Blockchain Papers

Hermann Ngouakam, Goumeni Kouemaha Yannick, Ngouyombo Ange, Antaon Jesse Saint Saba · 5 authors

Résumé Un district sanitaire (DS) est une zone sanitaire décentralisée, relativement autonome sur le plan opérationnel et programmatique, et couvrant l’essentiel des besoins de santé d’une population entre 50 000 à 300 000 habitants résidant dans ses limites géographiques. L’atteinte des cibles de l’ODD 3 passe par la viabilisation des DS, conformément aux résolutions arrêtées à Alma-Ata. L’évaluation constitue la clé́ de voute du succès de tout système de santé car elle permet de révéler les lacunes des plans de santé pendant leur mise en œuvre. Objectif : évaluer le niveau de viabilité des districts de santé de la région de l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun en 2022. Méthodologie : il s’agissait d’une étude semi-qualitative à collecte des données rétrospective et prospective dans onze districts de santé de la région de l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun, à travers un échantillonnage en grappe. Les services de santé de 11 FOSA offrant le paquet complémentaire d’activité représenté par l’hôpital régional ou un hôpital de district et 22 FOSA offrant le paquet minimum d’activité (PMA), représentés par un centre de santé intégré ou un centre médical d’arrondissement ont été enquêtés. Résultats : le niveau de mise en place était bon pour 8/11 districts de santé, le niveau de mise en œuvre était moyen pour 8/11 districts de santé, le niveau de rapportage des données était bon pour 8/11 districts de santé. Nous avons plus de 90% des bénéficiaires étaient satisfaits de l’accueil, des attentes et des services reçus. La perception des prestataires de soin était bonne pour 53,62% concernant les infrastructures et matériels, pour 47,82% concernant la motivation et pour 60,87% concernant la charge de travail. Conclusion : après cotation, nous avons retrouvé que 8/11 districts de santé évalués étaient en cours de viabilisation. Il y’a nécessité d’accélérer le processus si nous voulons parvenir à l’atteinte des cibles de l’objectif de développement durable 3 Mots clés : Viabilité – Districts de santé – Région – Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a health district (DS) is a decentralized health zone, relatively autonomous operationally and programmatically, and covering most of the health needs of a population between 50,000 and 300,000 inhabitants residing within its geographical limits. Achieving the targets of SDG 3 requires the servicing of the HDs, in fact, the district health system offers the best chance of implementing the PHC in accordance with the resolutions adopted in Alma-Ata. Evaluation is the key to the success of any health system because it reveals the shortcomings of health plans during their implementation. Since the adoption of the SDGs in 2015 by the country, no assessment of the sustainability of SDs at the country level has been carried out. Objective : To assess the viability of health districts in the Far North region of Cameroon in 2022. Methodology : This is a semi-qualitative study with retrospective and prospective data collection in the Far North region of Cameroon. Eleven health districts were selected through cluster sampling. Results : The level of implementation was good for 8/11 health districts, the level of implementation was average for 8/11 health districts, and the level of data reporting was good for 8/11 health districts. More than 90% of beneficiaries were satisfied with the reception, expectations, and services received. The perception of care providers was good for 53.62% concerning infrastructure and materials, 47.82% concerning motivation, and 60.87% concerning workload. Conclusion: After scoring, we found that 8/11 health districts assessed were in the process of being serviced. There is a need to accelerate the process if we are to achieve the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3. Keywords : Viability – Health Districts – Region – Far North of Cameroon.

