Blockchain Papers

Qiang Gao, Xuan Zhao, Chenzhi Wang, Liangmo Wang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Xin Ren, Raj Das, Phuong Tran, Tuan Ngo · 5 authors

Abstract Materials and structures with negative Poisson’s ratio exhibit a counter-intuitive behaviour. Under uniaxial compression (tension), these materials and structures contract (expand) transversely. The materials and structures that possess this feature are also termed as ‘auxetics’. Many desirable properties resulting from this uncommon behaviour are reported. These superior properties offer auxetics broad potential applications in the fields of smart filters, sensors, medical devices and protective equipment. However, there are still challenging problems which impede a wider application of auxetic materials. This review paper mainly focuses on the relationships among structures, materials, properties and applications of auxetic metamaterials and structures. The previous works of auxetics are extensively reviewed, including different auxetic cellular models, naturally observed auxetic behaviour, different desirable properties of auxetics, and potential applications. In particular, metallic auxetic materials and a methodology for generating 3D metallic auxetic materials are reviewed in details. Although most of the literature mentions that auxetic materials possess superior properties, very few types of auxetic materials have been fabricated and implemented for practical applications. Here, the challenges and future work on the topic of auxetics are also presented to inspire prospective research work. This review article covers the most recent progress of auxetic metamaterials and auxetic structures. More importantly, several drawbacks of auxetics are also presented to caution researchers in the future study.

