Web3 has gained increasing attention in recent years as a paradigm that aims to establish a new phase of the Internet by enabling a decentralized web infrastructure without reliance on centralized authorities or intermediaries. A fundamental difference between Web3 decentralized applications (dApps) and traditional Web2 applications lies in their underlying architecture and trust model. Web3 dApps rely on blockchain networks and smart contracts to execute application logic and manage shared state. This paper presents a systematic literature review that examines the architectural components, architectural patterns, and development challenges of Web3 decentralized applications. A set of peer-reviewed research articles was analyzed to provide a structured overview of current research and practice. The results identify the core building blocks of Web3 dApps, as well as highlighting the most adopted architectural styles, with a particular emphasis on hybrid on-chain/off-chain and fully decentralized architectures. Furthermore, this study synthesizes the most frequently reported challenges in Web3 dApp development. By systematizing existing knowledge, this work contributes to a clearer understanding of Web3 dApp architectures and provides a foundation for future research and improved engineering practices in decentralized application development.
This PDF document titled "Linux Foundation Hyperledger Fabric Certified Practitioner" serves as a comprehensive resource for individuals seeking to validate their expertise in the Hyperledger Fabric framework. It outlines the certification process, including the prerequisites, learning outcomes, and preparation materials necessary for prospective candidates. The document also details the significance of the certification within the blockchain ecosystem, emphasizing the skills gained through the completion of the course. With a focus on practical applications and real-world scenarios, this PDF is an invaluable tool for developers, architects, and technical leaders aiming to enhance their credentials in distributed ledger technology. Ideal for those preparing for the certification exam, it encapsulates the knowledge and best practices essential for mastering Hyperledger Fabric. Source: https://www.certification-exam.com/en/pdf/linux-foundation-pdf/hfcp-pdf/
An embedded software development kit (SDK) is an essential component in an IoT ecosystem. The existing embedded SDKs, while facilitating developers to build centralized, cloud-native IoT applications, are not able to meet the increasing requirements of connecting smart devices to Web3, in particular decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs). To close this gap, we present a universal, open-source embedded SDK called ioConnect in this paper. Built upon the emerging technologies such as the platform security architecture (PSA) and self-sovereign identity (SSI), ioConnect is the first embedded SD K that allows developers to connect smart devices to a decentralized network and create rich and trustworthy device-to-device and device-to-person relationships. ioConnect is designed with a layered architecture coupled with a flexible configuration utility and is able to support a wide range of smart devices with different processing capabilities and memory footprints. Our extensive performance evaluations on two resource-constrained smart devices demonstrate viability and effectiveness of ioConnect when used in practice.
Ken Huang, Youwei Yang, Fan Zhang, Xi Chen · 5 authors
Chapter 4 examines the scaling of Web3 to support widespread adoption. It first discusses why scalability is crucial for Web3, enabling it to handle high transaction volumes and users such as centralized systems. Scalability refers to the ability to sustain performance amid growth. Key factors are number of users, response time, storage, transaction costs, and throughput. Scalability is challenging due to the blockchain trilemma of decentralization, security, and scalability. Solutions involve optimizations at the network layer (layer 0), blockchain layer (layer 1), and Off-chain layer (layer 2). Layer 0 focuses on data transfer, using protocols such as BloXroute. Layer 1 aims to improve the blockchain itself via methods like sharding or new consensus algorithms. Layer 2 leverages Off-chain processing via rollups, sidechains, and state channels. Each layer has trade-offs. Rollups bundle transactions Off-chain using zero-knowledge proofs or fraud proofs before validating On-chain. Sidechains process transactions externally to relieve the main chain’s load. State channels allow Off-chain transfers between participants. No single scaling approach fits all cases. A combination of solutions across layers tailored to the application offers the most potential.
Hari Kishore Chaparala, Sai Vineeth Doddala, Ahmad Showail, Faisal Nawab
Integrating non-fungible tokens (NFTs) into decentralized user-facing applications like virtual worlds presents significant performance and security challenges. Traditional NFT marketplaces struggle with scalability and security, particularly when off-chain solutions are employed to enhance performance. To tackle these issues, we introduce DecentEdge (Decentralized Edge), a trusted off-chain NFT Marketplace (NFTM) designed to operate closer to the user at the edge. DecentEdge stands out by enabling concurrent, secure processing of multiple transactions on the same NFT off-chain, significantly boosting scalability. This is achieved through two key design ingredients: leveraging Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) to secure off-chain operations, and implementing a Multi-Stage NFT transaction processing protocol. This protocol splits NFT transactions into off-chain and on-chain stages, effectively reducing the impact of on-chain latency in typical execution paths. However, this approach introduces potential conflicts between off-chain and on-chain stages, which we address with a carefully designed conflict resolution mechanism to ensure safety and security. Our experiments-conducted on a blockchain network-show that DecentEdge achieves over 300-fold throughput improvement when compared to the state-of-the-art NFTM, OpenSea.
