code can be considered enforceable with moral rights, and concentration on complying with different data privacy laws, e.g., the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in countries where blockchain is essentially immutable. While smart contracts can address a number of the core pain points associated with these areas (i.e., transparency gaps, fragmented ownership data, transactional friction), they must overcome various challenges to achieve broad acceptance. These challenges include scalability; the reliability of oracles for off-chain data; interoperability across disparate blockchains; regulatory uncertainty related to anti-money laundering/know-your-customer regulations, and taxation; and a lack of statutory recognition of smart contracts, standardized metadata for ownership rights, on/off-chain hybrid models, and international harmonization via treaties.
Markets for cultural goods require intermediaries who construct the shared conventions, quality signals, and reputational infrastructure through which cultural value is assessed and stabilized. Non-fungible token (NFT) platforms assumed intermediary functions without this institutional apparatus, a condition we term unconventionalized intermediation. Drawing on cultural production scholarship and paradox theory, we analyze Reddit discourse related to NBA Top Shot, a prominent NFT platform, to examine how NFT cultural markets persist under this structural condition. Our analysis reveals three aggregate paradoxes structuring collector participation – precious precarity (disrupted value construction), enslaved freedom (disrupted governance), and resonant isolation (disrupted meaning circulation) – each arising from a specific failure of the cultural production processes that conventionalized intermediaries normally perform. We further identify six management mechanisms through which collectors and platforms collaboratively navigate these tensions. Our findings extend strategic marketing scholarship on digitally mediated cultural markets and offer practical implications for artists, art market institutions, and platform operators.
إن التقدم التقني المعاصر، وما أحدثه من تقدمٍ في شتى المجالات غير خافٍ على أحد حيث تبع هذا التقدم الكثير من الابتكارات التقنية التي انتشرت بسرعةٍ رهيبةٍ، ومن هذه الابتكارات ما يُعْرف بالرموز الرقمية غير القابلة للاستبدال التي هي عبارة عن أصولٍ رقميةٍ تستخدم لإثبات الملكية الخاصة بالمحتويات الرقمية كمقاطع الفيديو والتغريدات والصور وغيرها، وتمتاز هذه الرموز بكونها غير قابلةٍ للاستبدال، فلا يمكن استبدال رمزٍ منها بآخر نظرًا لندرتها، كما تتمتع بالشفافية والأمان؛ لاعتمادها على تقنية البلوك تشين مما يمنحها قدرًا كبيرًا من الثقة، وقد تناولتُ في هذه البحث التعريف بالرموز الرقمية غير القابلة للاستبدال، وخصائصها، ومجالات استخدامها، ثم تحدثت عن التكييف الفقهي لهذه الرموز، من حيث كونها حقاً معنوياً، والأثر المترتب على هذا التكييف من حيث اعتبارها مالاً، أو عدم اعتبارها مالاً، ومن ثم حكم بيعها بصفةٍ عامةٍ، وبيعها إذا كان البيع بغرض استعمالها استعمالاً محرمًا، أو تكييفها باعتبارها وثيقةً لإثبات الملكية الرقمية، والأثر المترتب على هذا التكييف، ثم ذيلت البحث بخاتمةٍ بينتُ أهم النتائج والتوصيات التي توصلت إليها. The contemporary technological advancements and their impact on various fields are undeniable. This progress has been accompanied by numerous technological innovations that have spread rapidly. Among these innovations are non-fungible digital tokens, which are digital assets used to prove ownership of digital content such as videos, tweets, images, and more. These tokens are characterized by their non-fungibility; one token cannot be replaced by another due to their scarcity. They also possess transparency and security. Because it relies on blockchain technology, which grants it a high degree of trust, this research addresses the definition of non-fungible digital tokens, their characteristics, and their applications. It then discusses the jurisprudential classification of these tokens, considering them as intangible rights and the implications of this classification in terms of whether they are considered property or not. Consequently, it examines the ruling on their sale in general, and specifically the ruling on selling them for the purpose of using them in a prohibited manner. It also addresses their classification as a document for proving digital ownership and the implications of this classification. Finally, the research concludes with a summary of the most important findings and recommendations.
The digital art and collectibles industries are undergoing a significant transformation due to a phenomenon known as Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs). Enabled by smart contracts on a blockchain, NFTs thus provide creators with unparalleled control. They can be used to indicate the ownership of any unique object by serving as a deed for that item, whether it exists in the physical or digital world. This research aims to shed light on various obstacles to the widespread adoption of NFTs. A semi-structured interview was conducted with customers of NFT marketplaces to draw out valuable insights across diverse scenarios. The interview method has been utilized to observe and assess the perspectives of individuals who have engaged in marketplace transactions. Furthermore, a cognitive walkthrough was executed to evaluate the marketplace’s usability from a newcomer’s viewpoint. The insights gathered from the interviews and cognitive evaluation have pinpointed significant pain points and opportunities for improvement. The findings show that both experienced users and newcomers are seeking enhancements to the marketplaces before they are willing to embrace this technology on a larger scale. Their recommendations vary from ensuring safer ecosystem development to improving user interfaces. We present a review of our findings from multiple angles, addressing areas where challenges are evident and we suggest potential modifications to boost the promotion of NFTs. In conclusion, based on our results, we recommend an ideal design along with several essential strategies akin to other standard applications that could be implemented in the markets for greater acceptance.
This study investigates the correlation between the audio features of top-charting music and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) market dynamics, presenting a novel perspective within the realm of behavioral finance. Drawing on the regulatory focus theory and existing research on music's affective influence, the authors argue that popular music, as a reflection of society's collective regulatory focus, can significantly impact trading behaviours in NFTs, an asset class known for its susceptibility to emotional drivers and speculative activity. By employing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) machine learning model and permutation importance technique, the analysis demonstrates that specific musical attributes—such as danceability, loudness, and mode—exhibit predictive power over daily NFT trading volumes. The study not only provides evidence of music's capacity to signal shifts in trading behaviors, offering innovative insights into the drivers of digital asset markets, but introduces a new interdisciplinary approach focusing on the collective regulatory focus reflected in the music.