This paper presents a reformulation of the recently realized primary quantum current standard, based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects, within the framework of Quantum Measurement Units (QMU) derived from the Aether Physics Model (APM). In conventional SI metrology, the current standard is expressed as$$I = \left(\frac{n}{p}\right) e f_J,$$where $f_J$ is the Josephson frequency and $n/p$ is determined by the quantum Hall state. While numerically accurate, this expression compresses magnetic flux geometry and charge representation into the constants $h$ and $e$. In QMU, electrical quantities are expressed in distributed charge, allowing the roles of frequency, conductance, and flux geometry to be separated explicitly. The Josephson--Hall system is shown to realize the identities$$potn = \frac{freq}{cond}, \qquad curr = \frac{potn}{resn}.$$ This leads to the central result that the quantum current standard is fundamentally a \textit{potential closure} governed by frequency and conductance geometry, rather than a direct charge-transport relation. Within this framework: The Josephson effect provides a frequency source $freq = f_J$. The quantum Hall effect defines a discrete conductance geometry. Potential emerges as $potn = freq/cond$. Current follows as $curr = potn/resn$. The resulting current relation becomes$$curr = \left(\frac{n}{p}\right) {e_\mathrm{emax}}^{2} f_J,$$which is the QMU form of the experimental result and represents a realization of the general QMU current definition$$curr = {e_\mathrm{emax}}^{2} F_q.$$ The formulation also shows that conductance is the reciprocal of magnetic flux,$$cond = \frac{1}{mflx},$$and that quantization arises from discrete geometric partitioning of flux. Because all quantities are expressed in distributed charge, no unit mismatch occurs, and the resulting relations remain real-valued. The use of complex impedance in conventional formulations is therefore interpreted as arising from combining quantities of different physical character rather than from a fundamental requirement. This work is intentionally limited to the reinterpretation of an experimentally realized system. It does not attempt to replace quantum mechanical descriptions or provide a full treatment of time-dependent circuit behavior. Instead, it demonstrates that the Josephson--quantum Hall current standard can be expressed as a consistent QMU ledger with explicit geometric meaning. The SI expression is recovered as a projection through charge conversion, while the QMU formulation foregrounds the underlying frequency--flux geometry governing the system.
This paper presents a QMU-native extension of electrodynamics that reconstructs the auxiliary fields $(D,H)$ as a constitutive layer over a geometry-first Maxwell ledger. The central objective is to retain the classical operational split between $(E,B)$ and $(D,H)$ while enforcing QMU semantics: (i) dual charge channels (electrostatic vs magnetic), (ii) explicit singular-to-distributed charge conversion rules with a defined exception class, and (iii) a two-layer field dictionary that cleanly separates flux-density variables from strength variables. \medskipThe vacuum sector is closed by geometric identities rather than empirical medium constants, including the speed closure $c=\lambda_C F_q$, the channel conversion $e^2/{e_\mathrm{emax}}^{2}=8\pi\alpha$, and a seat-map normalization expressed through $A_u/k_C=16\pi^{2}$. Within this framework, permeability and permittivity are treated as QMU substrate ratios,\[\mathrm{perm}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{curl}},\qquad \mathrm{ptty}=\frac{1}{A_u},\]so that the propagation scale factorizes exactly as\[\mathrm{perm}\,\mathrm{ptty}=\frac{1}{c^2}.\]This yields a wave operator that is naturally expressed in terms of the torsion--rotation product. \medskipA two-layer dictionary is introduced in which $(D,B)$ represent flux-density fields and $(E,H)$ represent operational strength fields, connected in uniform Aether by a geometric lift proportional to the quantum length. Independently, the paper defines constitutive-conjugate strengths $(E^{\star},H^{\star})$ that pair directly with the exception-class response operators in boundary-value and material problems. The two strength notions are reconciled algebraically in isotropic vacuum, clarifying how QMU separates local forcing scales from substrate response scales. \medskipFor non-uniform rotating-magnetic-field (rmfd) states, the constitutive law is promoted to a linear operator deformation driven by the rmfd non-uniformity tensor $\Theta_{ij}=\nabla_i U_j$ with dimensionless couplings $(\chi_E,\chi_H)$. In the local plane-wave limit, this produces a first-order polarization eigenproblem whose birefringent splitting is governed by the transverse symmetric strain and the combined coupling $(\chi_E+\chi_H)$. The paper provides compact invariants for the transverse shear sector and an interferometric path-integrated phase observable suitable for QMU-only laboratory discriminators. \medskipAn appendix provides a conventional-constant crosswalk as a reader-facing translation layer only; it is not used in the QMU constitutive derivations.