A big industry secret often swept under the rug by the crypto industry is the notion of “wartime” vs. “peacetime” companies coupled with the ability to adapt swiftly. Once employed in the crypto industry, this takes on a distinct and stark reality that you need to be prepared for. Unlike the traditional corporate world where tech giants like Google epitomize the stability and growth of “peacetime” companies, their crypto counterparts inherently operate in a constant “wartime” state. This unique environment shapes every aspect of working in Web3, from leadership styles to daily operations and employee experiences. In the crypto sector, “wartime” isn't just a phase; it's the norm. Companies are perpetually navigating through a landscape rife with volatility, regulatory uncertainty, technological disruptions, and fierce competition. This environment necessitates a continual state of vigilance, quick decision-making, and adaptability.
Web3 predstavlja revolucionarnu promjenu internetskog okruženja, s fokusom na decentralizaciji, sigurnosti i korisničkoj kontroli. Ovaj rad istražuje osnovne aspekte Web3, uključujući glavne tehnologije, vrste aplikacija koje se razvijaju, trenutne zabrinutosti i izazove. Analizom tih elemenata, rad će osvijetliti kako Web3 oblikuje budućnost interneta i kako može poboljšati digitalna iskustva, ali i istražiti potencijalne rizike i izazove.
Web 3.0 is the basis on which the proposed metaverse, a seamless virtual world enabled by computers and interconnected devices, hopes to interact with its users, but beyond the high-level project overview of what Web 3.0 applications try to achieve, the implementation is still down to low-level coding details. This article aims to analyze the low-level implementations of key components of Web 3.0 using a variety of frameworks and tools as well as several JVM-based languages. This paper breaks down the low-level implementation of smart contracts and semantic web principles using three frameworks, Corda and Ethereum for smart contracts and Jeda for semantic web, using both Scala and Java as implementing languages all while highlighting differences and similarities between the frameworks used.
Wensheng Gan, Zhenqiang Ye, Shicheng Wan, Philip S. Yu
With the rapid growth of the Internet, human daily life has become deeply bound to the Internet. To take advantage of massive amounts of data and information on the internet, the Web architecture is continuously being reinvented and upgraded. From the static informative characteristics of Web 1.0 to the dynamic interactive features of Web 2.0, scholars and engineers have worked hard to make the internet world more open, inclusive, and equal. Indeed, the next generation of Web evolution (i.e., Web 3.0) is already coming and shaping our lives. Web 3.0 is a decentralized Web architecture that is more intelligent and safer than before. The risks and ruin posed by monopolists or criminals will be greatly reduced by a complete reconstruction of the Internet and IT infrastructure. In a word, Web 3.0 is capable of addressing web data ownership according to distributed technology. It will optimize the internet world from the perspectives of economy, culture, and technology. Then it promotes novel content production methods, organizational structures, and economic forms. However, Web 3.0 is not mature and is now being disputed. Herein, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of Web 3.0, with a focus on current technologies, challenges, opportunities, and outlook. This article first introduces a brief overview of the history of World Wide Web as well as several differences among Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web3. Then, some technical implementations of Web 3.0 are illustrated in detail. We discuss the revolution and benefits that Web 3.0 brings. Finally, we explore several challenges and issues in this promising area.
Remote laboratories have been developed at many universities worldwide to provide students with access to apparatus and experiments via the Internet around the clock, thus giving partner institutions the opportunity to share resources, expensive equipment and specialized laboratories, whether within a single country or at regional and international levels. Universities usually implement learning management systems (LMS) such as Moodle and Blackboard to enable students to interact, carry out learning activities and access remote labs. However, remote labs generate enormous amounts of data, which is stored, processed, analyzed, and accessed using centralized systems that lack transparency, traceability, security features, trustworthiness, and reliability. In addition, they are vulnerable to the single point of failure problem due to centralization. The application of blockchain technology in remote labs is proposed as a promising solution for future online learning as it combines a new pedagogical approach with various state-of-the-art technologies in an era that embraces Education 4.0 as the education norm. Furthermore, a novel blockchain-based framework for remote labs allows data streaming and transfer in a decentralized, transparent, traceable, reliable, secure, and trustful manner, where only authorized peers can join or access the network, thereby providing privacy of students’ data files and reports. An initial pilot of an Ethereum-based remote lab show promising result for effective management of online experiments, originally hosted in a Moodle LMS.