Issa Binda, Ahonankpon Hubert Frédéric Gbaguidi, Toussaint Vigninou

After a dozen years of implementing decentralization in Benin, local development actions remain timid because of the weak mobilization of financial resources. The overall objective of this research is to contribute to a better knowledge of the strategies for mobilizing own resources for the local development of the Municipality of Ouaké. The methodological approach adopted consisted in the collection of quantitative and qualitative data. These are demographic data, planimetric data and socio-economic data from population surveys. These various data collected from 91 people were analyzed and processed in order to arrive at the results. The results obtained show that the construction of socio-community infrastructures was made thanks to the financial and technical support of development partners and then the FADEC fund. The State, the Town Hall, the projects and the development associations of the municipality have financed the construction of several economic, socio-community infrastructures and other local development initiatives. The local communities have also participated in the development thanks to individual actions and the resources mobilized within the cooperative groupings and the local workforce. However, it should be noted a low rate of mobilization of budgetary resources, the average of which is 41% from 2018 to 2022. The average recovery rate of the 22 types of resources available to the municipality of Ouaké is below 50%. This shows that the actors have difficulties in mobilizing the municipality's own resources. It was thus devoted to these two lines only, for the nine years considered, an amount of 376,967,075 CFA francs out of a total operating expenditure of 555,625,774 CFA francs, i.e. more than 67.84% of operating expenses. From 2014 to 2022, four main investment lines absorb 851,979,521 CFA francs out of the total estimated investments of 1,179,157,828 CFA francs, or more than 72.25% of all investments made.

Abodou Athanase Adomon

Between 2000 and 2011, the military-political and civil crises undermined the implementation of various local development projects in Côte d’Ivoire. After crises, funding difficulties became even more acute. Decentralized communities, which have already been faced with shrinking budgets since 1980, are struggling to meet the needs expressed by local people. Faced with such a reality, decentralized cooperation would seem to be an effective and appropriate approach. However, this approach remains unknown and unexplored by the majority of elected officials in Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of the article is to show that in the Abidjan District Municipality of Yopougon, decentralized cooperation has made it possible to finance and implement development projects at the local level.

S Kanté, Ousmane Sylla, Valeria Campos Da Silveira, Ousmane Ibrahim Touré · 5 authors

Objectif : Evaluer le mécanisme de financement de la caisse de solidarité dans le cadre du système de référence-évacuation du district sanitaire de Youwarou. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une revue systématique de la littérature réalisée du 1er Mai au 30 Juin 2017 sur le district de Youwarou. Les données sont issues de la littérature accessible sur internet et de la littérature grise (plans d’actions, documents de politique, rapports) disponible au Mali. Les moteurs de recherche PUBMED et Google scholar ont été utilisés. Les informations ont été répertoriées dans les rubriques suivantes : i) contexte, ii) processus, iii) contenu et iv) acteurs selon le modèle proposé par Gilson et European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 191 Walt. Résultat : Le financement de la caisse de solidarité lancé en 2006 a connu d’énormes insuffisances de financement, ainsi le taux de paiement des quotes-parts de 2006 à 2009, était de 43% pour les mairies, 73% pour les ASACO et de 15% pour le conseil de cercle. Malgré la révision en 2013 ayant abouti au scénario de paiement par les ménages, le taux de paiement n’était que de 12%. Conclusion : Le déficit de financement de la caisse de solidarité du système de référence-évacuation est lié au faible engagement et de contribution des collectivités décentralisées et des associations de santé communautaire. Un plaidoyer auprès des acteurs communautaires pour plus d’engagement de mobilisation des ressources au niveau des collectivités rurales en vue d’assurer un système de référence évacuation fiable et réduire ainsi les décès maternels et néonataux. Objective: Evaluate the financing mechanism of the solidarity fund within the framework of the referral-evacuation system of the Youwarou health district. Method: This is a systematic review of the literature carried out from May 1 to June 30, 2017 in the district of Youwarou. The data are resulted of the literature available on the internet and gray literature (action plans, policy documents, reports) available in Mali. The PUBMED and European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 192 Google scholar search engines were used. The information has been listed under the following headings: i) context, ii) process, iii) content and iv) actors according to the model proposed by Gilson and Walt. Result: The financing of the solidarity fund launched in 2006 experienced enormous funding shortfalls, so the rate of payment of quotas from 2006 to 2009 was 43% for municipalities, 73% for ASACOs and 15% for the circle council. Despite the revision in 2013 that resulted in the household payment scenario, the payment rate was only 12%. Conclusion: The financing deficit of the solidarity fund of the referral-evacuation system is linked to the weak commitment and contribution of decentralized communities and community health associations. Advocacy with community actors for more commitment to mobilize resources at the level of rural communities in order to ensure a reliable referral-evacuation system and thus reduce maternal and neonatal deaths.