Authors unavailable

STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES: OVERVIEW The Strength & Conditioning profession has come to a defining moment. The profession involves the combined competencies of sport/exercise science, administration, management, teaching and coaching. Its practitioners must also comply with various laws and regulations while responding to instances of potential injury, and related claims and suits. This creates remarkable challenges, and requires substantial experience, expertise and other resources to effectively address them, especially in multi-sport (e.g., collegiate and scholastic) settings. Ample resources are available in some of these settings. In many others, however, they are not. Budgets, equipment, facilities and staff are often limited (or lacking altogether), with a resulting mismatch between the participants' demand for safe and effective programs and services, and the institution's provision of them. It is important for Strength & Conditioning practitioners and their employers to understand that this standard of care is a shared duty; the institution and individual are thus jointly responsible for fulfilling it. Collectively, these issues are the driving forces behind this project. The purpose of the NSCA Strength & Conditioning Professional Standards & Guidelines project is to help identify areas of risk exposure, increase safety and decrease the likelihood of injuries that might lead to claims, and ultimately improve the standard of care being offered. This document is intended to be neither rigid nor static. On the contrary, the need for discretion and insight is a fundamental theme throughout; and the information presented here will be revised periodically as the profession continues to evolve. It is hoped that Strength & Conditioning practitioners and the institutions employing them will mutually benefit from applying this information, and in turn significantly enhance the quality of services and programs provided to their participants. NOTICE This document is intended to provide relevant practice parameters for Strength & Conditioning professionals to utilize when carrying out their responsibilities in providing services to athletes or other participants. The standards and guidelines presented here are based on published scientific studies, pertinent statements from other associations, analysis of claims, and a consensus of expert views. However, this information is not a substitute for individualized judgment or independent professional advice. Neither the NSCA nor the contributors to this project assume any duty owed to third parties by those reading, interpreting or implementing this information. When rendering services to third parties, these standards and guidelines cannot be adopted for use with all participants without exercising independent judgment and decision-making based on the Strength & Conditioning professional's individual training, education and experience. Furthermore, Strength & Conditioning practitioners must stay abreast of new developments in the profession so that these standards and guidelines may evolve to meet particular service needs. Neither the NSCA nor the contributors to this project, by reason of authorship or publication of this document, shall be deemed to be engaged in practice of any branch of professional discipline (e.g., medicine, physical therapy, law). Strength & Conditioning practitioners utilizing this information are encouraged to seek and obtain such advice, if needed or desired, from licensed professionals. INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF PRACTICE The responsibilities and professional scope of practice for Strength & Conditioning professionals can be subdivided into two domains (58): “Scientific Foundations” and “Practical/Applied”. Each of these involves corresponding activities, responsibilities and knowledge requirements (refer to Appendices A & B): Scientific Foundations Exercise Sciences (Anatomy, Exercise Physiology, Biomechanics, etc) Nutrition Practical/Applied Program Design Exercise Technique Organization & Administration Testing & Evaluation DUTIES & CONCEPTS Strength & Conditioning practitioners have duties to provide an appropriate level of supervision and instruction in order to meet a reasonable standard of care, and to provide and maintain a safe environment for the participants under their supervision. These duties also involve informing users of risks inherent in and related to their activities, and preventing unreasonable risk or harm resulting from “negligent instruction or supervision”(28,29,36). Greenwood & Greenwood (Chapter 21 [pp. 543-568] of Essentials Of Strength Training & Conditioning (7)) summarize the following key liability concepts for the Strength & Conditioning professional: Assumption of risk: voluntarily participation in activity with knowledge of the inherent risk(s). Athletic activities, including Strength & Conditioning, involve certain risks. Participants must be informed of the risks of activity, and required to sign a statement to that effect. Responsibility, duty or obligation: Strength & Conditioning professionals have a duty to the participants they serve to take reasonable steps to prevent injury, and to act prudently when an injury occurs (12). Standard of care: what a prudent and reasonable person would do under similar circumstances. A Strength & Conditioning professional is expected to act according to his/her education, and (e.g., and to act as a reasonable and prudent person would under similar circumstances. must for a Strength & Conditioning professional to be for of and a Strength & Conditioning professional is if is to have a duty to and to have to act with the appropriate standard of care, injury or to Standards Guidelines It is important to between and has a required that a duty or for standard of care that the standard statements in this document utilize the The standards in this document may ultimately be as a standard of care to be into the of Strength & Conditioning programs and a and to enhance the quality of services provided that the statements in this document utilize the Guidelines are not intended to be standards of practice or to to duties of care, in certain they in and services the publication of this document not to a of the standard of care to be in a particular is that the standards may be 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in a be risk standards of practice and all This involves responsibilities duties that staff would out in particular The be and without may not the practitioners need in particular and of those or the are they be in the staff and the risk of the risk involves staff to that the will be with and standards of and The and be in with the of new as as all practice a particular (e.g., It is also important to to staff is to out such duties the risk the standards of practice are not and need to be periodically to The risk be as as of or injury to and what be to prevent a similar in the STRENGTH & CONDITIONING Strength & Conditioning and is the NSCA Professional Standards & Guidelines has areas of potential liability exposure, as It is important to that they are instruction and supervision is with as as and in any can others, and in turn the risk of liability Furthermore, the Strength & Conditioning and his/her the corresponding duties and these liability standards and guidelines for Strength & 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however, a be to expertise in A and and and physical to identify (or risk to or is the available and to of participants. is an and be for all participants. a and physical be participation in be in collegiate a and physical be by a the and be two are and an and be to physical and is required (e.g., to or in be to participants by risk for and the if participants can be for on the of individual When a is or and between staff and the or care is Furthermore, participants be the of a and as as the potential risks without them. and must be in order to and participants utilizing Strength & Conditioning facilities and A is the Strength & Conditioning and have a from a in or of the the “Scientific Foundations” in the Strength & Conditioning or in a relevant (e.g., that the Program has to institutions of that meet such and also to identify an for the Strength & Conditioning practitioners an to knowledge and in the areas their of In on of programs in and so if the is to an in an in or will that the “Scientific Foundations” are professional with education requirements as as a of (e.g., the are available to Strength & Conditioning practitioners in the is the by the Athletic on the and relevant by other such as may also be a Strength & Conditioning knowledge and can be by applying the a staff of professionals with expertise and shared The scope of practice for the Strength & Conditioning profession has and to the is and often for individual to in all Furthermore, the of a can be significantly by applying the to and the that the also to enhance individual and Program & It has that of all injuries with some of supervision (12). are in the liability with or supervision are and the in such is The of these are equipment, and instruction or supervision. 