We introduce EtherBee, a global dataset integrating detailed Ethereum node metrics, network traffic metadata, and honeypot interaction logs collected from ten geographically diverse vantage points over three months. By correlating node data with granular network sessions and security events, EtherBee provides unique insights into benign and malicious activity, node stability, and network-level threats in the Ethereum peer-to-peer network. A case study shows how client-based optimizations can unintentionally concentrate the network geographically, impacting resilience and censorship resistance. We publicly release EtherBee to promote further investigations into performance, reliability, and security in decentralized networks.
Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution environments. We address the problem of atomic cross shard value transfer in the presence of multiple execution environments. We leverage on the proposed Ethereum architecture, more specificially on Beacon chain and crosslinks, and propose a solution on top of the netted-balance approach that was proposed for EE-level atomic ðtransfers. We split a cross-shard transfer into two transactions: a debit and a credit. First, the debit transaction is processed at the source shard. The corresponding credit transaction is processed at the destination shard in a subsequent block. We use {\em netted} shard states as channels to communicate pending credits and pending reverts. We discuss various scenarios of debit failures and credit failures, and show our approach ensures atomicity even in the presence of a Byzantine Block proposer. The benefits of our approach are that we do not use any locks nor impose any constraints on the Block Proposer to select specific transactions. However we inherit the limitation of an expensive operation from the netted-balance approach of querying partial states from all other shards. We also show a bound on the size of such inter-shard state reads.
H. M. N. Dilum Bandara, Shiping Chen, Mark Staples, Xiwei Xu · 10 authors
Data from our modified Geth client used with http://ethviewer.live. Contains block, uncles, transactions (1st arrival to transaction pool and in blocks), addresses, and smart contracts data from public Ethereum network. Data between blocks 4,728,040 (2017-12-13) to 10,859,203 (2020-09-14). There are periods of missing data due to node failures and Geth client updates.
Gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method, determining physical and chemical properties of molecules and giving insight into internal spin dynamics. Work has been done to significantly expand the known database of gas phase proton and carbon chemical shieldings obtained in the zero-pressure limit, which provide a comparison to computational NMR methods performed in vacuo. The combination of new knowledge of gas phase shieldings and high-resolution capabilities are demonstrated on analysis of natural gas and volatile fractions of crude oil, which gives new applications of gas phase NMR towards the petroleum industry. Furthermore, more insight has been obtained in regards to gas spin-relaxation, particularly in multiple-quantum relaxation through comprehensive pulse sequences to filter double- and zero-quantum coherences. Finally, results will be given of efforts in 13C hyperpolarization via the Haupt effect, as most notably observed in γ-picoline. New enhancements in γ-picoline were obtained through careful sample preparation and more understanding has been achieved though examining the time periods of liquid helium immersion required to generate the hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization in γ-picoline served as a proof of concept for the application of this paradigm to smaller molecules. Results are given of matrix-isolation techniques in gas phase methyl-rotors with intention to create hyperpolarization through A/E state rotor imbalance of methyl groups at 4.2 Kelvin.
We designed a concept of high resolution and quantitative SPECT for imaging a selected small region-of-interest (ROI) of human brain. This system is aimed at achieving high resolution less than 1 mm and being applied for imaging neurons and evaluating drug delivery system. Pinhole or cone-beam collimators are useful for high-resolution imaging of small ROI. However, when the ROI is smaller than the object, the projection data are truncated by radioisotope outside ROI. In the reconstructed image, the truncation causes the artifact and the overestimation of voxel value, which deceases quantitative accuracy of physiological functions. We are introducing the new truncation compensated 3D-OSEM (TC-3DOSEM) reconstruction method. The truncated data can be successfully reconstructed within ROI by fulfilling the condition that ROI contains a priori knowledge. In addition to small field-of-view (FOV) detector, we are introducing the parallel-hole collimator attached large FOV detector covering the entire brain, to acquire the non-truncated data and provide the priori knowledge in small ROI, even if the resolution of the detector is low. For imaging with high resolution, we are using LaBr3(Ce) scintillator with optically coupled to position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (H8500, Hamamatsu, Japan) as the detector. And also, for proof of our concept, we performed preliminary experiment using pinhole SPECT and brain phantom. The reconstruction ROI contained the region outside the brain, that is, zero count as the priori knowledge. The truncated data were reconstructed by TC-3DOSEM. The reconstructed image without artifact and overestimation was obtained with high resolution. This preliminary experiment suggested feasibility of high resolution and quantitative SPECT for imaging a selected small ROI of human brain.