Issere Joseph Dossou

In Benin, between 1970 and 2010, experiments in the areas of rural road construction and maintenance did not yield infrastructure in a permanently good state of repair. The results of these campaigns were inconclusive and accompanied by an observation of incoherent policy regarding rural road construction and maintenance, in addition to noting rather unrealistic mechanisms in place for applying resources to generate the necessary maintenance financing. In light of these policy failures, the National Rural Transport Strategy (or NRTS), designed to acknowledge the nation's decentralization mandate, was adopted. This strategic policy has been in an experimental phase since 2011, and initial results are now available.

Bernard Dafflon, Thierry Madiès, Abraham Ky

Offers an overview of the decentralization process in Burkina Faso beginning in 1991 with reforms to introduce a pluralist local democracy and improve local development in the face of bankruptcy. The territorial organization includes a decentralized level of regional and local government units and a deconcentrated level of administrative units that recognize the influential component of the customary power structure. Analysis of the decentralized budget, comprised of current and capital sections, shows controversy over ambiguity in the text of laws relating to the constraint of budget balance because provisions are liable to diverse interpretations. Ten areas of competence were transferred to the territorial collectives (CTs) using the principle of progressiveness signifying that the transfer of powers to local governments be carried out gradually. Statistical data on CT expenditures and revenues are abundant, but poorly organized and show that the ratios between capital expenditures and current expenditures are high, and revenues are inconsistent with resources.

Brice Kombo

La nécessaire lutte contre la pauvreté découle d'un constat troublant : la richesse combinée des quinze personnes les plus riches de la planète est supérieure à la valeur annuelle cumulée de la production de biens /services de l'ensemble des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. 20% de la population mondiale consomme plus de 80% des ressources disponibles sur la surface de la terre. Ce double constat révèle l'ampleur des efforts à accomplir pour répondre au défi des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD). La responsabilité des Etats est évidemment engagée mais les solutions sont plus à rechercher au niveau des villes et des territoires. Au plus proche des habitants, les autorités locales peuvent et doivent jouer un rôle de catalyseur du développement. Il revient aux citoyens des territoires confrontés aux problèmes de sous-développement d'imaginer et de proposer ces solutions locales. La coopération décentralisée contribue à la recherche et à l'invention de telles politiques territoriales : cadre de dialogue privilégié entre gouvernements locaux. Définie comme un partenariat entre autorités locales de nationalités différentes, cette coopération décentralisée permet un partage d'expériences – micro finance, décentralisation, bonne gouvernance etc. En clair, tous les espoirs peuvent s'inviter dans la symbiose « Coopération décentralisée et Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement», en tenant compte de leurs enjeux et perspectives dans l'espace francophone subsaharien.

Paula Donnelly-Roark, Karim Ouedrago

The note focuses on the leading role of
\n local level institutions (LLIs) in Burkina Faso, in rural
\n decentralization, and poverty eradication, to enhance
\n equitable prosperity. It is based on the study undertaken by
\n the National Decentralization Commission in Burkina Faso,
\n which draws on case studies in Sanmatenga, Sissili, Houet,
\n and Yatenga, and, presents sociological evidence that
\n certain high-performing LLIs contribute to equitable
\n economic development. Economic findings support this,
\n showing that both lower inequality levels, and lower poverty
\n levels, are linked to a high degree of internal village
\n organization. Contextually, LLIs surround, connect, and
\n manage communities, incorporating many different kinds of
\n indigenous organizations, and functions. Three categories of
\n institutions active at the local level are identified: value
\n institutions, which focus on activating, and maintaining the
\n stability of local governance, and values of the society;
\n production institutions, focused on accessing resources from
\n the national government, so as to increase productivity;
\n and, service-asset management institutions, which integrate
\n productivity, and growth values, focused on managing, and
\n expanding local assets for sustainable development. External
\n aid will need to map these LLIs to guide pro-poor
\n investment, and financing of community driven development,
\n and encourage local governments to formalize participation.

P. C. Mohan

Abengourou, with a population of 444,000
\n inhabitants, is one of the ten regions in Cote
\n d'Ivoire. In this region, the fight against HIV/AIDS is
\n enforced by a Regional Coordination Committee. What is
\n special compared to other regional initiatives in the fight
\n against HIV/AIDS is the organizational and community
\n approach as well as the system established for financing activities.