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The Strength & Conditioning professional understand the of to the responsibilities of a if a person injury or to a or in or this to and are that can increase the Strength & Conditioning professional's risk for The following steps be to liability by Strength & Conditioning from and be certain that standards and guidelines for for the purpose intended by the do not from the in such are and for so are in the information. any provided by the on (or in the not participants to utilize for and that may participants risk for & is a document that the for for injuries that may to participants activity (refer to for guidelines for the collegiate all Strength & Conditioning facilities have such a document, is important to that the document not may a of if is not with appropriate and by professional all in Strength & Conditioning facilities the and the for with an of services, to care for and of and practice and in guidelines for and as by the & such as the the the and and may also be if such as an or are not to for preventing to and of as by the & and & & is fundamental to the of Strength & Conditioning programs and In to and a and (refer to in Essentials Of Strength Training & Conditioning a of be on provided and and and Professional standards and guidelines and including a (refer to Training activity and to participation the of an injury, in or an of for under their supervision In collegiate and athletes are required to sign (e.g., informed to to all activities, including Strength & in other the Strength & Conditioning professional participants sign such be on as as in the of an injury of the in may a from to so is a practice to maintain or with a is the with other and staff are to and maintain such & and laws and regulations or (e.g., according to or other such in institutions and practitioners in collegiate or scholastic) must comply with including of the of in providing and to programs and The Strength & Conditioning professional must the and of these laws when with 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must be and not The & has for The by this practice and of the & related to that the & for standards for and is as a in this A is that the between and are not This is especially for athletes and such may that are by or the or use of such as and Furthermore, are new with of to identify those that may be A third is that and and related and regulations (e.g., a that is according to may be according to Furthermore, Strength & Conditioning practitioners institutions need to be of institution may provide to a any for the purpose of providing and provided the do not any The on & of has of these will as the continues to evolve and new are to the of the is an on of the The are according to the following and and & OF OF The of instruction and supervision can be or as a in the available information on injuries and with In some this is while in can be the corresponding standard of in is a reason for the of injury in this and on the information is to the fundamental of in fulfilling the 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standard of care and in of duties for Strength & Conditioning practitioners and their employers (refer to a of in and while injuries are an injuries in out of a of for all for injuries in out of for all a increase of the and of injury injury similar of injury & that of injuries in training, with an injury of of In that of in a a of injuries in a of in of injuries are of and of these are in the NSCA and published statements on on the other have to and Each of these can be with a of on injuries that in from injuries related to activity or the a increase that the by the the of injury, in injury for and of participation in these the a in injury The of injury the or and on available the of injury to be of supervision and these can be with instruction and supervision. injuries to be with various (e.g., and (e.g., Of of and are often to be other a of injury in and that the injury in is that for and that of these injury those for (e.g., the on injury potential and safety of and that injuries related to are neither nor when to other & injury the Training a and that injuries are or of or or or of the in other to be of exposure, and the of for injuries These that injury and are similar to those for other and & Strength & Conditioning professionals must participants to care and to in with by the Evaluation the & as as relevant their (e.g., the for collegiate or individual for In in the collegiate the Athletic Training staff is in this In activity Strength & Conditioning professionals must participants to and in with & the must a or that the has a level of participation in such as in the in Strength & Conditioning by standards statement (refer to Strength & Conditioning professionals with a care all and provide service in the according to by such The Strength & Conditioning a or from a or by or in or of the the “Scientific Foundations” in the Strength & Conditioning or in a relevant also be to knowledge and in the other The Strength & Conditioning and maintain professional with 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provided with supervision (refer to Strength & Conditioning practitioners and their employers a of the in the Strength & Conditioning to (e.g., to & & Exercise and equipment, including must be and in activity areas in with and and with safety instruction and or according to standards so as to be by users to In the of such information, professionals must these in with information available from other to being into or must be and by Strength & Conditioning professionals to that they are and and as intended by the Exercise and must be and by In the of such these must be and according to the Strength & Conditioning professional Exercise and are in need of as by or as by must be from service and out of use and and be and to that they are and being to such are in of injury, or risk must be for to or Strength & Conditioning professionals and their employers that facilities are appropriate for Strength & Conditioning to be and to activity are not limited and (refer to Greenwood 543-568] in 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under his/her supervision. These be and for a of by professional and & Strength & Conditioning professionals and their employers must provide training, services and related in with all regulations and requirements and and laws and regulations to institutions and professionals. or based or other such is STRENGTH & CONDITIONING under of not be to in Strength & Conditioning with or in facilities for use by and and be to such of Strength & Conditioning may be for such and be according to the professional and with a of instruction and supervision that to and in such be as in the for & (refer to between and of have a level of participation in Strength & Conditioning activities, as and by their care (or by the Strength & Conditioning professional in with a care and for participation as in the for & (refer to be by the Strength & Conditioning professional in with the and care if such may in such in areas and by and so such be and according to the professional in with the care and with a of instruction and supervision that to and of and according to the Strength & Conditioning professional have a level of them to in Strength & Conditioning they have for participation as in the for & to may in such in areas and by and with a of instruction and supervision that to while & Strength & Conditioning professionals must not or provide or that are or to participants for any purpose including or those that are and have to be or not may be or provided to participants by Strength & Conditioning and to or

Julie K Philbrook, Nancy A. Franke-Wilson

BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among teenagers. In 2007, 48 youth between the ages of 15 years and 19 years died in traffic crashes and almost 4,780 were injured in Minnesota. Of those killed, only 42.8% of teens were wearing their seat belt. The Drive Smart Challenge is a 4-week peer lead safety campaign with the goal to increase safe driving habits for high school age students. METHODS: The 4-week challenge begins with a seat belt check of teen drivers and their front seat passengers at the school's parking lot. Each school's student-leadership group then selected and implemented at least eight Smart Driving interventions from a manual they are provided. A post seat belt check is conducted at the conclusion of the challenge. RESULTS: In 2008, 11 schools agreed to participate in the challenge. More than 21,000 students were exposed to the safe driving messages through public address announcements, posters, mock car crashes, mothers against drunk driving car demonstrations, parent contracts, guest speakers, student developed videos, and web sites. In the end, all the schools documented an increase in seat belt use. The most improved school documented a 15% increase. CONCLUSION: The Drive Smart Challenge is an effective way to get teens involved in a safe driving campaign. Further studies should be done to determine how often teen drivers and their passengers need to be exposed to the messages of the Drive Smart Challenge in order for optimal effectiveness in behavior and attitude change.