Digital document communication between an enterprise and a customer is becoming a primary form of communication rather than the traditional physical document communication. A PDF document, the most popular document format, provides an identical document layout regardless of OS or device and has a content integrity verification feature with a digital signature. However, it has a bad user experience, such as low readability on a mobile device. On the other hand, an HTML document has a weakness in verifying the content integrity even though it is the primary document format and provides a good user experience on mobile devices. There are certified document services using blockchain technology, but it is still vulnerable to verifying content integrity. Furthermore, research on the document HTML has proposed the trusted document generation technique by HTML conformance and digital signature; however, this research does not provide content delivery verification, and there is a file size overhead. In this paper, we have developed the chained document HTML by defining HTML conformance, digital signature, and blockchain technology. First, the chained document HTML has to embed all resources and does not allow loading content on-demand. Second, the file is signed by a digital signature, and the signature value is added in the file header. Lastly, the metadata to verify the content integrity is inserted in a blockchain node. We have created the chained document HTML generation and verification experiment environment by Ethereum and Python. We have confirmed that the chained document HTML provides content and delivery integrity verification in the research. We expect the chained document HTML will be widely used in document communication between an enterprise and a customer, especially if the document has sensitive personal information that might have a legal dispute.
Blockchain technology (BT) is gaining popularity, and there have been increasing papers on blockchain and education, particularly on how to use blockchains in education. However, as a public ledger which is shared and agreed on by all users in a distributed network, blockchain technology involves unconventional thinking, and learning BT could be challenging for college students. In this paper, we present a project-based learning (PBL) approach for effective education of BT at college level. We first explain why PBL is suitable for BT education and discuss various issues should be considered for project-based learning on blockchain technology. We then discuss several different ways of doing this and offer our suggestions. We present case studies which we have developed, that can provide useful guidelines to students and beginners who are interested in BT.
Colleges should digitize to improve and enhance their services and make them more accessible to beneficiaries. Universities can become more productive, efficient, adaptable, and comfortable by implementing new technologies. This consideration has grown significantly due to smart universities, a concept representing higher education in the digital age, and blockchain is one of the fastest-growing technologies of this era. This article defines blockchain and smart universities and provides a conceptual framework for how smart universities can use blockchain technology to assist and provide better knowledge of their students' interactions with universities. To support this research, the researcher uses two case studies where the main problem is the impact of the assessment on the quality of education and the assessment of academic supervision in the thesis. To improve the quality of education, a seven-level formative assessment framework will be used in smart universities.
The objective of this paper is to conduct a conceptual assessment of blockchain technology applications to universities. The paper will first address two related questions namely, the concept of smart university, and the architecture of blockchain technology. This paper contributes towards the topical debate of whether the claimed blockchain technological transformation is a hype, reality, revolution, or just an ordinary computing upgrade. It follows that if blockchain is a significant technological advancement then it can only be ignored at own’s peril. This research should benefit innovation policy decisions in the academia for out-of-the box thinking regarding internal control systems and product offering for smart universities.
Proučiti i opisati različite implementacije tehnologije raspodijeljene glavne knjige. Analizirati moguće načine primjene raspodijeljenih knjiga u aplikacijama interneta stvari i definirati prednosti i nedostatke takvih implementacija. Proučiti trenutni smjer razvoja opisanih tehnologija i postojeća rješenja. Modelirati i implementirati prototip sustava koji će demonstrirati primjenu prethodno opisanih tehnologija.
Land is an immovable unique property, its value depends on its location and to prove the ownership of the land, one must provide various legal documents that should conclusively prove it. Due to this reason a land administration and ownership title registration system should be highly secure to avoid any document forgery. The current real estate registration process take a long time to update in the centralized databases maintained in the government registration department, other departments related to the properties which creates numerous property ownership title disputes. The process of storing the land transaction records on centralized storage servers is vulnerable for the hackers to tamper the records to make duplicate, modify and forge the original transactions and also maintaining the ownership title i.e sale deed in the paper documents may lead to missing, damage of documents and also due to human errors it may contain improper, incomplete details related to the property. This paper proposes a system called the Blockchain based Secure Smart Property Registration Management System (SSPRMS) which provides a solution of tamper free, permanent storage of real estate transaction information records on the decentralized distributed public digital ledgers called hyper ledgers. The SSPRMS provides secure, instant the transfer of ownership title without the help of third party, with zero transaction cost using Smart Contracts, implemented based on PoW consensus algorithms, also providing the self-notarization mechanism, and availability of evidence for the land title from distributed databases and a Smart Property Cards (SPC) provides a mechanism for storing updated owner ship title and other details of the property in the digitized form on the digital smart cards instead of storing these information in the paper documents which eradicate the property related disputes, the fraudulent, illegal registrations of property ownership titles.
Recently, the blockchain was introduced in many existing business models. In this paper, personal information management technology using blockchain is proposed, and only trusted institutions form blockchain networks and manage the flow of personal information through their heads. Agreements are made through rack algorithms, and the adequacy of the technology is analysed by evaluating the stability of the network.
Based on ELGamal digital signature and zero-knowledge proof with the method of directed signature,a two-way identification scheme was proposed,which enabled two specific users to validate each other's identity without exposing one's own secret information.The scheme has higher security and lower computing complexity.
Based on USB key and zero-knowledge proof,a mutual authentication scheme is proposed in this paper,which has realized to user’s authentication,moreover has realized to user’s public key authentication.The analysis indicates that the scheme is secure and the computation complexity is low.